Tamra, Jezreel Valley: Difference between revisions
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'''Tamra''' ({{lang-ar|طمرة}}; {{lang-he-n|טַמְרָה}} or {{Hebrew|תַמְרָה}}) is an [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] village in north-eastern [[Israel]]. Located in the [[Jezreel Valley]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Gilboa Regional Council]]. In |
'''Tamra''' ({{lang-ar|طمرة}}; {{lang-he-n|טַמְרָה}} or {{Hebrew|תַמְרָה}}) is an [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] village in north-eastern [[Israel]]. Located in the [[Jezreel Valley]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Gilboa Regional Council]]. In 2014 it had a population of 1,471.<ref name="CBS2014">{{cite journal|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2015n/yeshuvim2014.xls |title=לוח 3.- אוכלוסייה( 1), ביישובים שמנו מעל 2,000 תושבים( 2) ושאר אוכלוסייה כפרית Population (1) of localities numbering above 2,000 Residents (2) and other rural population |accessdate=2 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003124527/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2015n/yeshuvim2014.xls |archivedate=3 October 2015 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Archaeological excavations have found remains from the [[Iron_Age#Near_East_timeline|Iron Age II]], the [[Achaemenid Empire|Late Persian]] – [[Hellenistic period|Early Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]],<ref name=Porat2005>Porat, 2005, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=160&mag_id=110 Tamra]</ref><ref name=Tepper2007>Tepper, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=574&mag_id=112 Tamra Final Report]</ref> and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era.<ref name=Porat2005/><ref name=Tepper2007/><ref name=AbuFana2009>Abu Fana, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1301&mag_id=115 Tamra Final Report]</ref> A village was here in the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.<ref>{{cite book| author = Yoram Tsafrir, Leah Di Segni and Judith Green | title = Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina | publisher = Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities | location = Jerusalem | year = 1994 | page = 239}}</ref> |
Archaeological excavations have found remains from the [[Iron_Age#Near_East_timeline|Iron Age II]], the [[Achaemenid Empire|Late Persian]] – [[Hellenistic period|Early Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]],<ref name=Porat2005>Porat, 2005, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=160&mag_id=110 Tamra]</ref><ref name=Tepper2007>Tepper, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=574&mag_id=112 Tamra Final Report]</ref> and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era.<ref name=Porat2005/><ref name=Tepper2007/><ref name=AbuFana2009>Abu Fana, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1301&mag_id=115 Tamra Final Report]</ref> A village was here in the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.<ref>{{cite book| author = Yoram Tsafrir, Leah Di Segni and Judith Green | title = Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina | publisher = Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities | location = Jerusalem | year = 1994 | page = 239}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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{{Commons category|Tamra, Jezreel Valley}} |
{{Commons category|Tamra, Jezreel Valley}} |
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Revision as of 20:20, 24 April 2016
Tamra | |
|---|---|
 Tamra | |
| Etymology: from to make a pit for storing corn & c.[1] | |
| Grid position | 188/226 PAL |
| Country | Israel |
| Council | Gilboa Regional Council |
| Population (2014) | 1,471 |
Tamra (Arabic: طمرة; Template:Lang-he-n or Template:Hebrew) is an Arab village in north-eastern Israel. Located in the Jezreel Valley, it falls under the jurisdiction of Gilboa Regional Council. In 2014 it had a population of 1,471.[2]
History
Archaeological excavations have found remains from the Iron Age II, the Late Persian – Early Hellenistic, Roman,[3][4] and Byzantine era.[3][4][5] A village was here in the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.[6]
Remains from the Early Islamic (Umayyad/Abbasid)[3][4][5] (including Umayyad glass vessels and Abbasid pottery and a lamp)[7] and Mamluk era have also been found.[4]
Ottoman era
During the Ottoman era, a map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 noted the place, as a village.[8]
In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited Tamra and found it to be a village of about 120 inhabitants, living in adobe houses, or houses built of volcanic materials.[9] He further noted: "This village has taken the place of an ancient town which formerly rose in an amphitheatre around an abundant spring, whose waters are received in a regular basin formerly vaulted. Everywhere considerable piles of stones, for the most part basaltic; the remains of overthrown houses strew the slopes of the hill. In the midst of these confused ruins I remarked, near the spring, the vestiges of a small church lying east and west and divided into three naves. It was ornamented with columns, of which several trunks yet remain. In the higher part of the city are still distinguished the remains of a second church, almost entirely destroyed, which was paved with mosaic, as is proven by the little cubes lying about on the ground."[10]
In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Tumrah as "a village of middling size, perhaps 50 or 70 houses, situated on high ground, and surrounded by plough-land." They also noted that there were ruins on the south side of the village.[11]
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Thamra showed a population of 104, all Muslims,[12] increasing in the 1931 census to 193, still all Muslims, in a total of 34 houses.[13]
By 1945, Tamra had 240 inhabitants, 160 Arabs and 80 Jews, with a total of 9,436 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[14] Of this, 27 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 9,090 dunams were used for cereals,[15] while 6 dunams were built-up land.[16]
1948, and aftermath
After 1948, Tamra has been under Israeli rule.
See also
References
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 170, see p. 117
- ^ "לוח 3.- אוכלוסייה( 1), ביישובים שמנו מעל 2,000 תושבים( 2) ושאר אוכלוסייה כפרית Population (1) of localities numbering above 2,000 Residents (2) and other rural population". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Porat, 2005, Tamra
- ^ a b c d Tepper, 2007, Tamra Final Report
- ^ a b Abu Fana, 2009, Tamra Final Report
- ^ Yoram Tsafrir, Leah Di Segni and Judith Green (1994). Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. p. 239.
- ^ Porat, 2007, Tamra
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 167.
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 124
- ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 124-125, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 130
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 87- 88
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 76
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 63
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 110
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 160
Bibliography
- Abu Fana, Mohammed (2009-12-30). "Tamra Final Report" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Alexandre, Yardenna (2009-08-23). "Tamra Final Report" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 (PDF). Government of Palestine.
- Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Dauphin, Claudine (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. (p. 734)
- Guérin, Victor (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas (PDF). Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Porat, Leea (2005-04-13). "Tamra" (117). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Porat, Leea (2007-12-16). "Tamra" (119). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Tepper, Yotam (2007-08-16). "Tamra Final Report" (119). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
External links
- Welcome To Tamra
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: IAA, Wikimedia commons