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{{for|the Canadian Football League running back|Troy Davis}}
{{for|the Canadian Football League running back|Troy Davis}}


The '''Troy Davis case''' concerns the case of '''Troy Anthony Davis''', an American from the U.S. state of Georgia who was convicted and [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]] in 1991 for the August 19, 1989 murder of an off-duty [[Savannah]] Police Officer named Mark Allen MacPhail on the basis of multiple corroborating [[Witness#Eyewitness testimony|eyewitness testimonies]]. A bullet and bullet casing from another shooting done by Davis earlier on the same night was presented as physical evidence linking him to this crime. Seven of the nine non-police eyewitnesses later contradicted their own testimony in sworn affidavits filed in a court of law.<ref name=Lowe>{{cite web
The '''Troy Davis case''' concerns the case of '''Troy Anthony Davis''', an African American from the U.S. state of Georgia who was convicted and [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]] in 1991 for the August 19, 1989 murder of an off-duty [[Savannah]] Police Officer named Mark Allen MacPhail on the basis of [[Witness#Eyewitness testimony|eyewitness testimonies]]. There was no physical evidence against him and the weapon used in the crime was never found.<ref name= "amnesty report">{{cite web
|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/troy-davis-finality-over-fairness/page.do?id=1011343|title=Troy Davis|publisher=Amnesty International|date=2008-10-27|accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> Seven of the nine non-police eyewitnesses later contradicted their own testimony in sworn affidavits filed in a court of law.<ref name=Lowe>{{cite web
|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1643384,00.html?cnn=yes|title=Will Georgia Kill an Innocent Man?|first=Brendan|last=Lowe|publisher=[[Time Magazine]]|date=2007-07-13|accessdate=2007-07-17}}</ref> Troy Davis has steadfastly maintained his innocence and has expressed no remorse throughout the years, and has pleaded with the courts to be granted a new trial, or, at the minimum, to be allowed a hearing in which the recanting eyewitnesses will be cross-examined in order to determine whether a miscarriage of justice occurred in the inital trial. Many legal organizations in the US and worldwide, such as the [[National Lawyers Guild]], [[Amnesty International]] and the [[Innocence Project]], have supported Davis' claims for a new trial, and strongly condemned the planned execution of Davis. Indeed, Davis has received a [[stay of execution]] prior to each of the three planned executions in July 2007, September 2008, and October 2008.
|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1643384,00.html?cnn=yes|title=Will Georgia Kill an Innocent Man?|first=Brendan|last=Lowe|publisher=[[Time Magazine]]|date=2007-07-13|accessdate=2007-07-17}}</ref> Troy Davis has steadfastly maintained his innocence throughout the years, and has pleaded with the courts to be granted a new trial, or, at the minimum, to be allowed a hearing in which the recanting eyewitnesses will be cross-examined in order to determine whether a miscarriage of justice occurred in the initial trial.<ref name = "amnesty report"/> Troy Davis came close to being executed with executions scheduled three times in July 2007, September 2008, and October 2008, but in each case a stay of the execution was ordered by the courts or the Parole Board.


⚫
Troy Davis received a third execution date of October 27, 2008 after the US Supreme Court declined to hear his [[Certiorari#United_States_law|Certiorari]] petition. On October 24, however, the [[11th Circuit Court of Appeals]] (Judges Joel Dubina, Rosemary Barkett and Stanley Marcus) issued a stay of execution to consider Davis’s request for a second federal habeas petition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/nation/6076345.html|title=Appeals court halts execution of Ga. cop killer|first=Greg|last=Bluestein|publisher=Associated Press|date=2008-10-24}}</ref> If they allow this petition, Davis could ask for an evidentiary hearing from the US District Court for the Southern District of Georgia that would allow the witnesses to be heard and cross-examined in a judicial proceeding. The three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals is scheduled to hear oral arguments in this case on December 9, 2008 at the United States Court of Appeals Building in Atlanta, Georgia (Case No. 08-16009-P).
Davis bases his argument for a new trial on the suggestion that seven of nine original witness have subsequently contradicted their trial testimony. Physical evidence neither inculpates or exculpates him from responsibility for the crime. One of the witnesses who has remained consistent, Coles, was seen acting suspiciously the night of Officer MacPhail’s murder and has been heard boasting that he killed an off-duty police officer.{{fact|December 2008}} The eyewitnesses who contradicted themselves have stated that their original testimony against Davis was due, at least in part, to police coercion.{{fact|December 2008}} The District Attorney in Atlanta, GA has expressed its awareness that the inconstancy of those witnesses may instead be due to the denial of [[habeas corpus|habeas]] petitions filed on behalf of Davis.


National and international legal organizations, such as [[Amnesty International]],<ref name = "amnesty report"/> the [[National Lawyers Guild]],<ref name="NLG support">{{cite web
⚫
Troy Davis received a third execution date of October 27, 2008 after the US Supreme Court declined to hear his [[Certiorari#United_States_law|Certiorari]] petition. On October 24, the [[11th Circuit Court of Appeals]] issued a stay of execution to consider Davis’s request for a second federal habeas petition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/nation/6076345.html|title=Appeals court halts execution of Ga. cop killer|first=Greg|last=Bluestein|publisher=Associated Press|date=2008-10-24}}</ref> If they allow this petition, Davis could ask for an evidentiary hearing from the US District Court (one level under the 11th Circuit) for the Southern District of Georgia. An evidentiary hearing would allow the witnesses to be heard and cross-examined in yet again in a judicial proceeding.
|url=http://www.washingtonpeacecenter.net/civic/stop_execution_troydavis |title=Rally to Stop Execution of Troy Davis|publisher=Washington Peace Center|date=2008-10-18|accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> and the [[Innocence Project]],<ref name="innocence project">{{cite web
|http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/1592.php|title=Troy Davis Set to be Executed Tuesday Despite Evidence of Innocence|publisher=Innocence Project|date=2008-09-22|accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> have strongly condemned the planned execution of Davis, and support granting Davis a new trial. Davis bases his argument for a new trial on an irregular occurrence in criminal trials: seven of the nine original witnesses have subsequently recanted or contradicted their trial testimony.<ref name = "amnesty report"/> One of the witnesses who has remained consistent, Coles, was seen acting suspiciously the night of Officer MacPhail’s murder and has been heard boasting that he killed an off-duty police officer.<ref name = "amnesty report"/> The eyewitnesses who contradicted themselves have stated that their original testimony against Davis was due to police coercion or intimidation.<ref name = "amnesty report"/>


[[President Jimmy Carter]], [[Pope Benedict XVI]], [[Desmond Tutu]], Presidential candidate [[Bob Barr]], former FBI Director [[William S. Sessions]], among other well-known community and religious leaders, have condemned Georgia authorities for their plan to execute a possibly innocent man, and issued strong statements calling for a new trial. The recent stay of the execution ordered by the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals on October 24, 2008 has increased the possibility of a retrial. The three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals is scheduled to hear oral arguments in this case on December 9, 2008 at the United States Court of Appeals Building in Atlanta, Georgia (Case No. 08-16009-P).


Several world and national leaders have spoken out on behalf of Davis. [[President Jimmy Carter]],<ref name="ajc 9-20-08">{{cite web
⚫
==The trial==
|url=http://www.ajc.com/gwinnett/content/metro/stories/2008/09/20/sharpton_troy_davis.html|title=Shrapton Seeks Clemency for Troy Anthony Davis|publisher=Atlanta Journal Constitution|date=2008-09-20|accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]],<ref name = "ajc 9-20-08"/> [[Desmond Tutu]]<ref name="ajc 9-20-08"/> Presidential candidate [[Bob Barr]],<ref name="ajc 9-20-08"/> former FBI Director [[William S. Sessions]]<ref name = "amnesty report"/> are some of the well-known community and religious leaders who have condemned Georgia authorities for their plan to execute a possibly innocent man based on a fundamentally flawed trial, and issued strong statements calling the courts to grant Davis a new trial.

⚫
== The trial ==
On [[August 23]], 1989,<ref name="transcripts">http://law.ga.gov/00/press/detail/0,2668,87670814_87670929_121231342,00.html</ref> Troy Anthony Davis surrendered to the authorities. Under interrogation he confessed to being present at the crime scene,<ref name="Herald"/> but stated another man named Coles had done the actual shooting. Davis' weapon which he had used to shoot another person earlier that same day was never found. Physical evidence that linked the shooting to Davis was a bullet and bullet casing tied to another shooting done by Davis earlier on the same night as McPhail was shot. Nevertheless, Davis asserted his innocence and a jury trial was held.<ref name="Lowe"/> His conviction occurred in August 1991.<ref name="Lowe"/>
On [[August 23]], 1989,<ref name="transcripts">http://law.ga.gov/00/press/detail/0,2668,87670814_87670929_121231342,00.html</ref> Troy Anthony Davis surrendered to the authorities. Under interrogation he confessed to being present at the crime scene,<ref name="Herald"/> but stated another man named Coles had done the actual shooting. Davis' weapon which he had used to shoot another person earlier that same day was never found. Physical evidence that linked the shooting to Davis was a bullet and bullet casing tied to another shooting done by Davis earlier on the same night as McPhail was shot. Nevertheless, Davis asserted his innocence and a jury trial was held.<ref name="Lowe"/> His conviction occurred in August 1991.<ref name="Lowe"/>


Revision as of 23:21, 8 December 2008

For the Canadian Football League running back, see Troy Davis.

The Troy Davis case concerns the case of Troy Anthony Davis, an African American from the U.S. state of Georgia who was convicted and sentenced to death in 1991 for the August 19, 1989 murder of an off-duty Savannah Police Officer named Mark Allen MacPhail on the basis of eyewitness testimonies. There was no physical evidence against him and the weapon used in the crime was never found.[1] Seven of the nine non-police eyewitnesses later contradicted their own testimony in sworn affidavits filed in a court of law.[2] Troy Davis has steadfastly maintained his innocence throughout the years, and has pleaded with the courts to be granted a new trial, or, at the minimum, to be allowed a hearing in which the recanting eyewitnesses will be cross-examined in order to determine whether a miscarriage of justice occurred in the initial trial.[1] Troy Davis came close to being executed with executions scheduled three times in July 2007, September 2008, and October 2008, but in each case a stay of the execution was ordered by the courts or the Parole Board.

Troy Davis received a third execution date of October 27, 2008 after the US Supreme Court declined to hear his Certiorari petition. On October 24, however, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals (Judges Joel Dubina, Rosemary Barkett and Stanley Marcus) issued a stay of execution to consider Davis’s request for a second federal habeas petition.[3] If they allow this petition, Davis could ask for an evidentiary hearing from the US District Court for the Southern District of Georgia that would allow the witnesses to be heard and cross-examined in a judicial proceeding. The three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals is scheduled to hear oral arguments in this case on December 9, 2008 at the United States Court of Appeals Building in Atlanta, Georgia (Case No. 08-16009-P).

National and international legal organizations, such as Amnesty International,[1] the National Lawyers Guild,[4] and the Innocence Project,[5] have strongly condemned the planned execution of Davis, and support granting Davis a new trial. Davis bases his argument for a new trial on an irregular occurrence in criminal trials: seven of the nine original witnesses have subsequently recanted or contradicted their trial testimony.[1] One of the witnesses who has remained consistent, Coles, was seen acting suspiciously the night of Officer MacPhail’s murder and has been heard boasting that he killed an off-duty police officer.[1] The eyewitnesses who contradicted themselves have stated that their original testimony against Davis was due to police coercion or intimidation.[1]


Several world and national leaders have spoken out on behalf of Davis. President Jimmy Carter,[6] Pope Benedict XVI,[6] Desmond Tutu[6] Presidential candidate Bob Barr,[6] former FBI Director William S. Sessions[1] are some of the well-known community and religious leaders who have condemned Georgia authorities for their plan to execute a possibly innocent man based on a fundamentally flawed trial, and issued strong statements calling the courts to grant Davis a new trial.

The trial

On August 23, 1989,[7] Troy Anthony Davis surrendered to the authorities. Under interrogation he confessed to being present at the crime scene,[8] but stated another man named Coles had done the actual shooting. Davis' weapon which he had used to shoot another person earlier that same day was never found. Physical evidence that linked the shooting to Davis was a bullet and bullet casing tied to another shooting done by Davis earlier on the same night as McPhail was shot. Nevertheless, Davis asserted his innocence and a jury trial was held.[2] His conviction occurred in August 1991.[2]

According to the trial transcripts, the following is what occurred on the night of the murder:

Sylvester "Redd" Coles, a black man, was hassling a homeless man Larry Young, also black, as Young walked from the liquor store with his newly purchased beer. Redd demanded that Young give Redd his beer. Young refused. Young walked away from Redd toward the Burger King parking lot, where Young's girlfriend, Harriet Murray, waited for Young's return. Redd became angry and persisted in his demand for the beer. As the two neared the parking lot, Murray heard the commotion and saw the man hassling Young. She heard him say "You don't know me. I'll shoot you." At that point, she saw that man pull a gun from his waistband. Murray ran for cover.[9]

Redd claimed at trial that he was the instigator; Davis's condemners dismiss this claim. Redd and Young both testified at trial that Redd was the one who had made the threat to shoot Young.[9] While Redd was arguing with Young, Darrell "D.D." Collins and Troy Davis, both black men, entered the Burger King parking lot. All trial witnesses stated that neither Collins nor Davis spoke to Young. The pistol whipping of Young occurred shortly after Redd was alleged to have threatened to shoot the homeless man. Young had an open gash on his right temple. According to trial witnesses, he sought help from the passengers in a van at the drive-thru window and the Burger King manager, Leo Bishop. Young was standing between the van and the Burger King window when shots rang out.

Mark Allen MacPhail was working off-duty but in full uniform as a security guard at the Burger King. He entered the parking lot after Young was assaulted. When the four black men saw MacPhail, each man started to run. According to Redd, when MacPhail yelled for all of them to stop running, Redd was the only one to stop; after this, MacPhail was shot.

Earlier on the day in question, a man named Michael Cooper was shot by Davis at a party in Cloverdale, a nearby neighborhood. It was shown in court by forensic evidence that the same gun that wounded Cooper was used to kill MacPhail. The bullet casings from the two shootings were matched and shown, by forensic ballistics to have been fired by the same gun.[10][7]

Racial politicking by defence

The jury in the trial was composed of seven blacks and five whites. Upon Davis raising racial bias in the jury selection process as an issue, it was determined the eight potential black jurors who were peremptorily challenged were removed from the jury pool for plainly non-racist reasons, specifically: for making explicit statements during voir dire (jury selection) that they would not consider applying the death penalty (five of eight), for implicitly or explicitly indicating a personal connection to Davis (two of eight), and for having had recent multiple contacts with law enforcement due to family troubles (one of eight).

In any case, whereas the county in which the trial was held was about two-thirds white and the jury pool was about 57% white, the seated jury proved even to be 58% black. Davis' challenge of racial bias in jury selection was therefore unsurprisingly dismissed as long ago as 1993.[11]

Appeals

After seven of nine eyewitnesses were said to have contradicted testimony they had previously given, restrictions on the scope of Davis's ability to continue attempting to impugn his conviction, due to timeliness of presentation and pursuit of appeal claim reform limitations introduced by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act,[2] have brought him to despair.[2][8] His first appeal, in 1991, had confirmed his conviction as had his state and federal habeas actions. Prosecutors argued successfully that under Georgia law that it was too late to present the recantations as evidence in an extraordinary motion for new trial.[12]

Harriet Murray, a witness who recanted in 2002, refused to wait for a notary to witness her signed statement, making it legally inadmissible in court.[13] Two brothers, Gary and Anthony Hargrove, came forward over a year after the trial, with Gary Hargrove claiming to have encountered hearsay that Sylvester Coles was the murderer, and Anthony Hargrove claiming to have witnessed Coles doing the actual shooting; Anthony Hargrove further claimed that he failed to come forward during the investigation because he was violating parole on the evening of the shooting.[14] While numerous state and federal courts have considered the Hargroves' affidavits in several direct appeals and habeas actions, none have been willing to order a retrial of the case based on the affidavits' contents.[8] The U.S. Supreme Court denied Davis's petition for an appeal of the denial of habeas relief in June 2007.[8]

Davis's execution was initially scheduled for July 17, 2007.[2] On July 16, U.S. Congressman John Lewis spoke to the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles on Davis's behalf, suggesting that one of the two witnesses who had not recanted (i.e., Coles) was the real killer.[15] Four thousand letters were received by the board written on his behalf, including letters written by Desmond Tutu, Harry Belafonte, composer and human rights activist William Rowland and former FBI director William Sessions.[15] Sister Helen Prejean, Amnesty International US director Larry Cox, and the Council of Europe all spoke out against the planned execution.[16] The Vatican's nuncio to the U.S., Monsignor Martin Krebs, sent a letter on behalf of Pope Benedict XVI to Governor of Georgia Sonny Perdue urging him to spare Davis's life. However, Georgia is one of three U.S. states where the governor has no power to grant clemency, the matter being left to an appointed board.[17]

On July 16, a ninety day stay of execution was granted by the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles.[18] Davis expressed gratitude for the stay.[19] By considering all testimony and evidence submitted by Davis and his attorneys during hearings held during the stay of execution, including testimony from Davis himself, and after having physical evidence in the case retested on their behalf, the Georgia Parole and Pardons Board held what has been characterized as an entire second trial of Davis. In the end, they found that the original sentence was justified and denied clemency.

On August 3, 2007, the Georgia Supreme Court voted four to three to hear a discretionary appeal of Davis's 1991 conviction.[20] On March 17, 2008, the Georgia Supreme Court denied the appeal listing in detail why the recantation affidavits were legally invalid or otherwise unpersuasive as to Davis' innocence. The Georgia Supreme Court even noted that one of Davis' own affidavits can be read so as to point to his own guilt in McPhail's murder.[21]

In September 2008, Jimmy Carter, through the Carter Center, released a letter urging the state Board of Pardons and Parole to reverse its decision to deny clemency; the letter said that flaws in Davis's conviction and appeals warrant a closer look, writing in part:

This case illustrates the deep flaws in the application of the death penalty in this country. Executing Troy Davis without a real examination of potentially exonerating evidence risks taking the life of an innocent man and would be a grave miscarriage of justice.[22]

That same month, former Republican Congressman Bob Barr wrote the board saying that he is "a strong believer in the death penalty as an appropriate and just punishment," but that the proper level of fairness and accuracy required for the ultimate punishment has not been met in Davis's case. [23] Subsequently, Reverend Al Sharpton also called for clemency after he met and prayed with Davis on death row.[24] On September 11, 2008, hundreds of people turned out for a rally in support of Davis at the state capitol in Atlanta; the following day, the Georgia Board of Pardon and Paroles nonetheless denied clemency for Davis.[25][26]

On September 22, 2008, Attorney Carol Gray, who assisted the Troy Davis defense team, suggested that the execution be stayed until information can be obtained from a clerk at the motel across from the murder scene. Gray says that the clerk was heard screaming after shots were fired, but the clerk has so far not been identified or interviewed. According to Gray, such identification could be made through existing tax records. [27] A new execution date was set for 7 p.m. on September 23, 2008 [28]. State authorities intended to carry out the execution despite the fact that the United States Supreme Court was scheduled to take up the case the following week. [29] However, on September 23, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court called an emergency session, during a period of what was otherwise recess, and issued a stay of execution. [30]

On Tuesday, October 14, 2008 the US Supreme Court declined to intervene in this appeal from Troy Davis. They gave no explanation for the decision. The execution had been rescheduled for October 27.[31] On Friday, October 24, 2008 the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals issued a 25-day stay of execution.[32] On Wednesday, November 19, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals allowed Davis and his lawyers to give oral arguments in front of the three panel judges on December 9th, 2008, which will be open to the public. [33]

Troy Anthony Davis

Troy Anthony Davis was born on October 9, 1968 (1968-10-09) (age 40).[8] Davis was a coach in the Savannah Police Athletic League and had signed up for service in the United States Marine Corps.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Troy Davis". Amnesty International. 2008-10-27. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lowe, Brendan (2007-07-13). "Will Georgia Kill an Innocent Man?". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  3. ^ Bluestein, Greg (2008-10-24). "Appeals court halts execution of Ga. cop killer". Associated Press.
  4. ^ "Rally to Stop Execution of Troy Davis". Washington Peace Center. 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  5. ^ "Troy Davis Set to be Executed Tuesday Despite Evidence of Innocence". Innocence Project. 2008-09-22. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/1592.php" ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c d "Shrapton Seeks Clemency for Troy Anthony Davis". Atlanta Journal Constitution. 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  7. ^ a b http://law.ga.gov/00/press/detail/0,2668,87670814_87670929_121231342,00.html
  8. ^ a b c d e "Supporters seek reprieve for death row man". Melbourne Herald Sun. 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  9. ^ a b Deirdre O'Connor (2008-10-19). "Mr. Lawton, how many witnesses have to recant..." Savannah Now. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  10. ^ [1] Amnesty USA, Where is the justice for me? The case of Troy Davis, facing execution in Georgia. Retrieved 10 September 2008
  11. ^ Davis v. State (of Georgia), 263 Ga. 5, Feb. 26, 1993
  12. ^ Whoriskey, Peter (2007-07-16). "Execution Of Ga. Man Near Despite Recantations: Some Witnesses Now Say He Is Innocent". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  13. ^ {{cite web |title=Davis v. State, 283 Ga. 438, Georgia Supreme Court, March 17, 2008 |url=http://www.gasupreme.us/pdf/s07a1758.pdf
  14. ^ Davis v. State, 283 Ga. 438, Georgia Supreme Court, March 17, 2008
  15. ^ a b Lewis, John (2007-07-16). "Rep. Lewis' statement at Davis hearing". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  16. ^ Carrier, Fanny (2007-07-17). "US inmate's execution on hold". AFP / The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  17. ^ Eckenrode, Vicky (2007-07-21). "Pope makes plea to spare life of Troy Davis". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  18. ^ Skutch, Jan (2007-07-17). "Davis wins 90-day stay of execution". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  19. ^ Lowe, Brendan (2007-07-16). "Stay of Execution for Georgia Man". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Skutch, Jan (2007-08-07). "Parole board bows out of Davis clemency bid". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  21. ^ "Take Action Online AIUSA 2007". Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  22. ^ Jimmy Carter Urges Georgia to Stay Execution of Troy Davis
  23. ^ "Barr, Carter both seek clemency for Troy Davis". WTVM. 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Scott, Jeffry (2008-09-21). "Sharpton seeks clemency for Troy Anthony Davis". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2008-09-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Clemency Denied For Troy Davis from WSBTV.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-13.
  26. ^ "THE PAROLE BOARD'S CONSIDERATION OF THE TROY ANTHONY DAVIS CASE". Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  27. ^ Weiner, Robert (2008-09-22). "Stay Georgia's Tuesday 7PM Execution of Troy Davis to Allow Critical Witness Interview Says Attorney Carol Gray, Who Assisted Defense Team". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2008-09-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ http://www.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/troy-davis-finality-over-fairness/page.do?id=1011343&n1=3&n2=28&n3=1412
  29. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/opinion/20herbert.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
  30. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7821188
  31. ^ http://www.eurweb.com/story/eur47859.cfm
  32. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/10/24/troy.davis.stay.execution/index.html
  33. ^ http://www.ajc.com/services/content/metro/stories/2008/11/19/troy_davis_appeal.html?cxtype=rss&cxsvc=7&cxcat=13
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