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{{Short description|French marshal and colonial governor (1784–1849)}}
'''Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Duke of Isly''' ([[October 15]], [[1784]] - [[June 10]], [[1849]]), marshal of [[France]], was born at [[Limoges]].
{{redirect|Bugeaud|French ship|French cruiser Bugeaud}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}


{{Infobox military person
⚫
He came of a noble family of [[Périgord]], and was the youngest of his parents' thirteen children. Harsh treatment led to his flight from home, and for some years about 1800 he lived in the country, engaged in agriculture, to which he was ever afterwards devoted. At the age of twenty he became a private soldier in the ''Vélites'' of the Imperial Guard (1804), with which he took part in the [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] campaign of the following year. Early in 1806 he was given a commission, and as a sub-lieutenant he served in the [[Battle of Jena|Jena]] and [[Battle of Eylau|Eylau]] campaigns, winning his promotion to the rank of lieutenant at Pultusk (December 1806).
| name = Thomas Robert Bugeaud
| image = Bugeaud (BM 1874,1114.659).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|15 October 1784}}
| death_date = {{death-date|10 June 1849}} (aged 64)
| birth_place = [[Limoges]], [[France]]
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[France]]
| branch = [[French Army]]
| serviceyears = 1804–1849
| rank = [[Marshal of France]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Napoleonic Wars]]
* [[Battle of Austerlitz]]
* [[Battle of Jena-Auerstedt|Battle of Jena]]
* [[Battle of Eylau]]
* [[Battle of Pultusk]]
* [[Siege of Saragossa (1809)|Second Siege of Saragossa]]
[[Franco-Moroccan War]]
* [[Battle of Isly]]
[[French Revolution of 1848]]
| awards =
| laterwork = Agriculturalist, [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Deputy]]
}}


'''Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc d'Isly''' (15 October 1784{{snd}}10 June 1849) was a [[Marshal of France]] and [[Colonial heads of Algeria|Governor-General of Algeria]] during the French colonization.
In [[1808]] he was in the first French corps which entered [[Spain]], and was stationed in [[Madrid]] during the revolt of the Dos Mayo. At the second siege of [[Zaragoza|Saragossa]] he won further promotion to the rank of captain, and in 1809-1810 found opportunities for winning distinction under [[Louis Gabriel Suchet|General (Marshal) Suchet]] in the eastern theatre of the Peninsular War, in which he rose to the rank of major and the command of a full regiment. At the first restoration he was made a colonel, but he rejoined [[Napoleon]] during the [[Hundred Days War|Hundred Days]], and under his old chief Suchet distinguished himself greatly in the war in the [[Alps]]. For fifteen years after the fall of Napoleon he was not re-employed, and during this time he displayed great activity in agriculture and in the general development of his district of Périgord. The July revolution of 1830 reopened his military career, and after a short tenure of a regimental command he was in 1831 made a ''maréchal de camp''. In the chamber of deputies, to which he was elected in the same year, he showed himself to be an inflexible opponent of democracy, and in his military capacity he was noted for his severity in police work and the suppression of ''émeutes''. His conduct as gaoler of the duchesse de Berry led to a duel between Bugeaud and the deputy Dulong, in which the latter was killed (1834); this affair and the incidents of another ''émeute'' exposed Bugeaud to ceaseless attacks in the Chamber and in the press, but his opinion was sought by all parties in matters connected with agriculture and industrial development. He was re-elected in 1834, 1837 and 1839.


==Early life==
⚫
About this time Bugeaud became much interested in the question of [[Algeria]]. At first he appears to have disapproved of the conquest, but his undeviating adherence to [[Louis Philippe]] brought him into agreement with the government, and with his customary decision he proposed to employ at once whatever forces were necessary for the swift, complete and lasting subjugation of Algeria. Later events proved the soundness of his views; in the meantime Bugeaud was sent to [[Africa]] in a subordinate capacity, and proceeded without delay to initiate his war of flying columns. He won his first victory on [[July 7]] [[1836]], made a brilliant campaign of six weeks' duration, and returned home with tile rank of lieutenant-general. In the following year he signed the treaty of Tafna ([[June 1]], [[1837]]), with Abd-el-Kader, an act which, though justified by the military and political situation, led to a renewal of the attacks upon him in the chamber, to the refutation of which Bugeaud devoted himself in 1839.
⚫
He was born at [[Limoges]], a member of a noble family of [[Périgord]] ([[Occitania]]), the youngest of thirteen children. He ran away from home, and for some years lived in the country as an agricultural worker. At the age of twenty, he became a private soldier in the ''Vélites'' of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]], with which he took part in the [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] campaign of the following year. Early in 1806, he was given a commission, and as a [[Second Lieutenant]] he served in the [[Battle of Jena|Jena]] and [[Battle of Eylau|Eylau]] campaigns, winning his promotion to the rank of lieutenant at the [[Battle of Pultusk]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert |volume=4 |pages=758–759}}</ref>


In 1808, he was in the first French corps to enter [[Spain]], and was stationed in [[Madrid]] during the [[Dos de Mayo Uprising|revolt of the Dos Mayo]]. At the [[Siege of Saragossa (1809)|Second Siege of Saragossa]], he won further promotion to the rank of captain, and in 1809–1810 found opportunities for winning distinction under [[Louis Gabriel Suchet|Suchet]] in the eastern theatre of the [[Peninsular War]], in which he rose to the rank of major and the command of a full regiment. At the first restoration he was made a colonel, but he rejoined [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] during the [[Hundred Days]], and under his old chief Suchet distinguished himself in the war in the [[Alps]].<ref name="EB1911"/>
⚫
Finally, in [[1840]], he was nominated governor-general of Algeria, and early in 1841 he put into force his system of flying columns. His swiftness and energy drove back the forces of [[Abd-el-Kader]] from place to place, while the devotion of the rank and file to "Père Bugeaud" enabled him to carry all before him in action. In [[1842]] he secured the French positions by undertaking the construction of roads. In [[1843]] Bugeaud was made marshal of France, and in this and the following year he continued his operations with unvarying success. His great victory of Isly on [[August 14]] [[1844]] won for him the title of duke.


==July monarchy==
⚫
In [[1845]], however, he had to take the field again in consequence of the disaster of [[Sidi Brahim]] ([[September 22]] [[1845]]), and up to his final retirement from Algeria (July 1846) he was almost constantly employed in the field. His resignation was due to differences with the home government on the question of the future government of the province. Amidst his other activities he had found time to study the agricultural characteristics of the conquered country, and under his régime the number of French colonists had grown from 17,000 to 100,000. In 1848 the marshal was in [[Paris, France|Paris]] during the revolution, but his orders prevented him from acting effectually to suppress it. He was asked, but eventually refused, to be a candidate for the presidency in opposition to [[Louis Napoleon]]. His last public service was the command of the army of the Alps, formed in 1848-1849 to observe events in [[Italy]]. He died in Paris on the 10th of June 1849.
He spent the fifteen years after the fall of Napoleon without employment, returning to agriculture and developing his home district of Périgord. The [[July Revolution]] of 1830 reopened his military career, and after a short tenure of regimental command he was in 1831 promoted brigadier-general (''maréchal de camp''). In the same year, he was elected to the French parliament's lower house, the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]], where he showed himself to be an inflexible opponent of [[democracy]]. In his military capacity, he was noted for his severity in suppressing riots. His conduct as gaoler of the [[Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily|Duchess of Berry]] led to a duel between Bugeaud and the deputy Dulong in which the latter was killed (1834); this affair, and the heavy-handed suppression of a further riot, exposed Bugeaud to ceaseless attacks in the Chamber and in the press, though his opinion was sought by all parties in matters connected with agriculture and industrial development. He was re-elected in 1834, 1837, and 1839.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Anthony Thrall|title=Thomas-Robert Bugeaud. France and Algeria, 1784-1849|publisher=Archon Books|year=1983|page=36}}</ref><ref name="EB1911"/>


==Algeria==
⚫
Bugeaud's writings were numerous, including his ''&OElig;uvres militaires'', collected by Weil (Paris, 1883), many official reports on Algeria and the war there, and some works on economics and political science. See Comte d'Ideville, ''Le Maréchal Bugeaud'' (Paris, 1881-1882).
[[File:Les Grottes du Dahra.jpg|thumb|Civilians suffocating by smoke into the cave of Dahra, method ordered by Bugeaud]]
⚫
Although he initially disapproved of the conquest of Algeria, his undeviating adherence to [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis Philippe]] brought him into agreement with the government. He embarked on a campaign to win the swift, complete, and lasting subjugation of Algeria. He was sent to [[Africa]] in a subordinate capacity and proceeded to initiate his war of [[flying column]]s. He won his first victory on 7 July 1836, made a brilliant campaign of six weeks' duration, and returned home with the rank of lieutenant-general. In the following year, he signed the [[Treaty of Tafna]] (30 May 1837), with [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abd-el-Kader]], an act which, though justified by the military and political situation, led to attacks upon him in the chamber, to the refutation of which Bugeaud devoted himself in 1839.<ref name="EB1911"/>


[[File:Vernet - Bataille d'Isly - 1846.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Battle of Isly]]'', propaganda oil painting by [[Horace Vernet]].]]
''This entry was originally from the [[1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]].''
⚫
Finally, in 1840, he was nominated governor-general of Algeria, and early in 1841 he put into force his system of flying columns, a controversial but successful tactic known as "[[Razzia (military)|Razzia]]" at the time.<ref>Thomas Rid, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546550903153449 Razzia. A Turning point in Modern Strategy], Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol 21, Iss 4, p. 617-635</ref> His swiftness and energy drove back the forces of [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abd-el-Kader]] from place to place, while the devotion of the [[wikt:rank and file|rank and file]] to "Père Bugeaud" enabled him to carry all before him in action.<ref>[[Douglas Porch]], "Bugeard, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare", in Peter Paret (ed.), in: Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 376-407, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986</ref> In 1842, he secured the French positions by undertaking the construction of roads. In 1843, Bugeaud was made [[marshal of France]], and in this and the following year he continued his operations with unvarying success. His great victory of [[Battle of Isly|Isly]] on 14 August 1844 won him the title of [[duke]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

[[File:MarechalBugeaudCommemorativePlaque.JPG|thumb|Bugeaud died at 1 Quai Voltaire in Paris (commemorative plate).]]
⚫
In 1845, however, he had to take the field again in consequence of the disaster of [[Battle of Sidi Brahim|Sidi Brahim]] (22 September 1845), and up to his final retirement from Algeria (July 1846) he was almost constantly employed in the field, by ordering in February 1846 to General [[Jean-François Gentil]] to organize the second campaign against the rebels of [[Kabylia]]. His resignation was due to differences with the home government on the question of the future government of the province. Amidst his other activities he had found time to study the agricultural characteristics of the conquered country, and under his régime the number of French colonists had grown from 17,000 to 100,000.

==Later life==
In 1848, Bugeaud was in [[Paris, France|Paris]] during the [[The Revolutions of 1848 in France|revolution]], but his orders prevented him from acting effectively to suppress it. He was asked, but eventually refused, to be a candidate for the presidency in opposition to [[Napoleon III of France|Louis Napoleon]]. His last public service was the command of the army of the Alps, formed in 1848–1849 to observe [[First Italian War of Independence|events in Italy]]. He died in Paris in 1849.<ref name="EB1911"/>

⚫
Bugeaud's writings were numerous, including his ''Œuvres militaires'', collected by Weil (Paris, 1883), many official reports on Algeria and the war there, and some works on economics and political science. See: Comte d'Ideville, ''Le Maréchal Bugeaud'' (Paris, 1881–1882).<ref name="EB1911"/>

Bugeaud's innovations and writings continued to be influential among French military leaders engaged in colonial campaigns.<ref>Jean Gottmann, "Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare", in Edward Mead Earle (ed.), in: Makers of Modern Strategy, 234-59 (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1943)</ref>

==Homage and criticism==
Streets and places have been given his name in the cities of [[Paris]], [[Brest, France|Brest]], [[Albertville]], [[Auxerre]], [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]], [[Périgueux]]. Attempts to change those street names have always failed up to now.

In 2021, because of war crimes committed by Bugeaud during the French conquest of Algeria, the municipality of Marseille decides to change his name of a school, and give it those of Ahmed Litim, an [[Algerian Tirailleurs|Algerian tirailleur]] killed during the liberation of the city in 1944.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/life/article/marseille-l-ecole-bugeaud-rebaptisee-ahmed-litim-du-nom-d-un-tirailleur-algerien_210131.html|title=Marseille : l’école Bugeaud rebaptisée Ahmed Litim, du nom d’un tirailleur algérien|journal=Le HuffPost|date=2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Rulers of Algeria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bugeaud, Thomas Robert}}
[[Category:1784 births]]
[[Category:1849 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Limoges]]
[[Category:Orléanists]]
[[Category:Party of Order politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Dordogne]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Charente-Maritime]]
[[Category:Governors general of Algeria]]
[[Category:Marshals of France]]
[[Category:French mass murderers]]
[[Category:French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:French war criminals]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides]]

Latest revision as of 01:48, 19 June 2024

"Bugeaud" redirects here. For French ship, see French cruiser Bugeaud.

Thomas Robert Bugeaud
Born15 October 1784 (1784-10-15)
Limoges, France
Died10 June 1849 (1849-06-11) (aged 64)
Paris, France
Allegiance France
Service/branchFrench Army
Years of service1804–1849
RankMarshal of France
Battles/warsNapoleonic Wars

Franco-Moroccan War

French Revolution of 1848
Other workAgriculturalist, Deputy

Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc d'Isly (15 October 1784 – 10 June 1849) was a Marshal of France and Governor-General of Algeria during the French colonization.

Early life

[edit]

He was born at Limoges, a member of a noble family of Périgord (Occitania), the youngest of thirteen children. He ran away from home, and for some years lived in the country as an agricultural worker. At the age of twenty, he became a private soldier in the Vélites of the Imperial Guard, with which he took part in the Austerlitz campaign of the following year. Early in 1806, he was given a commission, and as a Second Lieutenant he served in the Jena and Eylau campaigns, winning his promotion to the rank of lieutenant at the Battle of Pultusk.[1]

In 1808, he was in the first French corps to enter Spain, and was stationed in Madrid during the revolt of the Dos Mayo. At the Second Siege of Saragossa, he won further promotion to the rank of captain, and in 1809–1810 found opportunities for winning distinction under Suchet in the eastern theatre of the Peninsular War, in which he rose to the rank of major and the command of a full regiment. At the first restoration he was made a colonel, but he rejoined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and under his old chief Suchet distinguished himself in the war in the Alps.[1]

July monarchy

[edit]

He spent the fifteen years after the fall of Napoleon without employment, returning to agriculture and developing his home district of Périgord. The July Revolution of 1830 reopened his military career, and after a short tenure of regimental command he was in 1831 promoted brigadier-general (maréchal de camp). In the same year, he was elected to the French parliament's lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, where he showed himself to be an inflexible opponent of democracy. In his military capacity, he was noted for his severity in suppressing riots. His conduct as gaoler of the Duchess of Berry led to a duel between Bugeaud and the deputy Dulong in which the latter was killed (1834); this affair, and the heavy-handed suppression of a further riot, exposed Bugeaud to ceaseless attacks in the Chamber and in the press, though his opinion was sought by all parties in matters connected with agriculture and industrial development. He was re-elected in 1834, 1837, and 1839.[2][1]

Algeria

[edit]
Civilians suffocating by smoke into the cave of Dahra, method ordered by Bugeaud

Although he initially disapproved of the conquest of Algeria, his undeviating adherence to Louis Philippe brought him into agreement with the government. He embarked on a campaign to win the swift, complete, and lasting subjugation of Algeria. He was sent to Africa in a subordinate capacity and proceeded to initiate his war of flying columns. He won his first victory on 7 July 1836, made a brilliant campaign of six weeks' duration, and returned home with the rank of lieutenant-general. In the following year, he signed the Treaty of Tafna (30 May 1837), with Abd-el-Kader, an act which, though justified by the military and political situation, led to attacks upon him in the chamber, to the refutation of which Bugeaud devoted himself in 1839.[1]

Battle of Isly, propaganda oil painting by Horace Vernet.

Finally, in 1840, he was nominated governor-general of Algeria, and early in 1841 he put into force his system of flying columns, a controversial but successful tactic known as "Razzia" at the time.[3] His swiftness and energy drove back the forces of Abd-el-Kader from place to place, while the devotion of the rank and file to "Père Bugeaud" enabled him to carry all before him in action.[4] In 1842, he secured the French positions by undertaking the construction of roads. In 1843, Bugeaud was made marshal of France, and in this and the following year he continued his operations with unvarying success. His great victory of Isly on 14 August 1844 won him the title of duke.[1]

Bugeaud died at 1 Quai Voltaire in Paris (commemorative plate).

In 1845, however, he had to take the field again in consequence of the disaster of Sidi Brahim (22 September 1845), and up to his final retirement from Algeria (July 1846) he was almost constantly employed in the field, by ordering in February 1846 to General Jean-François Gentil to organize the second campaign against the rebels of Kabylia. His resignation was due to differences with the home government on the question of the future government of the province. Amidst his other activities he had found time to study the agricultural characteristics of the conquered country, and under his régime the number of French colonists had grown from 17,000 to 100,000.

Later life

[edit]

In 1848, Bugeaud was in Paris during the revolution, but his orders prevented him from acting effectively to suppress it. He was asked, but eventually refused, to be a candidate for the presidency in opposition to Louis Napoleon. His last public service was the command of the army of the Alps, formed in 1848–1849 to observe events in Italy. He died in Paris in 1849.[1]

Bugeaud's writings were numerous, including his Œuvres militaires, collected by Weil (Paris, 1883), many official reports on Algeria and the war there, and some works on economics and political science. See: Comte d'Ideville, Le Maréchal Bugeaud (Paris, 1881–1882).[1]

Bugeaud's innovations and writings continued to be influential among French military leaders engaged in colonial campaigns.[5]

Homage and criticism

[edit]

Streets and places have been given his name in the cities of Paris, Brest, Albertville, Auxerre, Lyon, Marseille, Périgueux. Attempts to change those street names have always failed up to now.

In 2021, because of war crimes committed by Bugeaud during the French conquest of Algeria, the municipality of Marseille decides to change his name of a school, and give it those of Ahmed Litim, an Algerian tirailleur killed during the liberation of the city in 1944.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 758–759.
  2. ^ Sullivan, Anthony Thrall (1983). Thomas-Robert Bugeaud. France and Algeria, 1784-1849. Archon Books. p. 36.
  3. ^ Thomas Rid, Razzia. A Turning point in Modern Strategy, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol 21, Iss 4, p. 617-635
  4. ^ Douglas Porch, "Bugeard, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare", in Peter Paret (ed.), in: Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 376-407, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986
  5. ^ Jean Gottmann, "Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare", in Edward Mead Earle (ed.), in: Makers of Modern Strategy, 234-59 (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1943)
  6. ^ "Marseille : l'école Bugeaud rebaptisée Ahmed Litim, du nom d'un tirailleur algérien". Le HuffPost. 2022.
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