Sphyrna: Difference between revisions

Sphyrna
	Great hammerhead (S. mokarran)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Subdivision:	Selachimorpha
Order:	Carcharhiniformes
Family:	Sphyrnidae
Genus:	Sphyrna; Rafinesque, 1810
Type species
	Squalus zygaena; Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
	Cestraciom Walbaum, 1792; Cestracion Klein, 1776; Cestracion T. N. Gill, 1862; Cestracion J. D. Ogilby, 1916; Cestrorhinus Blainville, 1816; Mesozygaena Compagno, 1988; Platysqualus Swainson, 1839; Reniceps T. N. Gill, 1862; Sphyra Van der Hoeven, 1855; Sphyrichthys Thienemann, 1828; Sphyrnias Rafinesque, 1815; Zygaena G. Cuvier, 1816; Zygana Swainson, 1838; Zygoena A. Risso, 1827;

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Sphyrna (from the Greek word σφῦρα, "hammer") is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna gilberti, was discovered and described in 2013.

Species

The recognized species in this genus are:^[1]^[2]^[3]

Extant

Sphyrna corona (S. Springer, 1940) (scalloped bonnethead)
Sphyrna couardi (Cadenat, 1951) (whitefin hammerhead]]
Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers, Grady, Ulrich & M. A. Roberts, 2013 (Carolina hammerhead)^[2]
Sphyrna lewini (E. Griffith & C. H. Smith, 1834) (scalloped hammerhead)
Sphyrna media (S. Springer, 1940) (scoophead)
Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) (great hammerhead)
Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) (bonnethead)
Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) (smalleye hammerhead)
Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) (smooth hammerhead)

Extinct

† Sphyrna arambourgi (Cappetta, 1970)
† Sphyrna gibbesii (Hay, 1902)
† Sphyrna integra (Probst, 1878)
† Sphyrna laevissima (Cope, 1867)
† Sphyrna magna (Cope, 1867)

References

^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. June 2013 version.
^ ^a ^b Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
^ Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.

External links

Media related to Sphyrna at Wikimedia Commons

This shark-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[FishBase-1] Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Sphyrna in FishBase. June 2013 version.

[Quattro2013-2] Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.

[3] Martin, R. Aidan. (February 24, 1998). Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.

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 ;Extant
 * ''[[Sphyrna corona]]'' <small>([[Stewart Springer|S. Springer]], 1940)</small> (scalloped bonnethead)
+* ''[[Scalloped hammerhead|Sphyrna couardi]]'' <small>([[Jean Cadenat|Cadenat]], 1951)</small> (whitefin hammerhead]]
 * ''[[Sphyrna gilberti]]'' <small>[[Joseph Michael Quattro|Quattro]], [[William B. Driggers III|Driggers]], [[James M. Grady|Grady]], [[Glenn F. Ulrich|Ulrich]] & [[Mark A. Roberts|M. A. Roberts]], 2013</small> (Carolina hammerhead)<ref name=Quattro2013>Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): ''Sphyrna gilberti'' sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean.  ''Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.''</ref>
 * ''[[Sphyrna lewini]]'' <small>([[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|E. Griffith]] & [[Charles Hamilton Smith|C. H. Smith]], 1834)</small> (scalloped hammerhead)