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{{Short description|Essay by Jo Freeman}}
'''"The Tyranny of Structurelessness"''' is an influential essay by American [[feminist]] [[Jo Freeman]] that concerns power relations within [[radical feminist]] collectives. The essay, inspired by Freeman's experiences in a 1960s [[women's liberation movement|women's liberation group]],<ref>Alice Echols, Ellen Willis, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6zaVkAjBuPEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22tyranny+of+structurelessness%22+feminists&source=bl&ots=zLOGqm6AQX&sig=VDgreiDkuUlTKXmAaFkklmR89G8&hl=en&ei=muXKSemaJ6PulQeNwtHmCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PPA68,M1 ''Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975''], [[University of Minnesota Press]], 67, 1989 {{ISBN|0-8166-1787-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8166-1787-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rebick|first=Judy|date=September 22, 2002|title=Lip service: the anti-globalization movement on gender politics|journal=[[Herizons]]}}</ref> reflected on the experiments of the feminist movement in resisting the idea of leaders and even discarding any structure or [[division of labor]]. As [[Hilary Wainwright]] wrote in ''[[Z Communications|Z Magazine]]'', Freeman described how "this apparent lack of structure too often disguised an informal, unacknowledged and unaccountable leadership that was all the more pernicious because its very existence was denied".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/2999 |publisher=[[Transnational Institute]] |authorlink=Hilary Wainwright |first=Hilary |last=Wainwright |title=Imagine there's no leaders |date=October 9, 2006 |accessdate=February 17, 2009}}</ref> As a solution, Freeman suggests formalizing the existing hierarchies in the group and subjecting them to democratic control.
'''"The Tyranny of Structurelessness"''' is an essay by American [[feminist]] [[Jo Freeman]] that concerns power relations within [[radical feminist]] collectives. The essay, inspired by Freeman's experiences in a 1960s [[women's liberation movement|women's liberation group]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |url=https://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.jofreeman.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rebick|first=Judy|date=September 22, 2002|title=Lip service: the anti-globalization movement on gender politics|journal=[[Herizons]]}}</ref> reflected on the feminist movement's experiments in resisting leadership hierarchy and structured [[division of labor]]. This lack of structure, Freeman writes, disguised an informal, unacknowledged, and unaccountable leadership, and in this way ensured its malefaction by denying its existence.<ref name="Rycroft2017">{{cite book|last=Rycroft|first=Robert S.|title=The American Middle Class: An Economic Encyclopedia of Progress and Poverty &#91;2 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLGzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|year=2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-758-3|page=248}}</ref> As a solution, Freeman suggests formalizing the existing hierarchies in the group and subjecting them to democratic control.


The phrase has been used to describe one problem in organizing (the other being "rigidity of structure", according to [[ecofeminism|ecofeminist]] [[Starhawk]]).<ref>Starhawk, [http://awakenedwoman.com/star_rnc_two.htm "Power and Anarchy"], ''[http://awakenedwoman.com/ The Awakened Woman]'', August 19, 2004</ref>
The phrase has been used to describe one problem in organizing (the other being "rigidity of structure", according to [[ecofeminism|ecofeminist]] [[Starhawk]]).<ref name=":0">Starhawk, [http://awakenedwoman.com/star_rnc_two.htm "Power and Anarchy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022133/http://www.awakenedwoman.com/star_rnc_two.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''[http://awakenedwoman.com/ The Awakened Woman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319104945/http://www.awakenedwoman.com/ |date=2009-03-19 }}'', August 19, 2004</ref>


In 2008 ''Community Development Journal'' reviewed the article as a "classic text" which editors felt had influenced the practice of community development.<ref>Rosie Meade, [http://cdj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/bsn035v1 "Classic Texts: no. 11, Jo Freeman. The Tyranny of Structurelessness"] (c. 1972), ''Community Development Journal'', Oxford Unity Press, December 9, 2008.</ref> That year a [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] course used the paper in a course on leadership.<ref>[http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/degreeprog/syllabus.nsf/0/3C321726C83AD2F6852574D400657826/$FILE/syllabus.pdf (PAL-101) "Exercising Leadership: Mobilizing Group Resources" General Course Information], [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], Fall 2008.</ref>
In 2008 ''Community Development Journal'' reviewed the article as a "classic text" which editors felt had influenced the practice of community development.<ref>Rosie Meade, [http://cdj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/extract/bsn035v1 "Classic Texts: no. 11, Jo Freeman. The Tyranny of Structurelessness"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060513/https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article-abstract/44/1/123/314506 |date=2021-08-10 }} (c. 1972), ''Community Development Journal'', Oxford Unity Press, December 9, 2008.</ref> That year a [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] course used the paper in a course on leadership.<ref>[http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/degreeprog/syllabus.nsf/0/3C321726C83AD2F6852574D400657826/$FILE/syllabus.pdf (PAL-101) "Exercising Leadership: Mobilizing Group Resources" General Course Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090907/http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/degreeprog/syllabus.nsf/0/3C321726C83AD2F6852574D400657826/$FILE/syllabus.pdf |date=2012-02-20 }}, [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]], Fall 2008.</ref> Many [[Marxism|Marxists]] and [[Social anarchism|social anarchists]] cite the essay as an important text for developing effective and democratic forms of organizing, while some Marxists and many [[Individualist anarchism|individualist anarchists]] argue that it fails to fully justify formal structures.


== Publication history ==
== Publication history ==
The essay originated as a speech given to the Southern Female Rights Union at a conference in [[Beulah, Mississippi]] in May 1970.<ref name=jfc>{{cite web|url=http://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm |last=Freeman |first=Jo |work=JoFreeman.com |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |accessdate=February 17, 2009}}</ref> Freeman has stated that it was transcribed in 1971 for the [[feminist]] magazine ''Notes from the Third Year'' (whose editors chose not to publish it) and submitted to several women's liberation movement publications, only one of which sought her permission to publish it.
The essay originated as a speech given to the Southern Female Rights Union at a conference in [[Beulah, Mississippi]], in May 1970.<ref name=jfc>{{cite web |url=http://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm |last=Freeman |first=Jo |work=JoFreeman.com |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |access-date=February 17, 2009 |archive-date=February 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214203845/http://jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Freeman has stated that it was transcribed in 1971 for the [[feminist]] magazine ''Notes from the Third Year'' (whose editors chose not to publish it) and submitted to several women's liberation movement publications, only one of which sought her permission to publish it.


Other outlets published it without asking for permission. It was first officially published in the journal ''The Second Wave'' in 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freeman|first=Jo|title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |journal=The Second Wave |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=1972 |page=20}}</ref> It was issued in pamphlet form by Agitprop{{clarify|reason=Article with this title is about a concept, not an organization|date=October 2019}} in 1972, and later by the Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists, Leeds Group, [[United Kingdom]]. In 1973 the author published different versions in the ''Berkeley Journal of Sociology'' and in ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jo |last=Freeman |date=July 1973 |pages=76–78, 86–89 |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |journal=Ms. Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Berkeley Journal of Sociology |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |volume=17 |year=1972–73 |pages=151–164 |last=Freeman |first=Jo}}</ref> It was also published in ''Radical Feminism'' by Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone.<ref>Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone, ''Radical Feminism'', Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.. 1975, 282–288.</ref> Later printings included that of the Anarchist Workers' Association (Kingston Group), and in 1984 in a pamphlet called ''Untying the Knot: Feminism, Anarchism & Organisation'' jointly published by Dark Star Press and Rebel Press (printed by [[Aldgate Press]]).
Other outlets published it without asking for permission. It was first officially published in the journal ''The Second Wave'' in 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freeman |first=Jo |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |journal=The Second Wave |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=1972 |page=20}}</ref> ''Agitprop'' issued the essay pamphlet form in 1972.<ref name="Franks2001">{{cite book |last=Franks |first=M. |title=Women and Revivalism in the West: Choosing 'Fundamentalism' in a Liberal Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |year=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-59810-2 |page=199 |access-date=2023-01-12 |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112225900/https://books.google.com/books?id=dJCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists, Leeds Group, [[United Kingdom]], later distributed it as well. In 1973 the author published different versions in the ''Berkeley Journal of Sociology'' and in ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jo |last=Freeman |date=July 1973 |pages=76–78, 86–89 |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |journal=Ms. Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Berkeley Journal of Sociology |title=The Tyranny of Structurelessness |volume=17 |year=1972–73 |pages=151–164 |last=Freeman |first=Jo}}</ref> It was also published in ''Radical Feminism'' by Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Anne |last=Koedt |first2=Ellen |last2=Levine |first3=Anita |last3=Rapone |title=Radical Feminism |publisher=Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.. 1975, 282–288.}}</ref> Later printings included that of the Anarchist Workers' Association (Kingston Group), and in 1984 in a pamphlet called ''Untying the Knot: Feminism, Anarchism & Organisation'' jointly published by Dark Star Press and Rebel Press (printed by [[Aldgate Press]]).


== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==


Some [[Marxism|Marxists]], such as Mike Parker and [[Starhawk]], have argued that Freeman's recommendations are not applicable to some organizations and can lead to over-structuring and inefficiency, especially in smaller organizations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Mike |url=https://labornotes.org/sites/default/files/Democracy-is-power-full-2.0-compressed_0.pdf |title=Democracy is Power: Rebuilding Unions from the Bottom Up |last2=Gruelle |first2=Martha |publisher=[[Labor Notes]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0914093114 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
The essay's concept, as a phrase, haunts contemporary anarchist organizing, according to [[Uri Gordon (anarchist)|Uri Gordon]], especially as her solution—to formalize existing hierarchy for democratic regulation—does not align with anarchism. Anarcha-feminist Cathy Levine disagreed with Freeman's recommendation, which Levine considered patriarchal and regressive. Anarchist [[Jason McQuinn]] wrote that organizations with formal structures fare similarly if not worse. Other anarchists have cited the essay in their preference for formal federations in lieu of distributed networks.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Uri |title=Anarchy Alive!: Anti-Authoritarian Politics from Practice to Theory |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-7453-2684-9 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |pp=62–65 }}</ref><!-- more in source --> [[Howard J. Ehrlich]] discussed the negative impact of the article on anarchist organizing in ''Reinventing Anarchy, Again.''<ref>[[Howard J. Ehrlich]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ik9Io2muuuEC&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=tyranny+of+structurelessness&source=bl&ots=e3Jk_KDVnV&sig=vi0qQW9nMRD6-Ujs9wh-QS3l3_Y&hl=en&ei=lt7KSdmQD9DVlQel2-HMCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=40&ct=result#PPA178,M1 ''Reinventing Anarchy, Again''], AK Press, 1996, 178-179 {{ISBN|1-873176-88-0}}, {{ISBN|978-1-873176-88-7}}</ref>

While the essay is a fundamental reading for many [[Contemporary anarchism|contemporary anarchists]] within [[social anarchism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Uri |title=Anarchy Alive!: Anti-Authoritarian Politics from Practice to Theory |date=2007 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-2684-9 |location=London |pages=62–65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-28 |title=Dual Power and Prefigurative Politics |url=https://dsa-lsc.org/2020/06/28/dual-power-and-prefigurative-politics/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Democratic Socialists of America's Libertarian Socialist Caucus}}</ref> the main branch of anarchism which envisions non-hierarchical forms of [[social organization]], it contradicts various [[Individualist anarchism|individualist anarchist]] perspectives, particularly [[insurrectionary anarchist]] and some other contemporary anarchist perspectives, which reject formalized structure as an impediment to socialist organizing. [[Anarcha-feminist]] Cathy Levine disagreed with Freeman's recommendation, which Levine considered patriarchal and regressive. Anarchist [[Jason McQuinn]] wrote that organizations with formal structures fare similarly if not worse. [[Howard J. Ehrlich]] discussed the negative impact of the article on anarchist organizing in ''Reinventing Anarchy, Again.''<ref>[[Howard J. Ehrlich]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ik9Io2muuuEC&dq=tyranny+of+structurelessness&pg=PA178 ''Reinventing Anarchy, Again''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060525/https://books.google.com/books?id=ik9Io2muuuEC&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=tyranny+of+structurelessness&source=bl&ots=e3Jk_KDVnV&sig=vi0qQW9nMRD6-Ujs9wh-QS3l3_Y&hl=en&ei=lt7KSdmQD9DVlQel2-HMCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=40&ct=result#PPA178,M1 |date=2021-08-10 }}, AK Press, 1996, 178-179 {{ISBN|1-873176-88-0}}, {{ISBN|978-1-873176-88-7}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==


*''[[All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace (TV series)|All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace]]''
*[[Democratic structuring]]
*[[Democratic structuring]]
*[[Leaderless resistance]]
*[[Leaderless resistance]]

== Further reading ==
[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/jason-mcquinn-a-review-of-the-tyranny-of-structurelessness-an-organizationalist-repudiation-of A Review of The “Tyranny of Structurelessness”: An organizationalist repudiation of anarchism] - Jason McQuinn


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm The Tyranny of Structurelessness] (jofreeman.com)
* [http://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm Full text] from the author


{{anarchism}}
{{anarchism}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyranny of Structurelessness}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyranny of Structurelessness}}

Latest revision as of 14:49, 5 May 2024

"The Tyranny of Structurelessness" is an essay by American feminist Jo Freeman that concerns power relations within radical feminist collectives. The essay, inspired by Freeman's experiences in a 1960s women's liberation group,[1][2] reflected on the feminist movement's experiments in resisting leadership hierarchy and structured division of labor. This lack of structure, Freeman writes, disguised an informal, unacknowledged, and unaccountable leadership, and in this way ensured its malefaction by denying its existence.[3] As a solution, Freeman suggests formalizing the existing hierarchies in the group and subjecting them to democratic control.

The phrase has been used to describe one problem in organizing (the other being "rigidity of structure", according to ecofeminist Starhawk).[4]

In 2008 Community Development Journal reviewed the article as a "classic text" which editors felt had influenced the practice of community development.[5] That year a John F. Kennedy School of Government course used the paper in a course on leadership.[6] Many Marxists and social anarchists cite the essay as an important text for developing effective and democratic forms of organizing, while some Marxists and many individualist anarchists argue that it fails to fully justify formal structures.

Publication history

[edit]

The essay originated as a speech given to the Southern Female Rights Union at a conference in Beulah, Mississippi, in May 1970.[7] Freeman has stated that it was transcribed in 1971 for the feminist magazine Notes from the Third Year (whose editors chose not to publish it) and submitted to several women's liberation movement publications, only one of which sought her permission to publish it.

Other outlets published it without asking for permission. It was first officially published in the journal The Second Wave in 1972.[8] Agitprop issued the essay pamphlet form in 1972.[9] The Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists, Leeds Group, United Kingdom, later distributed it as well. In 1973 the author published different versions in the Berkeley Journal of Sociology and in Ms. magazine.[10][11] It was also published in Radical Feminism by Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone.[12] Later printings included that of the Anarchist Workers' Association (Kingston Group), and in 1984 in a pamphlet called Untying the Knot: Feminism, Anarchism & Organisation jointly published by Dark Star Press and Rebel Press (printed by Aldgate Press).

Criticism

[edit]

Some Marxists, such as Mike Parker and Starhawk, have argued that Freeman's recommendations are not applicable to some organizations and can lead to over-structuring and inefficiency, especially in smaller organizations.[13][4]

While the essay is a fundamental reading for many contemporary anarchists within social anarchism,[14][15] the main branch of anarchism which envisions non-hierarchical forms of social organization, it contradicts various individualist anarchist perspectives, particularly insurrectionary anarchist and some other contemporary anarchist perspectives, which reject formalized structure as an impediment to socialist organizing. Anarcha-feminist Cathy Levine disagreed with Freeman's recommendation, which Levine considered patriarchal and regressive. Anarchist Jason McQuinn wrote that organizations with formal structures fare similarly if not worse. Howard J. Ehrlich discussed the negative impact of the article on anarchist organizing in Reinventing Anarchy, Again.[16]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

A Review of The “Tyranny of Structurelessness”: An organizationalist repudiation of anarchism - Jason McQuinn

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". www.jofreeman.com. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  2. ^ Rebick, Judy (September 22, 2002). "Lip service: the anti-globalization movement on gender politics". Herizons.
  3. ^ Rycroft, Robert S. (2017). The American Middle Class: An Economic Encyclopedia of Progress and Poverty [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-61069-758-3.
  4. ^ a b Starhawk, "Power and Anarchy" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, The Awakened Woman Archived 2009-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, August 19, 2004
  5. ^ Rosie Meade, "Classic Texts: no. 11, Jo Freeman. The Tyranny of Structurelessness" Archived 2021-08-10 at the Wayback Machine (c. 1972), Community Development Journal, Oxford Unity Press, December 9, 2008.
  6. ^ (PAL-101) "Exercising Leadership: Mobilizing Group Resources" General Course Information Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Fall 2008.
  7. ^ Freeman, Jo. "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". JoFreeman.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  8. ^ Freeman, Jo (1972). "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". The Second Wave. 2 (1): 20.
  9. ^ Franks, M. (2001). Women and Revivalism in the West: Choosing 'Fundamentalism' in a Liberal Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-230-59810-2. Archived from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  10. ^ Freeman, Jo (July 1973). "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". Ms. Magazine: 76–78, 86–89.
  11. ^ Freeman, Jo (1972–73). "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 17: 151–164.
  12. ^ Koedt, Anne; Levine, Ellen; Rapone, Anita. Radical Feminism. Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co.. 1975, 282–288.
  13. ^ Parker, Mike; Gruelle, Martha (1999). Democracy is Power: Rebuilding Unions from the Bottom Up (PDF). Labor Notes. ISBN 978-0914093114.
  14. ^ Gordon, Uri (2007). Anarchy Alive!: Anti-Authoritarian Politics from Practice to Theory. London: Pluto Press. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-0-7453-2684-9.
  15. ^ "Dual Power and Prefigurative Politics". Democratic Socialists of America's Libertarian Socialist Caucus. 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  16. ^ Howard J. Ehrlich, Reinventing Anarchy, Again Archived 2021-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, AK Press, 1996, 178-179 ISBN 1-873176-88-0, ISBN 978-1-873176-88-7
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