Talk:Sea of Japan: Difference between revisions
Reverted 1 edit by 31.20.232.236 (talk): Stray code |
→Semi-protected edit request on 13 July 2024: new section Tag: Reverted |
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:It is not the job of Wikipedia to make judgment calls on historical and cultural consciousness and sensitivity. These choices are made by the reliable sources which Wikipedia relies on. Wikipedia's job is to reflect the most common usage among reliable sources. In essence, your argument is with those reliable sources, not with Wikipedia. [[User:Westwind273|Westwind273]] ([[User talk:Westwind273|talk]]) 11:29, 3 January 2024 (UTC) |
:It is not the job of Wikipedia to make judgment calls on historical and cultural consciousness and sensitivity. These choices are made by the reliable sources which Wikipedia relies on. Wikipedia's job is to reflect the most common usage among reliable sources. In essence, your argument is with those reliable sources, not with Wikipedia. [[User:Westwind273|Westwind273]] ([[User talk:Westwind273|talk]]) 11:29, 3 January 2024 (UTC) |
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::Yup. [[User:Masterhatch|Masterhatch]] ([[User talk:Masterhatch|talk]]) 13:57, 3 January 2024 (UTC) |
::Yup. [[User:Masterhatch|Masterhatch]] ([[User talk:Masterhatch|talk]]) 13:57, 3 January 2024 (UTC) |
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== Semi-protected edit request on 13 July 2024 == |
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{{edit semi-protected|Sea of Japan|answered=no}} |
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[[User:Goodmanb|Goodmanb]] ([[User talk:Goodmanb|talk]]) 04:19, 13 July 2024 (UTC) |
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{{short description|Marginal sea between Japan, Russia and Korea}} |
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{{pp-semi-indef}} |
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{{pp-move}} |
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{{Infobox transliteration |
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| title = Sea of Japan |
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| pic = [[File:Sea of Japan Map en.png|250px]] |
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| piccap = Sea of Japan map |
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| c = {{linktext|日本|海}} |
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| p = Rìběn Hǎi |
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| kanji = 日本海 |
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| hiragana = にほんかい |
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| revhep = Nihon-kai |
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| nkhangul = {{linktext|조선|동해}} |
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| nkhanja = {{linktext|朝鮮|東海}} |
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| nkrr = Joseon Donghae |
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| nkmr = Chosŏn Tonghae |
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| nklk = East Sea of Korea |
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| skhangul = {{linktext|동해}} |
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| skhanja = {{linktext|東海}} |
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| skrr = Donghae |
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| skmr = Tonghae |
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| sklk = East Sea |
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| rus = [[wikt:японский|Японское]] [[wikt:море|море]] |
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| rusr = Yaponskoye more |
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| lang1 = Manchu |
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| lang1_content = {{lang|mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|[[:wikt:ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ|ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ<br>ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ]]}}}}<br>''dergi mederi'' |
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| ibox-order = zh,ja,ko3,ko4,ru}} |
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<!-- the Korean name is already mentioned in the #Names section. Do not add it to the lead without consensus on the talk page. --> |
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The '''Sea of Japan''' {{crossref|([[#Names|see below]] for other names)}} is the [[marginal sea]] between the [[Japanese archipelago]], [[Sakhalin]], the [[Korean Peninsula]], and the mainland of the [[Russian Far East]]. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Like the [[Mediterranean Sea]], it has almost no [[tide]]s due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="tides">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssc.erc.msstate.edu/Tides2D/sea_of_japan.html |title=Tides in Marginal, Semi-Enclosed and Coastal Seas – Part I: Sea Surface Height |publisher=ERC-Stennis at Mississippi State University |access-date=2 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040318165044/http://www.ssc.erc.msstate.edu/Tides2D/sea_of_japan.html |archive-date=18 March 2004 }}</ref> This isolation also affects faunal diversity and [[salinity]], both of which are lower than in the open ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and the Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%. |
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The seawater has an elevated concentration of [[Oxygen saturation|dissolved oxygen]] that results in high biological productivity. Therefore, fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of [[East Asia]]n economies. |
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==Names== |
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''Sea of Japan'' is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries. |
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The sea is called {{lang|ja-Latn|Nihon kai}} ({{lang|ja|日本海}}, literally 'Japan Sea') in Japan, {{lang|zh-Latn|Rìběn hǎi}} ({{lang|zh|日本海}}, 'Japan Sea') or originally {{lang|zh-Latn|Jīng hǎi}} ({{lang|zh|鲸海}}, 'Whale Sea') in China,<ref name=鲸海>2006. [http://www.360doc.com/content/16/1124/07/18841360_609063920.shtml “鲸海”这个名字如何改成了“日本海”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828012235/http://www.360doc.com/content/16/1124/07/18841360_609063920.shtml |date=2017-08-28 }}. Retrieved on 7 March 2017</ref> {{lang|ru-Latn|Yaponskoye more}} ({{lang|ru|Японское море}}, 'Japanese Sea') in Russia, {{transliteration|ko|Chosŏn Tonghae}} ({{lang|ko-KP|조선동해}}, literally 'Korean East Sea') in [[North Korea]], and {{transliteration|ko|Donghae}} ({{lang|ko-KR|동해}}, literally 'East Sea') in [[South Korea]]. |
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===Naming dispute=== |
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{{main|Sea of Japan naming dispute}} |
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The South Korean side has found old Japanese maps and other materials at second-hand bookstores, overwritten them, and otherwise modified them to assert the legitimacy of the Korean Sea and other areas. |
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The use of the term "Sea of Japan" as the dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name "East Sea" to be used, either instead of or in addition to "Sea of Japan;"<ref name="r1">[http://www.korea.net/news/issues/issueDetailView.asp?board_no=348 East Sea or "Sea of Japan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024171001/http://www.korea.net/News/Issues/issueDetailView.asp?board_no=348 |date=2007-10-24 }}. Korea.net. Retrieved on 21 March 2013.</ref><ref name="momaf">[http://www.forthenextgeneration.com/dokdo/eastsea_01.htm Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries 2005. The Name East Sea Used for Two Millennia.] Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Korea, 2005</ref> while North Korea prefers the name "East Sea of Korea".<ref name=fofajeffort0303>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/effort0303.html Efforts of the Government of Japan in Response to the Issue of the Name of the Sea of Japan (1) The 8th UNCSGN], The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</ref> |
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The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name "Sea of Japan" became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least the early 19th century,<ref name="Basic Position">{{cite web |url=http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/nihonkai/position_eng.htm |title=Japanese Basic Position on the Naming of the "Japan Sea" |publisher=[[Japan Coast Guard]] |date=1 March 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524092704/http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/nihonkai/position_eng.htm |archive-date=24 May 2011}}</ref> while the Koreas claim that the term "Sea of Japan" arose later while [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea was under Japanese rule]], and before that occupation, other names such as "Sea of Korea" or "East Sea" were used in English.<ref name="legitimacy">{{cite web |title=Legitimacy for Restoring the Name East Sea |url=http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/political/images/res/east_sea.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|Republic of Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |access-date=28 September 2010 }}</ref> In 2012, the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO), the intergovernmental organization that maintains a publication listing the limits of ocean and sea areas around the world, abandoned its most recent of several attempts in the last 25 years to revise its publication of the sea's name. This was primarily because of the lack of agreement between the Koreas and Japan over the naming issue.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Kyodo News]] |title=IHO nixes 'East Sea' name bid |work=[[Japan Times]] |date=28 April 2012 |page=2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/agency-rejects-south-korea-s-request-to-rename-sea-of-japan-1.175687 |title=Agency rejects South Korea's request to rename Sea of Japan |last1=Rabiroff |first1=Jon |author2=Yoo Kyong Chang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920033907/http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/agency-rejects-south-korea-s-request-to-rename-sea-of-japan-1.175687 |archive-date=2016-09-20 |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |date=27 April 2012 |page=5 }}</ref> In September 2020, the IHO announced that it would adopt a new numerical system, also known as "S-130". In November 2020, S-23, the previous version of the nautical chart made in 1953 will be made public as an IHO publication to demonstrate the evolutionary process from the analogue to the digital era. The IHO approved the proposal of the new official nautical chart. The new chart will be marked with a numerical identifier without a name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (Report of Proceeding) |url=https://iho.int/en/periodic-publications |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (November 2020) Report of Proceedings Volume 1 |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/periodical/P6A2_2020_Vol1_ENG.pdf |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]] }}</ref> |
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==History== |
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For centuries, the sea had protected Japan from land invasions, particularly by the Mongols. It had long been navigated by Asian and, from the 18th century, by European ships. Russian expeditions of 1733–1743 mapped Sakhalin and the Japanese islands. In the 1780s, the Frenchman [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], traveled northward across the sea through the [[La Pérouse Strait|strait later named after him]]. In 1796, a British naval officer, [[William Robert Broughton]], explored the Strait of Tartary, the eastern coast of the [[Russian Far East]] and the [[Korean Peninsula]]. |
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In 1803–1806, the Russian navigator [[Adam Johann von Krusenstern]] while sailing across the globe in the ship ''Nadezhda'' also explored, in passing, the Sea of Japan and the eastern shores of Japanese [[islands]]. In 1849, another Russian explorer [[Gennady Nevelskoy]] discovered the strait between the continent and Sakhalin and mapped the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. Russian expeditions were made in 1853–1854 and 1886–1889 to measure the surface temperatures and record the tides. They also documented the cyclonal character of the sea currents. |
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Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the [[United States|American]] [[North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition]] (1853–1856) and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Challenger expedition]] (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since the 1920s.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/> |
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[[United States|American]], [[Canada|Canadian]] and [[France|French]] [[whaler|whaleships]] cruised for whales in the sea between 1847 and 1892.<ref>''Athol'', of St. John, 8 June – 10 August 1847, NBW 1335; ''Vesper'', of New London, 20 April – 26 August 1848, G. W. Blunt White Library (GBWL); ''Northern Light'', of New Bedford, 14 May – 22 July 1875, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); ''Cape Horn Pigeon'', of New Bedford, 17 April – 13 July 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM).</ref> Most entered the sea via [[Korea Strait]]<ref>''Splendid'', of Edgartown, 17 April 1848, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); ''Fortune'', of New Bedford, 12 March 1849, ODHS; ''Sea Breeze'', of New Bedford, 14 April 1874, GWBL.</ref> and left via [[La Pérouse Strait]],<ref>''Bowditch'', of Warren, 2 August 1848, NWC; ''Arnolda'', of New Bedford, 17 June 1874, ODHS.</ref> but some entered and exited via [[Tsugaru Strait]].<ref>''Good Return'', of New Bedford, 30 April 1849, ODHS; ''Milo'', of New Bedford, 16–18 Apr. 1850, ODHS.</ref> They primarily targeted [[North Pacific right whale|right whales]],<ref>''Eliza Adams'', of Fairhaven, 21 April – 4 August 1848, ODHS; ''Huntress'', of New Bedford, 4 May – 3 July 1848, NWC.</ref> but began catching [[humpback whale|humpbacks]] as right whale catches declined.<ref>''Florida'', of Fairhaven, 12–27 May 1860, in ''One Whaling Family'' (Williams, 1964); ''Sea Breeze'', of New Bedford, 11–12 May, 4–5 June 1874, GWBL.</ref> They also made attempts to catch [[blue whale|blue]]<ref>''George Washington'', of Wareham, 16 May 1849, ODHS; ''Florida'', of Fairhaven, 5 May 1860, in ''One Whaling Family'' (Williams, 1964).</ref> and [[fin whale]]s,<ref>''Daniel Wood'', of New Bedford, 6 April 1854, NWC.</ref> but these species invariably sank after being killed. Right whales were caught from March to September,<ref>''Henry Kneeland'', of New Bedford, 1 September 1852, in ''Enoch's Voyage'' (1994), pp. 153-154.</ref> with peak catches in May and June.<ref>Catch of right whales by month based on over 510 whales caught during 71 vessel seasons from 1847 to 1891: June (31.7%), May (28.8%), July (19.9%), April (11.8%), and August (5.4%).</ref> During the peak years of 1848 and 1849 a total of over 170 vessels (over 60 in 1848, and over 110 in 1849) cruised in the Sea of Japan,<ref>Ships spoken in 1848 by ''Vesper'' (GBWL); ''Eliza Adams'' (ODHS); ''Splendid'' (NWC); ''Bowditch'' (NWC); ''Huntress'' (NWC); ''Liverpool 2nd'', of New Bedford (NWC); ''Cherokee'', of New Bedford (NWC); and ''Mechanic'', of Newport (NWC); ''Hannibal'', of Sag Harbor (EHL); ''Josephine'', of Sag Harbor (EHL); ''John Jay'', of Sag Harbor (NHA); in 1849 by ''Huntress'' (NWC); ''Good Return'' (ODHS); ''Fortune'' (ODHS); ''Ocmulgee'', of Holmes Hole (ODHS); ''Mary and Susan'' (NWC); ''Maria Theresa'', of New Bedford (ODHS); ''George Washington'' (ODHS); ''Liverpool 2nd'' (NWC); ''Julian'', of New Bedford (NWC); ''Henry Kneeland'', of New Bedford (ODHS), ''Montpelier'', of New Bedford (NWC), ''Cambria'', of New Bedford (NWC), ''India'', of New Bedford (ODHS), and ''Phoenix'', of New Bedford (NHA); ''N. P. Tallmadge'', ''Pioneer'', and ''Superior'', of New London (GBWL), ''Alpha'', of Nantucket (NHA), and ''Prudent'', of Stonington (GBWL).</ref> with significantly lesser numbers in following years.<ref>Ships spoken in 1856 by ''Pacific'', of Fairhaven (NWC), and ''Onward'', of New Bedford (NWC); and from 1859 to 1861 by ''Florida'', of Fairhaven, in ''One Whaling Family'' (Williams, 1964).</ref> |
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==Geography and geology== |
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[[File:Sea of Japan descr.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Relief of the Sea of Japan and nearby areas]] |
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[[File:Sea of Japan Early Miocene map.svg|thumb|Map showing [[Japanese archipelago]], Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in [[Early Miocene]] (23–18 Ma)]] |
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[[File:Sea of Japan Pliocene map.svg|thumb|Map showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in [[Middle Pliocene]] to [[Late Pliocene]] (3.5–2 Ma)]] |
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The Sea of Japan was landlocked when the [[land bridge]] of [[East Asia]] existed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_Hdu9QrD9YC&pg=PA16|title=Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective|first=Conrad D.|last=Totman|year=2004|publisher=BRILL |access-date=2 February 2007|isbn=978-9004136267}}</ref> The Japan Arc started to form in the [[Early Miocene]].<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> In the Early Miocene the Japan Sea started to open, and the northern and southern parts of the [[Japanese archipelago]] separated from each other.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> During the Miocene, the Sea of Japan expanded.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> |
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The north part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented later until [[orogenesis]] of the north-eastern Japanese archipelago began in the later [[Late Miocene]].<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The south part of the Japanese archipelago remained as a relatively large landmass.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The land area had expanded northward in the Late Miocene.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The orogenesis of high mountain ranges in north-eastern Japan started in Late Miocene and lasted in [[Pliocene]] also.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The [[Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan|eastern margin]] of the sea may host an incipient [[subduction]] zone responsible for large earthquakes in [[1940 Shakotan earthquake|1940]], [[1964 Niigata earthquake|1964]], [[1983 Sea of Japan earthquake|1983]] and [[1993 Okushiri earthquake|1993]].<ref name="Tamaki85">{{cite journal |last1=Tamaki |first1=Kensaku |last2=Honza |first2=Eiichi |title=Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |date=20 October 1985 |volume=119 |issue=1–4 |pages=381–406 |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2 |bibcode=1985Tectp.119..381T |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195185900472 |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> |
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Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and [[Sakhalin]] island to the north, the [[Korean Peninsula]] to the west, and the Japanese islands of [[Hokkaidō]], [[Honshū]] and [[Kyūshū]] to the east and south. It is connected to other seas by five [[strait]]s: the [[Strait of Tartary]] between the [[Asia]]n mainland and Sakhalin; [[La Pérouse Strait]] between Sakhalin and Hokkaidō; the [[Tsugaru Strait]] between Hokkaidō and Honshū; the [[Kanmon Straits]] between Honshū and Kyūshū; and the [[Korea Strait]] between the [[Korean Peninsula]] and Kyūshū. |
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The [[Korea Strait]] is composed of the Western Channel and the [[Tsushima Strait]], on either side of [[Tsushima Island]]. The straits were formed in recent geologic periods. The oldest of them are the Tsugaru and Tsushima straits. Their formation had interrupted the migration of elephants into the Japanese islands at the end of the [[Neogene]] Period (about 2.6 million years ago). The most recent is La Perouse Strait, which formed about 60,000 to 11,000 years ago closing the path used by mammoths which had earlier moved to northern Hokkaidō.<ref name=brit/> All the straits are rather shallow, with a minimal depth of the order of 100 meters or less. This hinders water exchange, thereby isolating the water and aquatic life of the Sea of Japan from the neighboring seas and oceans.<ref name=rev/> |
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The sea has a surface area of about {{cvt|1050000|km2|sqmi}}, a mean depth of {{cvt|1,752|m|ft}} and a maximum depth of {{cvt|4568|m|ft}}. It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from south-west to north-east and a wide southern part narrowing toward the north. The coastal length is about {{cvt|7600|km|mi}} with the largest part ({{cvt|3240|km|mi|disp=or}}) belonging to Russia. The sea extends from north to south for more than {{cvt|2255|km|mi}} and has a maximum width of about {{cvt|1070|km|mi}}.<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article128477.html Sea of Japan], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (in Russian)</ref> |
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It has three major [[ocean basin|basins]]: the ''Yamato Basin'' in the south-east, the ''Japan Basin'' in the north and the ''[[Tsushima Basin]] (Ulleung Basin)'' in the south-west.<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300960/Sea-of-Japan Sea of Japan], Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref> The Japan Basin is of oceanic origin and is the deepest part of the sea, whereas the Tsushima Basin is the shallowest with the depths below {{cvt|2300|m|ft}}.<ref name = bse/> On the eastern shores, the [[continental shelves]] of the sea are wide, but on the western shores, particularly along the Korean coast, they are narrow, averaging about {{cvt|30|km|mi}}.<ref name=rev/> |
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There are three distinct continental shelves in the northern part (above 44° N). They form a staircase-like structure with the steps slightly inclined southwards and submerged to the depths of {{convert|900|-|1400|m|abbr=values}}, {{convert|1700|-|2000|m|abbr=values}} and {{cvt|2300|-|2600|m|ft}}. The last step sharply drops to the depths of about {{cvt|3500|m|ft}} toward the central (deepest) part of the sea. The bottom of this part is relatively flat, but has a few plateaus. In addition, an underwater ridge rising up to {{cvt|3500|m|ft}} runs from north to south through the middle of the central part.<ref name=rev/> |
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The Japanese coastal area of the sea consists of Okujiri Ridge, Sado Ridge, Hakusan Banks, Wakasa Ridge and Oki Ridge. Yamato Ridge is of continental origin and is composed of [[granite]], [[rhyolite]], [[andesite]] and [[basalt]]. It has an uneven bottom covered with boulders of volcanic rock. Most other areas of the sea are of oceanic origin. Seabed down to {{cvt|300|m|ft}} is of continental nature and is covered with a mixture of mud, sand, gravel and fragments of rock. The depths between {{cvt|300|and|800|m|ft}} are covered in hemipelagic sediments (i.e., of semi-oceanic origin); these sediments are composed of blue mud rich in organic matter. Pelagic sediments of red mud dominate the deeper regions.<ref name=brit/> |
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There are no large islands in the sea. Most of the smaller ones are near the eastern coast, except for [[Ulleungdo]] (South Korea). The most significant islands are [[Moneron Island|Moneron]], [[Rebun Island|Rebun]], [[Rishiri Island|Rishiri]], [[Okushiri Island|Okushiri]], [[Ōshima, Hokkaidō|Ōshima]], [[Sado, Niigata|Sado]], [[Okinoshima, Munakata|Okinoshima]], [[Ulleungdo]], Askold, [[Russky Island|Russky]] and Putyatin. The shorelines are relatively straight and lack large bays and capes; the coastal shapes are simplest in Sakhalin and are more winding in the Japanese islands. |
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The largest bays are [[Peter the Great Gulf]], [[Sovetskaya Gavan]]; Vladimira Bay, [[Olga Bay|Olga]]; [[Posyet Bay]] in Russia; [[East Korea Bay]] in North Korea; and [[Ishikari Bay|Ishikari]] (Hokkaidō), [[Toyama Bay|Toyama]] (Honshū), and [[Wakasa Bay|Wakasa]] (Honshū) Bays in Japan. Prominent capes include Lazareva, Peschanyi (sandy), [[Cape Povorotny|Povorotny]], Gromova, [[Pogibi]], Tyk, and Korsakova in Russia; [[Cape Crillon|Crillon]] on [[Sakhalin]]; [[Cape Sōya|Sōya]], [[Cape Nosappu|Nosappu]], [[Cape Tappi|Tappi]], Nyuda, [[Rebun Island|Rebun]], [[Rishiri Island|Rishiri]], [[Okushiri Island|Okushiri]], [[Sado, Niigata|Daso]] and [[Oki Islands|Oki]] in Japan;<ref name=rev>A. D. Dobrovolskyi and B. S. Zalogin [http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/19.html Seas of USSR. Sea of Japan], Moscow University (1982) (in Russian)</ref><ref name=bse/> and [[Musu Dan]] in North Korea. |
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As world sea level dropped during the ice cap advances of the [[Last glacial period|last Ice Age]], the exit straits of the Sea of Japan one by one dried and closed. There is controversy as to whether or not in each ice cap advance the world sea level fell low enough for the deepest, the western channel of the [[Korea Strait]], to dry and close, turning the Sea of Japan into a huge cold inland lake with a surface layer of fresh water, freezing over in the winters.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/s003670000039|title = Last glacial sea-level changes and paleogeography of the Korea (Tsushima) Strait|journal = Geo-Marine Letters|volume = 20|issue = 2|pages = 64–71|year = 2000|last1 = Park|first1 = S.-C|last2 = Yoo|first2 = D.-G|last3 = Lee|first3 = C.-W|last4 = Lee|first4 = E.-I|bibcode = 2000GML....20...64P|s2cid = 128476723}}</ref> |
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<gallery mode="packed"> |
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File:Full-orbed sunrise over East Sea in South Korea.JPG|Sunrise over the Sea of Japan filmed in South Korea |
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File:Январское побережье Японского моря в Хасанском районе.jpg|The Sea of Japan seen from the south of [[Slavyanka, Primorsky Krai|Slavyanka]]. From a distance, the two islands of Antipenko (left) and [[Sibiryakov Island (Primorsky Krai)|Sibiryakov]] (right). |
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File:Бухта Сибирякова.jpg|A bay at [[Sibiryakov Island (Primorsky Krai)|Sibiryakov Island]], {{cvt|50|km|mi}} south from Vladivostok |
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File:Закат на Воеводского.jpg|Sunset on {{ill|Little Verkhovsky Islands|ru|Острова Верховского}} near Vladivostok |
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</gallery> |
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==Climate== |
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[[File:Von Karman vortices off Rishiri Island, Japan.jpg|thumb|[[Kármán vortex street|Von Kármán vortices]] off the coast of [[Rishiri Island]]<ref name=nasa>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010626154042/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-100/html/sts100-710-182.html STS-100 Shuttle Mission Imagery], NASA, 19 April – 1 May 2001</ref>]] |
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The sea climate has warm waters and monsoons. This combination results in strong evaporation, which is especially noticeable between October and March when the strong ({{cvt|12|-|15|m/s|disp=sqbr}} or higher) north-western monsoon wind brings cold and dry continental air. The evaporation is blown further south, causing snowfall in the mountainous western coasts of Japan. This winter monsoon brings typhoons and storms, with the waves reaching {{cvt|8|-|10|m|ft}} which erode the western coasts of Japan. [[Tsunami]] waves have also been recorded in the sea. In addition, the monsoon enhances the surface water convection, down to the depths of {{cvt|30|m|ft}}. |
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The coldest months are January and February, with an average air temperature of {{convert|-20|C|F}} in the north and {{convert|5|C|F}} in the south. The northern one-quarter of the sea, particularly the Siberian coast and the Strait of Tartary, freezes for about 4−5 months.<ref name=brit/> The timing and extent of freezing vary from year to year, so ice may start forming in the bays as early as October and its remains may be seen even in June. Ice cover is continuous only in the bays and forms floating patches in the open sea. Ice melting in spring results in cold currents in the northern areas.<ref name=rev/> |
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In summer the wind weakens to {{cvt|2|-|7|m/s}} and reverses its direction, blowing warm and humid air from the North Pacific onto the Asian mainland. The warmest month is August, with an average air temperature of {{convert|15|C|F}} in the north and {{convert|25|C|F}} in the south.<ref name=rev/> Annual precipitation increases from {{cvt|310|-|500|mm|in}} in the north-west to {{cvt|1500|-|2000|mm|in}} in the south-east.<ref name=bse/> |
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A peculiar turbulent cloud pattern, named [[Kármán vortex street|von Kármán vortices]], is sometimes observed over the Sea of Japan. It requires a stable field of low clouds driven by the wind over a small (isolated) and tall obstacle, and usually forms over small mountainous islands.<ref name=nasa/> The Sea of Japan meets these conditions as it has frequent winds and cloudy skies, as well as compact, tall islands such as [[Rishiri Island|Rishiri]] ({{cvt|1721|m|ft|disp=or}}), [[Ulleungdo]] ({{cvt|984|m|ft|disp=or}}) and [[Ōshima, Hokkaidō|Ōshima]] ({{cvt|732|m|ft|disp=or}}). |
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==Extent== |
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{{One source section |
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| date = October 2021 |
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}} |
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The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the "Japan Sea" as follows:<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|page=32|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> |
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{{quote|''On the Southwest.'' The Northeastern limit of the [[East China Sea|Eastern China Sea]] [From Nomo Saki (32°35′ N) in [[Kyūshū|Kyusyu]] to the South point of [[Fukuejima|Hukae Sima]] ([[Gotō Islands|Goto Retto]]) and on through this island to Ose Saki (Cape Goto) and to Hunan Kan, the South point of [[Jeju-do|Saisyu To]] (Quelpart), through this island to its Western extreme and thence along the parallel of 33°17′ North to the mainland] and the Western limit of the [[Seto Inland Sea|Inland Sea]] [defined circuitously as "The Southeastern limit of the Japan Sea"]. |
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''On the Southeast.'' In [[Kanmon Straits|Simonoseki Kaikyo]]. A line running from Nagoya Saki (130°49′,5 E) in [[Kyūshū|Kyûsyû]] through the islands of Uma Sima and Muture Sima (33°58′,5 N) to Murasaki Hana (34°01′ N) in [[Honshū|Honsyû]]. |
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''On the East.'' In the [[Tsugaru Strait|Tsugaru Kaikô]]. From the extremity of Siriya Saki (141°28′ E) to the extremity of Esan Saki (41°48′ N). |
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''On the Northeast.'' In [[La Pérouse Strait|La Perouse Strait]] (Sôya Kaikyô). A line joining [[Cape Sōya|Sôni Misaki]] and Nishi Notoro Misaki (45°55′ N). |
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''On the North.'' From Cape Tuik (51°45′ N) to Cape Sushcheva.<ref name="auto"/>}} |
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==Hydrology== |
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[[File:Tategami-Rock6983.JPG|thumb|Tategami rock]] |
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[[File:Mitsukejima.jpg|thumb|[[Mitsukejima]] "Battleship Island"]] |
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The sea currents circulate in the counterclockwise direction. The Kuroshio (Japan Current), the Tsushima Current and the East Korea Warm Current bring warmer and more saline water to the north. There they merge into the Tsugaru Current and flow into the Pacific Ocean through the Tsugaru Strait. They also feed the Sōya Current and exit through the La Perouse Strait to the Sea of Okhotsk. The returning branch is composed of the Liman, North Korea and Central (or Mid-) Japan Sea currents which bring fresh and cold water along the Asian coast to the south.<ref name=brit/> |
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Water temperature is mostly affected by exchange with the atmosphere in the northern part of the sea and by the currents in the southern part. Winter temperatures are {{convert|0|C|F}} or below in the north and {{convert|10|-|14|C|F}} in the south. In this season, there is a significant temperature difference between the western and eastern parts owing to the circular currents. So at the latitude of Peter the Great Gulf, the water temperature is about {{convert|0|C|F}} in the west and {{convert|5|-|6|C|F}} in the east. This east-west difference drops to {{convert|1|–|2|C-change}} in summer, and the temperatures rise to {{convert|18|-|20|C|F}} in the north and {{convert|25|-|27|C|F}} in the south.<ref name=rev/> |
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Because the sea is enclosed, its waters form clearly separated layers which may show seasonal and spatial dependence. In winter, the temperature is almost constant with the depth in the northern part of the sea. However, in central-southern parts, it may be {{convert|8|-|10|C|F}} down to {{cvt|100|-|150|m|ft}}, {{convert|2|-|4|C|F}} at {{cvt|200|-|250|m|ft}}, {{convert|1.0|-|1.5|C|F}} at {{cvt|400|-|500|m|ft}} and then remain at about {{convert|0|C|F}} until the bottom. Heating by the sun and tropical monsoons increases the depth gradient in spring–summer. |
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In the north the surface layer (down to {{cvt|15|m|ft|disp=or}}) may heat up to {{convert|18|-|20|C|F}}. The temperature would drop sharply to {{convert|4|C|F}} at {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}}, then slowly decrease to {{convert|1|C|F}} at {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} and remain so down to the seabed. On the contrary, the temperature in the south could gradually decrease to {{convert|6|C|F}} at {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}}, then to {{convert|2|C|F}} at {{convert|260|m|abbr=on}} and to {{convert|0.04|-|0.14|C|F}} at {{convert|1000|-|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but then it would rise to about {{convert|0.3|C|F}} near the bottom. This cold layer at about {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} is formed by sinking of cold water in the northern part of the sea in winter and is brought south by the sea currents; it is rather stable and is observed all through the year.<ref name=brit/><ref name=rev/> |
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The hydrological isolation of the Sea of Japan also results in slightly lower average water salinity (34.09‰, where ‰ means parts per thousand) compared with the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the highest salinity at 34.5‰ is observed in the south where evaporation dominates over precipitation. It is the lowest at 33.8‰ in the south-east and south-west because of frequent rains, and remains at about 34.09‰ in most other parts. |
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Thawing of ice in spring reduces water salinity in the north, but it remains high at 34.60–34.70‰ in the south, partly because of the inflow of salty water through the [[Korea Strait]]. A typical variation of salinity across the sea in summer is 31.5‰ to 34.5‰ from north to south. The depth distribution of salinity is relatively constant. The surface layer tends to be more fresh in the sea parts which experience ice melting and rains.<ref name=rev/> The average water density is 1.0270 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in the north and 1.0255 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in the south in winter. It lowers in summer to 1.0253 and 1.0215 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively.<ref name=bse/> |
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[[File:国际客运列车在图们江铁路桥上行驶,离开朝鲜进入俄罗斯 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Tumen River]] flows into the Sea of Japan. The last 17 km of the river form the [[North Korea–Russia border|border between North Korea and Russia]]. This picture is of the [[Korea Russia Friendship Bridge]] that crosses the Tumen River.]] |
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[[File:Sopka Sestra and Partizanskaya River.JPG|thumb|The mouth of [[Partizanskaya River]] near [[Nakhodka]]. View from {{ill|Sopka Sestra|ru|Сестра (гора)}}.]] |
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Few rivers flow into the Sea of Japan from mainland [[Asia]], the largest being [[Tumen River|Tumen]],<ref name=bse/> Rudnaya, Samarga, [[Partizanskaya River|Partizanskaya]] and Tumnin; all of them have a mountainous character. In contrast, numerous large rivers flow from Honshū and Hokkaidō into the sea, including Japan's four largest rivers: the [[Shinano River|Shinano]], [[Ishikari River|Ishikari]], [[Agano River|Agano]] and [[Mogami River|Mogami]]. The total annual river discharge into the sea is {{cvt|210|km3}} and is relatively constant through the year, except for a minor increase in July.<ref name=rev/> Most water (97% or {{cvt|52200|km3|disp=sqbr}}) flows into the sea through the Korea Strait and discharges through the Tsugaru (64% or {{cvt|34610|km3|disp=sqbr}}, La Pérouse {{cvt|10380|km3|disp=sqbr}}) and Korea straits. Rainfall, evaporation and riverine inflow make only 1% of the water balance. Between October and April, the outflow exceeds the inflow due to the lower income through the Korea Strait; this balance reverses between May and September.<ref name=rev/><ref name=bse/> |
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The sea has complex [[tide]]s, which are induced by the tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean penetrating through the [[Korea Strait]] and Tsugaru strait. The tides are semi-diurnal (rise twice a day) in the Korea Strait and in the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. They are diurnal at the eastern shore of Korea, [[Russian Far East]] and the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō. Mixed tides occur in [[Peter the Great Gulf]] and Korea strait. The tidal waves have a speed of {{cvt|10|-|25|cm/s|0}} in the open sea. They accelerate in the Korea Strait ({{cvt|40|-|60|cm/s|disp=or}}), La Pérouse Strait ({{cvt|50|-|100|cm/s|disp=or|-1}}) and especially in the Tsugaru Strait ({{cvt|100|-|200|cm/s|disp=or|-1}}). |
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The amplitude of the tides is relatively low and varies strongly across the sea. It reaches 3 meters in the south near the [[Korea]] Strait, but quickly drops northwards to {{cvt|1.5|m|ft|0}} at the southern tip of Korean Peninsula and to {{cvt|0.5|m|ft}} at the North Korean shores. Similar low tides are observed in Hokkaidō, Honshū and south Sakhalin. The amplitude however increases to {{cvt|2.3|-|2.8|m|ft}} toward the north of the Strait of Tartary due to its funnel-like shape. Apart from tides, the water level also displays seasonal, monsoon-related variations across the entire sea with the highest levels observed in summer and lowest in winter. Wind may also locally change the water level by {{cvt|20|-|25|cm|in|0}}; for example, it is higher in summer at the Korean and lower at the Japanese coasts.<ref name=rev/> |
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The sea waters have blue to green-blue color and a transparency of about {{cvt|10|m|ft}}. They are rich in [[dissolved oxygen]], especially in the western and northern parts, which are colder and have more [[phytoplankton]] than the eastern and southern areas. The oxygen concentration is 95% of the saturation point near the surface; it decreases with the depth to about 70% at {{cvt|3000|m|ft}}.<ref name=rev/><ref name=bse/> |
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==Flora and fauna== |
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[[File:107 0798 Sivuchi wiki.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sea lions]] on Moneron Island]] |
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The high concentration of dissolved [[oxygen]] results in the rich aquatic life of the Sea of Japan – there are more than 800 species of aquatic plants and more than 3,500 animal species, including more than 900 species of crustaceans, about 1,000 of fish and 26 of mammals. The coastal areas contain several kg/m<sup>2</sup> of biomass. [[Pelagic fish|Pelagic]] (oceanic) fishes include [[Pacific saury|saury]], mackerel, [[Trachurus|Jack mackerels]], sardines, anchovies, herring, [[Sparidae|sea bream]], squid and various species of salmon and trout. The [[Demersal fish|demersal]] (sea-bottom) fishes include [[cod]], [[pollock]] and [[Atka mackerel]]. |
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Mammals are represented by seals and whales (ancient name for the basin in Chinese was "Sea of Whales"<ref name=鲸海 />), and the crustaceans by shrimps and crabs.<ref name=brit/> Because of the shallow straits connecting the sea with Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Japan has no characteristic oceanic deep-water fauna.<ref name=bse/> Flora and fauna unique to the region near the Sea of Japan are known as "Japan Sea elements".<ref name="Kameda 2011">Kameda Y. & Kato M. (2011). "Terrestrial invasion of pomatiopsid gastropods in the heavy-snow region of the Japanese Archipelago". ''[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]]'' '''11''': 118. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-11-118}}.</ref> |
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==Economy== |
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[[File:Center of Vladivostok and Zolotoy Rog.jpg|thumb|[[Zolotoy Rog]] bay near Vladivostok, Russia]] |
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[[File:Heishiiwa Rock Esashi crop.jpg|thumb|Heishi rock near [[Kamome Island]], Hokkaido]] |
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Fishery had long been the main economic activity on the Sea of Japan. It is mainly carried out on and near the continental shelves and focuses on herring, sardines and bluefin tuna. These species are however depleted from after [[World War II]]. Squid is mostly caught near the sea center and salmon near the northern and south-western shores.<ref name=brit/> There is also a well-developed seaweed production.<ref name=rev/> |
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The importance of the fishery in the sea is illustrated by the [[territorial dispute]]s between Japan and South Korea over [[Liancourt Rocks dispute|Liancourt Rocks]] and between Japan and Russia over the [[Kuril Islands dispute|Kuril Islands]]. It is also reflected in various legends, such as the [[Kamome Island|legend of the Heishi rock]], which says that once when herring vanished, an old fairy threw a bottle with magic water into the sea, and the herring returned. The bottle got stuck to the seabed and turned into a rock, which became a representation of the God of the Sea of Japan.<ref>[http://www.hiyama.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/srk/tabi/07esashi/parts/2703his.htm 瓶子岩] Official website of Hiyama Prefecture, Hokkaido (in Japanese)</ref><ref>[http://www.hokkaido-esashi.jp/kankou/kamomejima/top.htm かもめ島] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720104312/http://www.hokkaido-esashi.jp/kankou/kamomejima/top.htm |date=20 July 2011 }} Esashi Town Guide (in Japanese)</ref> |
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[[Vladivostok]] is a base for the Russian whaling fleet. Although it operates in the northern seas, its production is processed and partly distributed in the Vladivostok area. Vladivostok is also a terminal point of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] which brings many goods to and from [[Free port of Vladivostok|this major port]]. There is [[Vanino-Kholmsk train ferry|a regular ferry service]] across the Strait of Tartary between the Russian continental port of [[Vanino, Khabarovsk Krai|Vanino]] and [[Kholmsk]] in Sakhalin.<ref name=rev/> |
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The sea has [[magnetite]] sands as well as [[natural gas]] and [[petroleum]] fields near the northern part of Japan and Sakhalin Island. The intensity of shipments across the sea is moderate, owing to the cold relations between many bordering countries. As a result, the largest Japanese ports are on the Pacific coast, and the significant ports on the Sea of Japan are [[Niigata (city)|Niigata]], [[Tsuruta, Aomori|Tsuruta]] and [[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]]. Major South Korean ports are [[Busan]], [[Ulsan]], and [[Pohang]] situated on the south-eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, but they also mainly target countries not bordering the Sea of Japan. |
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The major [[Russia]]n port of Vladivostok mainly serves inland cargos, whereas [[Nakhodka]] and [[Vostochny Port|Vostochny]] are more international and have a busy exchange with Japan and [[South Korea]]. Other prominent Russian ports are [[Sovetskaya Gavan]], [[Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky (town)|Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky]] and [[Kholmsk]], and the major ports of North Korea are [[Wonsan]], [[Hamhung]] and [[Chongjin]].<ref name=bse/> The intensity of shipments across the Sea of Japan is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.<ref name=brit/> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Geography of Japan]] |
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* [[Geography of Korea]] |
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** [[Geography of North Korea]] |
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** [[Geography of South Korea]] |
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* [[Geography of Russia]] |
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* [[:Category:Islands of the Sea of Japan]] |
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==References== |
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This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from this reference:<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> |
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{{reflist|35em}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* Fukuoka N. (1966). "On the distribution patterns of the so-called Japan Sea elements confined to the Sea of Japan region". ''{{ill|Journal of Geobotany|es}}'' '''15''': 63–80. |
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==External links== |
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* {{Commons category-inline|Sea of Japan}} |
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* {{wiktionary-inline|Sea of Japan}} |
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* [https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/index.html "The Issue of Name 'Sea of Japan{{'"}}], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|MOFA, Japan]], 7 February 2017. |
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** MOFA, Japan (10 August 2021), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLEyi8b_yxk "Sea of Japan – The one and only name recognized by the international community" (Digest version)], ''YouTube''. |
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{{List of seas}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{coord|40|N|135|E|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Sea of Japan| ]] |
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[[Category:Bodies of water of Khabarovsk Krai]] |
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[[Category:Bodies of water of Primorsky Krai]] |
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[[Category:Bodies of water of Sakhalin Oblast]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Japan]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Korea]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Northeast Asia]] |
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[[Category:Geography of the Russian Far East]] |
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[[Category:Marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean]] |
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[[Category:Marine ecoregions]] |
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[[Category:Miocene Asia]] |
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[[Category:Pacific Coast of Russia]] |
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[[Category:Seas of Asia|Japan]] |
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[[Category:Seas of Japan|Japan]] |
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[[Category:Seas of North Korea|Japan]] |
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[[Category:Seas of Russia|Japan]] |
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[[Category:Seas of South Korea|Japan]] |
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[[Category:Temperate Northern Pacific]] |
Revision as of 04:19, 13 July 2024
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"Also known as the East Sea"
Shouldn't this be added? Jishiboka1 (talk) 12:10, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
- There is an entire section on the matter. CMD (talk) 16:22, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
- Yes it should be, no other article says “see below” instead of listing an valid alternate name 97.113.57.76 (talk) 22:50, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
- The Baltic Sea is known as the East Sea in Germanic languages and the West Sea in Finnic language, but its article doesn't begin with "the Baltic Sea, also known as the East Sea and West Sea". That would be silly. Meeepmep (talk) 13:22, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
- It wouldn’t be silly because this sea is in fact, sometimes known as the east sea in English 97.126.89.248 (talk) 05:45, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
- In fact, only Korea is known as the East Sea in English. US and UK officially use the name Sea of Japan. Incidentally, this sea is also called Sea of Japan in Chinese and Russian. 36.2.103.212 (talk) 09:26, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
- It wouldn’t be silly because this sea is in fact, sometimes known as the east sea in English 97.126.89.248 (talk) 05:45, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
- The Baltic Sea is known as the East Sea in Germanic languages and the West Sea in Finnic language, but its article doesn't begin with "the Baltic Sea, also known as the East Sea and West Sea". That would be silly. Meeepmep (talk) 13:22, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 22 June 2023
This edit request has been answered. Set the |answered= or |ans= parameter to no to reactivate your request. |
Suggestion to change the first part of this sentence:
The sea is called Rìběn hǎi (日本海, literally "Japan Sea") or originally Jīng hǎi (鲸海, literally "Whale Sea") in China
to this:
The sea is called Nihon kai (日本海, literally "Japan Sea") in Japan, Rìběn hǎi (日本海, literally "Japan Sea") or originally Jīng hǎi (鲸海, literally "Whale Sea") in China
Reasoning: Under the Names section, the second paragraph includes the name and pronunciation in China, Russia, South Korea, and North Korea, but not in Japanese. The Japanese name IS shown correctly in the infobox, so I propose we include that bit in the text as well.
There may be a neater way to arrange things so the wording isn't so repetitive, but that is not my strong point.
Thank you, Christa Hanson Wonderbunny (talk) 13:41, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
Misinformation in the Description
This sea is mainly between Korean peninsula and Japan because it is when the term is mainly used to refer to the area in between. CoOLGUY1248 (talk) 14:48, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
A Closer Look at the East Sea Naming Controversy
The preference for the term "East Sea" over "Sea of Japan" is rooted in a complex interplay of historical, cultural, and geopolitical considerations. The term, "East Sea," is advocated since it holds historical and cultural significance predating the colonial era, emphasizing a more inclusive regional perspective. Countries like South Korea view the use of "East Sea" as a means to assert their national identity and diminish the dominance of the "Sea of Japan" name, which is linked to a contentious colonial history. The parallel lies in the potential to evoke historical grievances and sensitivity; just as certain war criminal flags, such as Nazi flag and rising sun flag, may carry a contentious historical legacy, the naming of geographical features can be a source of geopolitical tension, reflecting deep-seated historical issues. Both situations highlights the need for nuanced discussions and diplomatic approaches to navigate complex historical narratives and foster understanding among nations. The choice of terminology is also seen as a way to navigate geopolitical sensitivities in the region, reducing potential tensions associated with historical disputes. Proponents suggest that adopting "East Sea" contributes to a more balanced and neutral international approach to the naming of this body of water, reflecting diverse perspectives and acknowledging the complexity of historical narratives. In essence, the naming debate transcends mere semantics, becoming a symbolic representation of identity, diplomacy, and historical consciousness in East Asia. 73.132.144.47 (talk) 15:04, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
- It is not the job of Wikipedia to make judgment calls on historical and cultural consciousness and sensitivity. These choices are made by the reliable sources which Wikipedia relies on. Wikipedia's job is to reflect the most common usage among reliable sources. In essence, your argument is with those reliable sources, not with Wikipedia. Westwind273 (talk) 11:29, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 13 July 2024
It is requested that an edit be made to the semi-protected article at Sea of Japan. (edit · history · last · links · protection log)
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Goodmanb (talk) 04:19, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
Sea of Japan | |||||||
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Sea of Japan map | |||||||
Chinese name | |||||||
Chinese | 日本海 | ||||||
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Japanese name | |||||||
Kanji | 日本海 | ||||||
Hiragana | にほんかい | ||||||
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North Korean name | |||||||
Chosŏn'gŭl | 조선동해 | ||||||
Hancha | 朝鮮東海 | ||||||
Literal meaning | East Sea of Korea | ||||||
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South Korean name | |||||||
Hangul | 동해 | ||||||
Hanja | 東海 | ||||||
Literal meaning | East Sea | ||||||
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Russian name | |||||||
Russian | Японское море | ||||||
Romanization | Yaponskoye more | ||||||
Manchu name | |||||||
Manchu | ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ dergi mederi |
The Sea of Japan marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the mainland of the Russian Far East. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean.[1] This isolation also affects faunal diversity and salinity, both of which are lower than in the open ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and the Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%.
is theThe seawater has an elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen that results in high biological productivity. Therefore, fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.
Names
Sea of Japan is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries.
The sea is called Nihon kai (日本海, literally 'Japan Sea') in Japan, Rìběn hǎi (日本海, 'Japan Sea') or originally Jīng hǎi (鲸海, 'Whale Sea') in China,[2] Yaponskoye more (Японское море, 'Japanese Sea') in Russia, Chosŏn Tonghae (조선동해, literally 'Korean East Sea') in North Korea, and Donghae (동해, literally 'East Sea') in South Korea.
Naming dispute
The South Korean side has found old Japanese maps and other materials at second-hand bookstores, overwritten them, and otherwise modified them to assert the legitimacy of the Korean Sea and other areas. The use of the term "Sea of Japan" as the dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name "East Sea" to be used, either instead of or in addition to "Sea of Japan;"[3][4] while North Korea prefers the name "East Sea of Korea".[5]
The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name "Sea of Japan" became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least the early 19th century,[6] while the Koreas claim that the term "Sea of Japan" arose later while Korea was under Japanese rule, and before that occupation, other names such as "Sea of Korea" or "East Sea" were used in English.[7] In 2012, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the intergovernmental organization that maintains a publication listing the limits of ocean and sea areas around the world, abandoned its most recent of several attempts in the last 25 years to revise its publication of the sea's name. This was primarily because of the lack of agreement between the Koreas and Japan over the naming issue.[8][9] In September 2020, the IHO announced that it would adopt a new numerical system, also known as "S-130". In November 2020, S-23, the previous version of the nautical chart made in 1953 will be made public as an IHO publication to demonstrate the evolutionary process from the analogue to the digital era. The IHO approved the proposal of the new official nautical chart. The new chart will be marked with a numerical identifier without a name.[10][11]
History
For centuries, the sea had protected Japan from land invasions, particularly by the Mongols. It had long been navigated by Asian and, from the 18th century, by European ships. Russian expeditions of 1733–1743 mapped Sakhalin and the Japanese islands. In the 1780s, the Frenchman Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, traveled northward across the sea through the strait later named after him. In 1796, a British naval officer, William Robert Broughton, explored the Strait of Tartary, the eastern coast of the Russian Far East and the Korean Peninsula.
In 1803–1806, the Russian navigator Adam Johann von Krusenstern while sailing across the globe in the ship Nadezhda also explored, in passing, the Sea of Japan and the eastern shores of Japanese islands. In 1849, another Russian explorer Gennady Nevelskoy discovered the strait between the continent and Sakhalin and mapped the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. Russian expeditions were made in 1853–1854 and 1886–1889 to measure the surface temperatures and record the tides. They also documented the cyclonal character of the sea currents.
Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the American North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (1853–1856) and British Challenger expedition (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since the 1920s.[12][13]
American, Canadian and French whaleships cruised for whales in the sea between 1847 and 1892.[14] Most entered the sea via Korea Strait[15] and left via La Pérouse Strait,[16] but some entered and exited via Tsugaru Strait.[17] They primarily targeted right whales,[18] but began catching humpbacks as right whale catches declined.[19] They also made attempts to catch blue[20] and fin whales,[21] but these species invariably sank after being killed. Right whales were caught from March to September,[22] with peak catches in May and June.[23] During the peak years of 1848 and 1849 a total of over 170 vessels (over 60 in 1848, and over 110 in 1849) cruised in the Sea of Japan,[24] with significantly lesser numbers in following years.[25]
Geography and geology
The Sea of Japan was landlocked when the land bridge of East Asia existed.[26] The Japan Arc started to form in the Early Miocene.[27] In the Early Miocene the Japan Sea started to open, and the northern and southern parts of the Japanese archipelago separated from each other.[27] During the Miocene, the Sea of Japan expanded.[27]
The north part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented later until orogenesis of the north-eastern Japanese archipelago began in the later Late Miocene.[27] The south part of the Japanese archipelago remained as a relatively large landmass.[27] The land area had expanded northward in the Late Miocene.[27] The orogenesis of high mountain ranges in north-eastern Japan started in Late Miocene and lasted in Pliocene also.[27] The eastern margin of the sea may host an incipient subduction zone responsible for large earthquakes in 1940, 1964, 1983 and 1993.[28]
Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and Sakhalin island to the north, the Korean Peninsula to the west, and the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō, Honshū and Kyūshū to the east and south. It is connected to other seas by five straits: the Strait of Tartary between the Asian mainland and Sakhalin; La Pérouse Strait between Sakhalin and Hokkaidō; the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaidō and Honshū; the Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū; and the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyūshū.
The Korea Strait is composed of the Western Channel and the Tsushima Strait, on either side of Tsushima Island. The straits were formed in recent geologic periods. The oldest of them are the Tsugaru and Tsushima straits. Their formation had interrupted the migration of elephants into the Japanese islands at the end of the Neogene Period (about 2.6 million years ago). The most recent is La Perouse Strait, which formed about 60,000 to 11,000 years ago closing the path used by mammoths which had earlier moved to northern Hokkaidō.[12] All the straits are rather shallow, with a minimal depth of the order of 100 meters or less. This hinders water exchange, thereby isolating the water and aquatic life of the Sea of Japan from the neighboring seas and oceans.[29]
The sea has a surface area of about 1,050,000 km2 (410,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 1,752 m (5,748 ft) and a maximum depth of 4,568 m (14,987 ft). It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from south-west to north-east and a wide southern part narrowing toward the north. The coastal length is about 7,600 km (4,700 mi) with the largest part (3,240 km or 2,010 mi) belonging to Russia. The sea extends from north to south for more than 2,255 km (1,401 mi) and has a maximum width of about 1,070 km (660 mi).[13]
It has three major basins: the Yamato Basin in the south-east, the Japan Basin in the north and the Tsushima Basin (Ulleung Basin) in the south-west.[12] The Japan Basin is of oceanic origin and is the deepest part of the sea, whereas the Tsushima Basin is the shallowest with the depths below 2,300 m (7,500 ft).[13] On the eastern shores, the continental shelves of the sea are wide, but on the western shores, particularly along the Korean coast, they are narrow, averaging about 30 km (19 mi).[29]
There are three distinct continental shelves in the northern part (above 44° N). They form a staircase-like structure with the steps slightly inclined southwards and submerged to the depths of 900–1,400 (3,000–4,600), 1,700–2,000 (5,600–6,600) and 2,300–2,600 m (7,500–8,500 ft). The last step sharply drops to the depths of about 3,500 m (11,500 ft) toward the central (deepest) part of the sea. The bottom of this part is relatively flat, but has a few plateaus. In addition, an underwater ridge rising up to 3,500 m (11,500 ft) runs from north to south through the middle of the central part.[29]
The Japanese coastal area of the sea consists of Okujiri Ridge, Sado Ridge, Hakusan Banks, Wakasa Ridge and Oki Ridge. Yamato Ridge is of continental origin and is composed of granite, rhyolite, andesite and basalt. It has an uneven bottom covered with boulders of volcanic rock. Most other areas of the sea are of oceanic origin. Seabed down to 300 m (980 ft) is of continental nature and is covered with a mixture of mud, sand, gravel and fragments of rock. The depths between 300 and 800 m (980 and 2,620 ft) are covered in hemipelagic sediments (i.e., of semi-oceanic origin); these sediments are composed of blue mud rich in organic matter. Pelagic sediments of red mud dominate the deeper regions.[12]
There are no large islands in the sea. Most of the smaller ones are near the eastern coast, except for Ulleungdo (South Korea). The most significant islands are Moneron, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Ōshima, Sado, Okinoshima, Ulleungdo, Askold, Russky and Putyatin. The shorelines are relatively straight and lack large bays and capes; the coastal shapes are simplest in Sakhalin and are more winding in the Japanese islands.
The largest bays are Peter the Great Gulf, Sovetskaya Gavan; Vladimira Bay, Olga; Posyet Bay in Russia; East Korea Bay in North Korea; and Ishikari (Hokkaidō), Toyama (Honshū), and Wakasa (Honshū) Bays in Japan. Prominent capes include Lazareva, Peschanyi (sandy), Povorotny, Gromova, Pogibi, Tyk, and Korsakova in Russia; Crillon on Sakhalin; Sōya, Nosappu, Tappi, Nyuda, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Daso and Oki in Japan;[29][13] and Musu Dan in North Korea.
As world sea level dropped during the ice cap advances of the last Ice Age, the exit straits of the Sea of Japan one by one dried and closed. There is controversy as to whether or not in each ice cap advance the world sea level fell low enough for the deepest, the western channel of the Korea Strait, to dry and close, turning the Sea of Japan into a huge cold inland lake with a surface layer of fresh water, freezing over in the winters.[30]
-
Sunrise over the Sea of Japan filmed in South Korea
-
The Sea of Japan seen from the south of Slavyanka. From a distance, the two islands of Antipenko (left) and Sibiryakov (right).
-
A bay at Sibiryakov Island, 50 km (31 mi) south from Vladivostok
-
Sunset on Little Verkhovsky Islands near Vladivostok
Climate
The sea climate has warm waters and monsoons. This combination results in strong evaporation, which is especially noticeable between October and March when the strong (12–15 m/s [39–49 ft/s] or higher) north-western monsoon wind brings cold and dry continental air. The evaporation is blown further south, causing snowfall in the mountainous western coasts of Japan. This winter monsoon brings typhoons and storms, with the waves reaching 8–10 m (26–33 ft) which erode the western coasts of Japan. Tsunami waves have also been recorded in the sea. In addition, the monsoon enhances the surface water convection, down to the depths of 30 m (98 ft).
The coldest months are January and February, with an average air temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in the north and 5 °C (41 °F) in the south. The northern one-quarter of the sea, particularly the Siberian coast and the Strait of Tartary, freezes for about 4−5 months.[12] The timing and extent of freezing vary from year to year, so ice may start forming in the bays as early as October and its remains may be seen even in June. Ice cover is continuous only in the bays and forms floating patches in the open sea. Ice melting in spring results in cold currents in the northern areas.[29]
In summer the wind weakens to 2–7 m/s (6.6–23.0 ft/s) and reverses its direction, blowing warm and humid air from the North Pacific onto the Asian mainland. The warmest month is August, with an average air temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) in the north and 25 °C (77 °F) in the south.[29] Annual precipitation increases from 310–500 mm (12–20 in) in the north-west to 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 in) in the south-east.[13]
A peculiar turbulent cloud pattern, named von Kármán vortices, is sometimes observed over the Sea of Japan. It requires a stable field of low clouds driven by the wind over a small (isolated) and tall obstacle, and usually forms over small mountainous islands.[31] The Sea of Japan meets these conditions as it has frequent winds and cloudy skies, as well as compact, tall islands such as Rishiri (1,721 m or 5,646 ft), Ulleungdo (984 m or 3,228 ft) and Ōshima (732 m or 2,402 ft).
Extent
This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (October 2021) |
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Japan Sea" as follows:[32]
On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the Eastern China Sea [From Nomo Saki (32°35′ N) in Kyusyu to the South point of Hukae Sima (Goto Retto) and on through this island to Ose Saki (Cape Goto) and to Hunan Kan, the South point of Saisyu To (Quelpart), through this island to its Western extreme and thence along the parallel of 33°17′ North to the mainland] and the Western limit of the Inland Sea [defined circuitously as "The Southeastern limit of the Japan Sea"].
On the Southeast. In Simonoseki Kaikyo. A line running from Nagoya Saki (130°49′,5 E) in Kyûsyû through the islands of Uma Sima and Muture Sima (33°58′,5 N) to Murasaki Hana (34°01′ N) in Honsyû.
On the East. In the Tsugaru Kaikô. From the extremity of Siriya Saki (141°28′ E) to the extremity of Esan Saki (41°48′ N).
On the Northeast. In La Perouse Strait (Sôya Kaikyô). A line joining Sôni Misaki and Nishi Notoro Misaki (45°55′ N).
On the North. From Cape Tuik (51°45′ N) to Cape Sushcheva.[32]
Hydrology
The sea currents circulate in the counterclockwise direction. The Kuroshio (Japan Current), the Tsushima Current and the East Korea Warm Current bring warmer and more saline water to the north. There they merge into the Tsugaru Current and flow into the Pacific Ocean through the Tsugaru Strait. They also feed the Sōya Current and exit through the La Perouse Strait to the Sea of Okhotsk. The returning branch is composed of the Liman, North Korea and Central (or Mid-) Japan Sea currents which bring fresh and cold water along the Asian coast to the south.[12]
Water temperature is mostly affected by exchange with the atmosphere in the northern part of the sea and by the currents in the southern part. Winter temperatures are 0 °C (32 °F) or below in the north and 10–14 °C (50–57 °F) in the south. In this season, there is a significant temperature difference between the western and eastern parts owing to the circular currents. So at the latitude of Peter the Great Gulf, the water temperature is about 0 °C (32 °F) in the west and 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) in the east. This east-west difference drops to 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) in summer, and the temperatures rise to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in the north and 25–27 °C (77–81 °F) in the south.[29]
Because the sea is enclosed, its waters form clearly separated layers which may show seasonal and spatial dependence. In winter, the temperature is almost constant with the depth in the northern part of the sea. However, in central-southern parts, it may be 8–10 °C (46–50 °F) down to 100–150 m (330–490 ft), 2–4 °C (36–39 °F) at 200–250 m (660–820 ft), 1.0–1.5 °C (33.8–34.7 °F) at 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) and then remain at about 0 °C (32 °F) until the bottom. Heating by the sun and tropical monsoons increases the depth gradient in spring–summer.
In the north the surface layer (down to 15 m or 49 ft) may heat up to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The temperature would drop sharply to 4 °C (39 °F) at 50 m (160 ft), then slowly decrease to 1 °C (34 °F) at 250 m (820 ft) and remain so down to the seabed. On the contrary, the temperature in the south could gradually decrease to 6 °C (43 °F) at 200 m (660 ft), then to 2 °C (36 °F) at 260 m (850 ft) and to 0.04–0.14 °C (32.07–32.25 °F) at 1,000–1,500 m (3,300–4,900 ft), but then it would rise to about 0.3 °C (32.5 °F) near the bottom. This cold layer at about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) is formed by sinking of cold water in the northern part of the sea in winter and is brought south by the sea currents; it is rather stable and is observed all through the year.[12][29]
The hydrological isolation of the Sea of Japan also results in slightly lower average water salinity (34.09‰, where ‰ means parts per thousand) compared with the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the highest salinity at 34.5‰ is observed in the south where evaporation dominates over precipitation. It is the lowest at 33.8‰ in the south-east and south-west because of frequent rains, and remains at about 34.09‰ in most other parts.
Thawing of ice in spring reduces water salinity in the north, but it remains high at 34.60–34.70‰ in the south, partly because of the inflow of salty water through the Korea Strait. A typical variation of salinity across the sea in summer is 31.5‰ to 34.5‰ from north to south. The depth distribution of salinity is relatively constant. The surface layer tends to be more fresh in the sea parts which experience ice melting and rains.[29] The average water density is 1.0270 g/cm3 in the north and 1.0255 g/cm3 in the south in winter. It lowers in summer to 1.0253 and 1.0215 g/cm3, respectively.[13]
Few rivers flow into the Sea of Japan from mainland Asia, the largest being Tumen,[13] Rudnaya, Samarga, Partizanskaya and Tumnin; all of them have a mountainous character. In contrast, numerous large rivers flow from Honshū and Hokkaidō into the sea, including Japan's four largest rivers: the Shinano, Ishikari, Agano and Mogami. The total annual river discharge into the sea is 210 km3 (50 cu mi) and is relatively constant through the year, except for a minor increase in July.[29] Most water (97% or 52,200 km3 [12,500 cu mi]) flows into the sea through the Korea Strait and discharges through the Tsugaru (64% or 34,610 km3 [8,300 cu mi], La Pérouse 10,380 km3 [2,490 cu mi]) and Korea straits. Rainfall, evaporation and riverine inflow make only 1% of the water balance. Between October and April, the outflow exceeds the inflow due to the lower income through the Korea Strait; this balance reverses between May and September.[29][13]
The sea has complex tides, which are induced by the tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean penetrating through the Korea Strait and Tsugaru strait. The tides are semi-diurnal (rise twice a day) in the Korea Strait and in the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. They are diurnal at the eastern shore of Korea, Russian Far East and the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō. Mixed tides occur in Peter the Great Gulf and Korea strait. The tidal waves have a speed of 10–25 cm/s (4–10 in/s) in the open sea. They accelerate in the Korea Strait (40–60 cm/s or 16–24 in/s), La Pérouse Strait (50–100 cm/s or 20–40 in/s) and especially in the Tsugaru Strait (100–200 cm/s or 40–80 in/s).
The amplitude of the tides is relatively low and varies strongly across the sea. It reaches 3 meters in the south near the Korea Strait, but quickly drops northwards to 1.5 m (5 ft) at the southern tip of Korean Peninsula and to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) at the North Korean shores. Similar low tides are observed in Hokkaidō, Honshū and south Sakhalin. The amplitude however increases to 2.3–2.8 m (7.5–9.2 ft) toward the north of the Strait of Tartary due to its funnel-like shape. Apart from tides, the water level also displays seasonal, monsoon-related variations across the entire sea with the highest levels observed in summer and lowest in winter. Wind may also locally change the water level by 20–25 cm (8–10 in); for example, it is higher in summer at the Korean and lower at the Japanese coasts.[29]
The sea waters have blue to green-blue color and a transparency of about 10 m (33 ft). They are rich in dissolved oxygen, especially in the western and northern parts, which are colder and have more phytoplankton than the eastern and southern areas. The oxygen concentration is 95% of the saturation point near the surface; it decreases with the depth to about 70% at 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[29][13]
Flora and fauna
The high concentration of dissolved oxygen results in the rich aquatic life of the Sea of Japan – there are more than 800 species of aquatic plants and more than 3,500 animal species, including more than 900 species of crustaceans, about 1,000 of fish and 26 of mammals. The coastal areas contain several kg/m2 of biomass. Pelagic (oceanic) fishes include saury, mackerel, Jack mackerels, sardines, anchovies, herring, sea bream, squid and various species of salmon and trout. The demersal (sea-bottom) fishes include cod, pollock and Atka mackerel.
Mammals are represented by seals and whales (ancient name for the basin in Chinese was "Sea of Whales"[2]), and the crustaceans by shrimps and crabs.[12] Because of the shallow straits connecting the sea with Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Japan has no characteristic oceanic deep-water fauna.[13] Flora and fauna unique to the region near the Sea of Japan are known as "Japan Sea elements".[27]
Economy
Fishery had long been the main economic activity on the Sea of Japan. It is mainly carried out on and near the continental shelves and focuses on herring, sardines and bluefin tuna. These species are however depleted from after World War II. Squid is mostly caught near the sea center and salmon near the northern and south-western shores.[12] There is also a well-developed seaweed production.[29]
The importance of the fishery in the sea is illustrated by the territorial disputes between Japan and South Korea over Liancourt Rocks and between Japan and Russia over the Kuril Islands. It is also reflected in various legends, such as the legend of the Heishi rock, which says that once when herring vanished, an old fairy threw a bottle with magic water into the sea, and the herring returned. The bottle got stuck to the seabed and turned into a rock, which became a representation of the God of the Sea of Japan.[33][34]
Vladivostok is a base for the Russian whaling fleet. Although it operates in the northern seas, its production is processed and partly distributed in the Vladivostok area. Vladivostok is also a terminal point of the Trans-Siberian Railway which brings many goods to and from this major port. There is a regular ferry service across the Strait of Tartary between the Russian continental port of Vanino and Kholmsk in Sakhalin.[29]
The sea has magnetite sands as well as natural gas and petroleum fields near the northern part of Japan and Sakhalin Island. The intensity of shipments across the sea is moderate, owing to the cold relations between many bordering countries. As a result, the largest Japanese ports are on the Pacific coast, and the significant ports on the Sea of Japan are Niigata, Tsuruta and Maizuru. Major South Korean ports are Busan, Ulsan, and Pohang situated on the south-eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, but they also mainly target countries not bordering the Sea of Japan.
The major Russian port of Vladivostok mainly serves inland cargos, whereas Nakhodka and Vostochny are more international and have a busy exchange with Japan and South Korea. Other prominent Russian ports are Sovetskaya Gavan, Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky and Kholmsk, and the major ports of North Korea are Wonsan, Hamhung and Chongjin.[13] The intensity of shipments across the Sea of Japan is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.[12]
See also
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from this reference:[27]
- ^ "Tides in Marginal, Semi-Enclosed and Coastal Seas – Part I: Sea Surface Height". ERC-Stennis at Mississippi State University. Archived from the original on 18 March 2004. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
- ^ a b 2006. “鲸海”这个名字如何改成了“日本海” Archived 2017-08-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 7 March 2017
- ^ East Sea or "Sea of Japan" Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine. Korea.net. Retrieved on 21 March 2013.
- ^ Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries 2005. The Name East Sea Used for Two Millennia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Korea, 2005
- ^ Efforts of the Government of Japan in Response to the Issue of the Name of the Sea of Japan (1) The 8th UNCSGN, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
- ^ "Japanese Basic Position on the Naming of the "Japan Sea"". Japan Coast Guard. 1 March 2005. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
- ^ "Legitimacy for Restoring the Name East Sea" (PDF). Republic of Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ "IHO nixes 'East Sea' name bid". Japan Times. Kyodo News. 28 April 2012. p. 2.
- ^ Rabiroff, Jon; Yoo Kyong Chang (27 April 2012). "Agency rejects South Korea's request to rename Sea of Japan". Stars and Stripes. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20.
- ^ "2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (Report of Proceeding)". International Hydrographic Organization. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "2nd Session of the IHO Assembly (November 2020) Report of Proceedings Volume 1" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sea of Japan, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sea of Japan, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ^ Athol, of St. John, 8 June – 10 August 1847, NBW 1335; Vesper, of New London, 20 April – 26 August 1848, G. W. Blunt White Library (GBWL); Northern Light, of New Bedford, 14 May – 22 July 1875, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, 17 April – 13 July 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM).
- ^ Splendid, of Edgartown, 17 April 1848, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); Fortune, of New Bedford, 12 March 1849, ODHS; Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, 14 April 1874, GWBL.
- ^ Bowditch, of Warren, 2 August 1848, NWC; Arnolda, of New Bedford, 17 June 1874, ODHS.
- ^ Good Return, of New Bedford, 30 April 1849, ODHS; Milo, of New Bedford, 16–18 Apr. 1850, ODHS.
- ^ Eliza Adams, of Fairhaven, 21 April – 4 August 1848, ODHS; Huntress, of New Bedford, 4 May – 3 July 1848, NWC.
- ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, 12–27 May 1860, in One Whaling Family (Williams, 1964); Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, 11–12 May, 4–5 June 1874, GWBL.
- ^ George Washington, of Wareham, 16 May 1849, ODHS; Florida, of Fairhaven, 5 May 1860, in One Whaling Family (Williams, 1964).
- ^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, 6 April 1854, NWC.
- ^ Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford, 1 September 1852, in Enoch's Voyage (1994), pp. 153-154.
- ^ Catch of right whales by month based on over 510 whales caught during 71 vessel seasons from 1847 to 1891: June (31.7%), May (28.8%), July (19.9%), April (11.8%), and August (5.4%).
- ^ Ships spoken in 1848 by Vesper (GBWL); Eliza Adams (ODHS); Splendid (NWC); Bowditch (NWC); Huntress (NWC); Liverpool 2nd, of New Bedford (NWC); Cherokee, of New Bedford (NWC); and Mechanic, of Newport (NWC); Hannibal, of Sag Harbor (EHL); Josephine, of Sag Harbor (EHL); John Jay, of Sag Harbor (NHA); in 1849 by Huntress (NWC); Good Return (ODHS); Fortune (ODHS); Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole (ODHS); Mary and Susan (NWC); Maria Theresa, of New Bedford (ODHS); George Washington (ODHS); Liverpool 2nd (NWC); Julian, of New Bedford (NWC); Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford (ODHS), Montpelier, of New Bedford (NWC), Cambria, of New Bedford (NWC), India, of New Bedford (ODHS), and Phoenix, of New Bedford (NHA); N. P. Tallmadge, Pioneer, and Superior, of New London (GBWL), Alpha, of Nantucket (NHA), and Prudent, of Stonington (GBWL).
- ^ Ships spoken in 1856 by Pacific, of Fairhaven (NWC), and Onward, of New Bedford (NWC); and from 1859 to 1861 by Florida, of Fairhaven, in One Whaling Family (Williams, 1964).
- ^ Totman, Conrad D. (2004). Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004136267. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kameda Y. & Kato M. (2011). "Terrestrial invasion of pomatiopsid gastropods in the heavy-snow region of the Japanese Archipelago". BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 118. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-118.
- ^ Tamaki, Kensaku; Honza, Eiichi (20 October 1985). "Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea". Tectonophysics. 119 (1–4): 381–406. Bibcode:1985Tectp.119..381T. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o A. D. Dobrovolskyi and B. S. Zalogin Seas of USSR. Sea of Japan, Moscow University (1982) (in Russian)
- ^ Park, S.-C; Yoo, D.-G; Lee, C.-W; Lee, E.-I (2000). "Last glacial sea-level changes and paleogeography of the Korea (Tsushima) Strait". Geo-Marine Letters. 20 (2): 64–71. Bibcode:2000GML....20...64P. doi:10.1007/s003670000039. S2CID 128476723.
- ^ a b STS-100 Shuttle Mission Imagery, NASA, 19 April – 1 May 2001
- ^ a b "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 32. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ 瓶子岩 Official website of Hiyama Prefecture, Hokkaido (in Japanese)
- ^ かもめ島 Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Esashi Town Guide (in Japanese)
Further reading
- Fukuoka N. (1966). "On the distribution patterns of the so-called Japan Sea elements confined to the Sea of Japan region". Journal of Geobotany 15: 63–80.
External links
Media related to Sea of Japan at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Sea of Japan at Wiktionary
- "The Issue of Name 'Sea of Japan'", MOFA, Japan, 7 February 2017.
- MOFA, Japan (10 August 2021), "Sea of Japan – The one and only name recognized by the international community" (Digest version), YouTube.
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- Sea of Japan
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