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Coordinates: 32°38′5″N 35°24′8″E / 32.63472°N 35.40222°E / 32.63472; 35.40222
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The name Tamra is derived from the Arabic to make a pit for storing corn & c.<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/170/mode/1up 170], see p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/117/mode/1up 117]</ref>
The name Tamra is derived from the Arabic to make a pit for storing corn & c.<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/170/mode/1up 170], see p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/117/mode/1up 117]</ref>


==History==
==History and archaeology==
===Early habitation periods===
Remains from the [[Iron Age#Near East timeline|Iron Age I]] era have been excavated.<ref name=Tepper2013>Tepper, 2013, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5461&mag_id=120 Tamra, Preliminary Report]</ref> Remains from the [[Iron Age#Near East timeline|Iron Age II]], the [[Achaemenid Empire|Late Persian]] – [[Hellenistic period|Early Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]]<ref name=Mokary2010>Mokary, 2010, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1616&mag_id=117 Tamra]</ref><ref name=Porat2005>Porat, 2005, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=160&mag_id=110 Tamra]</ref><ref name=Tepper2007>Tepper, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=574&mag_id=112 Tamra Final Report]</ref> and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] eras have been found here.<ref name=Porat2005/><ref name=Tepper2007/><ref name=AbuFana2009>Abu Fana, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1301&mag_id=115 Tamra Final Report]</ref>
Remains from the [[Iron Age#Near East timeline |Iron Age I]] era have been excavated.<ref name=Tepper2013>Tepper, 2013, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5461&mag_id=120 Tamra, Preliminary Report]</ref> Remains from the [[Iron Age#Near East timeline |Iron Age II]], the [[Achaemenid Empire |Late Persian]] – [[Hellenistic period |Early Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]]<ref name=Mokary2010>Mokary, 2010, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1616&mag_id=117 Tamra]</ref><ref name=Porat2005>Porat, 2005, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=160&mag_id=110 Tamra]</ref><ref name=Tepper2007>Tepper, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=574&mag_id=112 Tamra Final Report]</ref> and [[Byzantine Empire |Byzantine]] periods have been found here.<ref name=Porat2005/><ref name=Tepper2007/><ref name=AbuFana2009>Abu Fana, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1301&mag_id=115 Tamra Final Report]</ref>


===Byzantine and Early Muslim period: Christian village===
A village was here in the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.<ref name="Tsafrir">Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 239</ref> In the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and early [[Islamic]] eras, there was an agricultural settlement here.<ref name=Tepper2013/><ref name=Tepper2011>Tepper, 2011, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1808&mag_id=118 Tamra]</ref>
There was village at the site during the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.<ref name="Tsafrir">Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 239</ref> In the Byzantine and [[Timeline of Palestine region#Early Muslim period |Early Muslim periods]], there was an agricultural settlement here.<ref name=Tepper2013/><ref name=Tepper2011>Tepper, 2011, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1808&mag_id=118 Tamra]</ref>


Remains from the Early Islamic ([[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]]/[[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]])<ref name=Porat2005/><ref name=Tepper2007/><ref name=AbuFana2009/> (including Umayyad glass vessels and Abbasid pottery and a lamp) have also been found.<ref name=Porat2007>Porat, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=642&mag_id=112 Tamra]</ref>
Remains from the Early Islamic ([[Umayyad]] & [[Abbasid]]) period have bern unearthed here,<ref name=Porat2005/><ref name=Tepper2007/><ref name=AbuFana2009/> including Umayyad glass vessels and Abbasid pottery and a lamp.<ref name=Porat2007>Porat, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=642&mag_id=112 Tamra]</ref> Remains dating to the Umayyad period (seventh–eighth centuries CE) have been excavated,<ref name=Mokary2010/> together with housing remains dating to the Early Abbasid period (late eighth and early ninth centuries CE).<ref name=Tepper2011/>


⚫
A [[basilica]]-style church was built here during the Umayyad period, with a dedication from 725 CE found in the middle. [[Mosaics]] belonging to the church have been excavated. The church was probably damaged in the [[749 Galilee earthquake]], after which its [[column]]s were replaced with square pilasters.<ref name=Tepper2013/> The archaeological evidence indicates that a thriving Christian community existed here in the Umayyad and the Abbasid periods.<ref name=Tepper2013/> Two complex winepress that were operated in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods have also been found, indicating widespread wine production during these periods.<ref name=Tepper2011/><ref name=Tepper2013b>Tepper, 2013, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5403&mag_id=120 Tamra, in the Valley]</ref>
Remains dating to the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] era (seventh–eighth centuries CE) have been excavated,<ref name=Mokary2010/> together with housing remains dating to the Early [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] period (late eighth and early ninth centuries CE).<ref name=Tepper2011/>


===Mamluk period===
⚫
A [[Basilica]] was constructed here during the Umayyad era, a dedication from 725 CE was found in the middle. [[Mosaics]] belonging to the church have been excavated. The church was probably damaged in the [[749 Galilee earthquake]], after which its [[column]]s were replaced with square pilasters.<ref name=Tepper2013/> The archeological evidence indicates that a thriving Christian community existed here in the Umayyad and the Abbasid eras.<ref name=Tepper2013/> Two complex winepress that were operated in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods have also been found, indicating widespread wine production during these eras.<ref name=Tepper2011/><ref name=Tepper2013b>Tepper, 2013, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5403&mag_id=120 Tamra, in the Valley]</ref>
⚫
[[Mamluk Egypt |Mamluk]]-period remains have also been found.<ref name=Tepper2007/>


⚫
===Ottoman period===
⚫
[[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era remains have also been found.<ref name=Tepper2007/>
⚫
During the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] era, a map by [[Pierre Jacotin]] from [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's invasion of 1799]] may have noted the place, as a ''village.''<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 167] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}.</ref>


⚫
In 1870–1871 an Ottoman census listed the village in the ''[[Nahiyah|nahiya]]'' (sub-district) of Shafa al-Shamali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |title=Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine |publisher=Magnes Press |year=2004 |location=Jerusalem |pages=256}}</ref> In 1875, the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited Tamra and found it to be a village of about 120 inhabitants, living in [[adobe]] houses, or houses built of volcanic materials.<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n137/mode/1up 124]</ref> He further noted:
⚫
===Ottoman era===
⚫
During the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] era, a map by [[Pierre Jacotin]] from [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's invasion of 1799]] noted the place, as a ''village.''<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 167].</ref>

⚫
In 1875, the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited Tamra and found it to be a village of about 120 inhabitants, living in [[adobe]] houses, or houses built of volcanic materials.<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n137/mode/1up 124]</ref> He further noted:
<blockquote>This village has taken the place of an ancient town which formerly rose in an amphitheatre around an abundant spring, whose waters are received in a regular basin formerly vaulted. Everywhere considerable piles of stones, for the most part [[basaltic]]; the remains of overthrown houses strew the slopes of the hill. In the midst of these confused ruins I remarked, near the spring, the vestiges of a small church lying east and west and divided into three naves. It was ornamented with columns, of which several trunks yet remain. In the higher part of the city are still distinguished the remains of a second church, almost entirely destroyed, which was paved with mosaic, as is proven by the little cubes lying about on the ground.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n137/mode/1up 124]-125, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/130/mode/1up 130]</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>This village has taken the place of an ancient town which formerly rose in an amphitheatre around an abundant spring, whose waters are received in a regular basin formerly vaulted. Everywhere considerable piles of stones, for the most part [[basaltic]]; the remains of overthrown houses strew the slopes of the hill. In the midst of these confused ruins I remarked, near the spring, the vestiges of a small church lying east and west and divided into three naves. It was ornamented with columns, of which several trunks yet remain. In the higher part of the city are still distinguished the remains of a second church, almost entirely destroyed, which was paved with mosaic, as is proven by the little cubes lying about on the ground.<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n137/mode/1up 124]-125, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/130/mode/1up 130]</ref></blockquote>


In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s [[PEF Survey of Palestine|''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP)]] described Tumrah as "a village of middling size, perhaps 50 or 70 houses, situated on high ground, and surrounded by plough-land." They also noted that there were ruins on the south side of the village.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/87/mode/1up 87]- [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/88/mode/1up 88]</ref>
In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s [[PEF Survey of Palestine|''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP)]] described Tumrah as "a village of middling size, perhaps 50 or 70 houses, situated on high ground, and surrounded by plough-land." They also noted that there were ruins on the south side of the village.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/87/mode/1up 87]- [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/88/mode/1up 88]</ref>


===British Mandate era===
===British Mandate===
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], ''Thamra'' showed a population of 104, all Muslims,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n40/mode/1up 38]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 193, still all Muslims, in a total of 34 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 76]</ref>
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], ''Thamra'' showed a population of 104, all Muslims,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n40/mode/1up 38]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 193, still all Muslims, in a total of 34 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 76]</ref>


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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last=Abu Fana|first=Mohammed|date=2009-12-30|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1301&mag_id=115 |title=Tamra Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=121}}
*{{cite journal|last=Abu Fana|first=Mohammed|date=2009-12-30|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1301&mag_id=115|title=Tamra Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=121}}
*{{cite journal|last=Alexandre|first=Yardenna|date=2009-08-23|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1186&mag_id=115|title=Tamra Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=121}}
*{{cite journal|last=Alexandre|first=Yardenna|date=2009-08-23|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1186&mag_id=115|title=Tamra Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=121}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-86054-905-4}} (p.&nbsp;734)
*{{cite book | last = Dauphin | first = C. | author-link = Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ | volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford | language = fr | isbn = 0-86054-905-4 }} (p.&nbsp;734)
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite journal|author=Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url=http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf | journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]] |volume = 10 |issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253}}
*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2015-04-23|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}}
*{{cite book|editor = Mills, E.|title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }}
*{{cite journal|last=Mokary|first=Abdalla|date=2010-12-30|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1616&mag_id=117 |title=Tamra |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=122}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mokary|first=Abdalla|date=2010-12-30|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1616&mag_id=117|title=Tamra|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=122}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite journal|last=Porat|first=Leea|date=2005-04-13|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=160&mag_id=110|title=Tamra|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=117}}
*{{cite journal|last=Porat|first=Leea|date=2005-04-13|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=160&mag_id=110|title=Tamra|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=117}}
*{{cite journal|last=Porat|first=Leea|date=2007-12-16|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=642&mag_id=112 |title=Tamra|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=119}}
*{{cite journal|last=Porat|first=Leea|date=2007-12-16|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=642&mag_id=112|title=Tamra|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=119}}
*{{cite journal|last=Tepper|first=Y.|author-link=Yotam Tepper|date=2007-08-16|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=574&mag_id=112 |title=Tamra Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=119}}
*{{cite journal|last=Tepper|first=Y.|author-link=Yotam Tepper|date=2007-08-16|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=574&mag_id=112|title=Tamra Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=119}}
*{{cite journal|last=Tepper |first=Y.|author-link=Yotam Tepper|date=2011-09-11|url= http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1808&mag_id=118 |title=Tamra Preliminary Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=123}}
*{{cite journal|last=Tepper|first=Y.|author-link=Yotam Tepper|date=2011-09-11|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1808&mag_id=118|title=Tamra Preliminary Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=123}}
*{{cite journal|last=Tepper |first=Y.|author-link=Yotam Tepper |date=2013-12-31|url= http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5461&mag_id=120 |title=Tamra Preliminary Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=125}}
*{{cite journal|last=Tepper|first=Y.|author-link=Yotam Tepper|date=2013-12-31|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5461&mag_id=120|title=Tamra Preliminary Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=125}}
*{{cite journal|last=Tepper |first=Y. |author-link=Yotam Tepper |date=2013-12-08 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5403&mag_id=120 |title=Tamra, in the Valley|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=125}}
*{{cite journal |last=Tepper |first=Y. |author-link=Yotam Tepper |date=2013-12-08 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=5403&mag_id=120 |title=Tamra, in the Valley |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=125 }}
*{{cite book |author1=Tsafrir, Y.|author-link1=Yoram Tsafrir|author2=Leah Di Segni |author3=Judith Green | title = (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ | publisher = Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities | location = Jerusalem | year = 1994 | isbn=965-208-107-8}}
*{{cite book | author1 = Tsafrir, Y. | author-link1 = Yoram Tsafrir | author2 = Leah Di Segni | author3 = Judith Green | title = (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ | publisher = Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities | location = Jerusalem | year = 1994 | isbn = 965-208-107-8 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Tamra_1633/index.html Welcome To Tamra]
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Tamra_1633/index.html Welcome To Tamra]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8371 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.09.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8371 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.09.jpg Wikimedia commons]
{{Arab localities in Israel footer|uncollapsed}}

{{Gilboa Regional Council}}
{{Gilboa Regional Council}}


[[Category:Arab villages in Israel]]
[[Category:Arab villages in Israel]]
[[Category:Populated places in Northern District (Israel)]]
[[Category:Populated places in Northern District (Israel)]]
[[Category:Jezreel Valley]]

Latest revision as of 16:55, 27 April 2024

See also: Tamra (disambiguation)
Tamra
Tamra
Tamra
Tamra is located in Jezreel Valley region of Israel
Tamra
Tamra
Coordinates: 32°38′5″N 35°24′8″E / 32.63472°N 35.40222°E / 32.63472; 35.40222
Grid position188/226 PAL
CountryIsrael
DistrictNorthern
CouncilGilboa
Population
 (2022)[1]
1,677

Tamra (Arabic: طمرة; Hebrew: טַמְרָה or תַמְרָה‎) is an Arab village in north-eastern Israel. Located in the Jezreel Valley, it falls under the jurisdiction of Gilboa Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 1,677.[1]

Etymology

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The name Tamra is derived from the Arabic to make a pit for storing corn & c.[2]

History and archaeology

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Early habitation periods

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Remains from the Iron Age I era have been excavated.[3] Remains from the Iron Age II, the Late Persian – Early Hellenistic, Roman[4][5][6] and Byzantine periods have been found here.[5][6][7]

Byzantine and Early Muslim period: Christian village

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There was village at the site during the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.[8] In the Byzantine and Early Muslim periods, there was an agricultural settlement here.[3][9]

Remains from the Early Islamic (Umayyad & Abbasid) period have bern unearthed here,[5][6][7] including Umayyad glass vessels and Abbasid pottery and a lamp.[10] Remains dating to the Umayyad period (seventh–eighth centuries CE) have been excavated,[4] together with housing remains dating to the Early Abbasid period (late eighth and early ninth centuries CE).[9]

A basilica-style church was built here during the Umayyad period, with a dedication from 725 CE found in the middle. Mosaics belonging to the church have been excavated. The church was probably damaged in the 749 Galilee earthquake, after which its columns were replaced with square pilasters.[3] The archaeological evidence indicates that a thriving Christian community existed here in the Umayyad and the Abbasid periods.[3] Two complex winepress that were operated in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods have also been found, indicating widespread wine production during these periods.[9][11]

Mamluk period

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Mamluk-period remains have also been found.[6]

Ottoman period

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During the Ottoman era, a map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 may have noted the place, as a village.[12]

In 1870–1871 an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Shamali.[13] In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited Tamra and found it to be a village of about 120 inhabitants, living in adobe houses, or houses built of volcanic materials.[14] He further noted:

This village has taken the place of an ancient town which formerly rose in an amphitheatre around an abundant spring, whose waters are received in a regular basin formerly vaulted. Everywhere considerable piles of stones, for the most part basaltic; the remains of overthrown houses strew the slopes of the hill. In the midst of these confused ruins I remarked, near the spring, the vestiges of a small church lying east and west and divided into three naves. It was ornamented with columns, of which several trunks yet remain. In the higher part of the city are still distinguished the remains of a second church, almost entirely destroyed, which was paved with mosaic, as is proven by the little cubes lying about on the ground.[15]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Tumrah as "a village of middling size, perhaps 50 or 70 houses, situated on high ground, and surrounded by plough-land." They also noted that there were ruins on the south side of the village.[16]

British Mandate

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In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Thamra showed a population of 104, all Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 193, still all Muslims, in a total of 34 houses.[18]

In the 1945 statistics Tamra had 240 inhabitants, 160 Arabs and 80 Jews,[19] with a total of 9,436 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[20] Of this, 27 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 9,090 dunams were used for cereals,[21] while 6 dunams were built-up land.[22]

State of Israel

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Since 1948 Tamra has been under Israeli rule.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 170, see p. 117
  3. ^ a b c d Tepper, 2013, Tamra, Preliminary Report
  4. ^ a b Mokary, 2010, Tamra
  5. ^ a b c Porat, 2005, Tamra
  6. ^ a b c d Tepper, 2007, Tamra Final Report
  7. ^ a b Abu Fana, 2009, Tamra Final Report
  8. ^ Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 239
  9. ^ a b c Tepper, 2011, Tamra
  10. ^ Porat, 2007, Tamra
  11. ^ Tepper, 2013, Tamra, in the Valley
  12. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 167 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. p. 256.
  14. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 124
  15. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 124-125, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 130
  16. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 87- 88
  17. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  18. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 76
  19. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  20. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 63
  21. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 110
  22. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 160

Bibliography

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