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+#REDIRECT [[Principality of Nitra]]
-The '''Tercia pars regni''' (''i.e.'', one-third parts of the kingdom; [[Hungarian]]: ''Dukátus'';<ref>Ignác Romsics, Csanád Bálint, [http://books.google.hu/books?id=nQMiAQAAIAAJ&q=duk%C3%A1tus&dq=duk%C3%A1tus&hl=hu&ei=MuKATpDxNseYOvT-hdQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA Magyarország története (History of Hungary)], Akadémiai Kiadó, 2007, pp 68-71</ref><ref>György Györffy, [http://books.google.hu/books?id=VJcMAQAAMAAJ&q=duk%C3%A1tus&dq=duk%C3%A1tus&hl=hu&ei=MuKATpDxNseYOvT-hdQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCQ István király és műve], Balassi Kiadó, 2000, p. 34-36</ref> ) is the denomination for territories occasionally governed separately by members (dukes) of the [[Árpád dynasty]] within the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the 11th-12th centuries. The symbol of the ducal power was a sword, while the royal power was represented by the crown.
-==Origins==
-The origins of separated territorial governments within the Kingdom of Hungary are debated among modern scholars.
-Some of them claim that the institution was the adaptation of the practise followed by leaders of [[nomad]]ic tribal federations who entrusted their heirs with the government of some tribes joined recently to the federation. The practise was followed within the tribal federation of the [[Magyars]] and later it became the pattern for developing separated governments on territorial basis (''e.g.'', [[Koppány]]'s government in [[Somogy county|Somogy]]).
-Other sources mention that the practise of separating a territory for the heir of the monarch was followed by the rulers of [[Great Moravia]].
-Another view is that the institution was developed when King [[Andrew I of Hungary]] assigned the government of one-third of his kingdom to his brother, the future King [[Béla I of Hungary|Béla I]] in [[1048]].
-==Territories==
-[[Image:Hungary 11th cent.png|thumb|310px|right|'''Hungary in 1102 -  Tercia pars regni in dark blue''']]
-The exact borders of the ''"Tercia parsi regni"'' have not been determined yet. The [[Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)|counties]] entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom, but they were organized around two or three centers.
-The eastern block of the counties were located around [[Bihar]] ({{lang-ro|Biharea}}), a city that was also the see of a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[diocese]] in that time. The north-western parts of the territories were centered around Nyitra ({{lang-sk|Nitra}}, {{lang-de|Neutra}}). A third possible center of the territories was Krassó, a fortress destroyed later in the first half of the 13th century, located near to the present-day [[Dupljaja]] in [[Serbia]].
-The dukes' principal hunting-grounds lay in the "Holy Forest" ''(Igyfon)'' on the territory of the Erdélyi-Szigethegység / [[Apuseni Mountains|Seş Mountains]] (today in [[Romania]]) in the 11th century.
-==History==
-The practise of dynastical divisions of the kingdom's territories commenced in [[1048]] when King [[Andrew I of Hungary]] conceded one-third of the counties of his kingdom in [[appanage]] to his brother, [[Béla I of Hungary|Béla]]. At that time, Duke Béla was the [[heir presumptive]], but later King Andrew I fathered a son, [[Solomon of Hungary|Solomon]]. The birth of Solomon gave rise to conflicts between the two brothers that resulted in a civil war. The civil war stopped in [[1060]] when Béla defeated his brother and ascended the throne.
-When Béla died in [[1063]], his sons [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza]], [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Ladislaus]] and [[Lampert of Hungary|Lampert]] had to flee from the Kingdom of Hungary, because their cousin, Solomon (who had already been crowned in [[1057]]) returned followed by the troops his brother-in-law, King [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV of Germany]] provided him. Shortly afterwards, King [[Bolesław II the Generous|Bolesław II of Poland]] provided military assistance to the three dukes thus they could return to the kingdom. However, the parties wanted to avoid the emerging civil war and therefore they made an agreement on 20 January 1064 in [[Győr]]. Under the agreement, the three brothers, Dukes Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert accepted the rule of their cousin, King Solomon who conceded them their father's former duchy (the ''"Tercia pars regni"'').
-Following a nine-year-long period of cooperation, conflicts arose among the king and the dukes, and the latter could expand their power over the larger part of the kingdom and the king had to flee to the western borders. In [[1074]], the eldest duke, Géza was proclaimed king, while King Solomon could maintain his rule only in some western counties of the kingdom. Following his ascension to the throne, King Géza confirmed his brothers, Ladislaus and Lampert in the possession of the ''"Tercia pars regni"''. When Géza died on 25 April 1077, his partisans proclaimed Ladislaus king who could enforce King Solomon to accept his rule in [[1081]]. During Ladislaus' reign, the "Tercia pars regni" may have governed by his brother, Duke Lampert, but it has not been proven, yet.
-The ''"Tercia pars regni"'' revived in 1095-1096, when King [[Coloman of Hungary]] made and agreement with his brother, [[Prince Álmos|Álmos]], who had been debating Coloman's right to the throne following the death of King Ladislaus I, and conceded the territories in appanage to him. In [[1105]], Duke Álmos rebelled against his brother and sought for military assistance from the Holy Roman Empire and Poland, but his troops were defeated by the king shortly afterwards. In [[1107]], Duke Álmos made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and taking advantage of his absence, King Coloman occupied the territories of the ''"Tercia pars regni"''.
-When Duke Álmos returned from the Holy Land and realised that his territories had been incorporated into the royal domains, he escaped to the court of [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor]]. Upon the duke's request, the Emperor laid siege to [[Bratislava]] ({{lang-hu|Pozsony}}, {{lang-de|Pressburg}}). However, King Coloman sought the assistance of Duke [[Bolesław III Wrymouth|Bolesław III of Poland]], who attacked Bohemia. In November, the emperor made a peace with Coloman, who let his brother come back to his court, but the duchy of Álmos and his ducal power was not to be restored. Shortly afterwards, Coloman set up the bishopric of Nyitra in one of the seats of the ''"Tercia pars regni"''.
-The last revival of the ''"Tercia pars regni"'' occurred in [[1162]], when King [[Ladislaus II of Hungary]], who had been proclaimed king under the menaces of the Byzantine Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] against his nephew, King [[Stephen III of Hungary|Stephen III]], granted its territories to his brother, [[Stephen IV of Hungary|Stephen]] following his coronation on 25 December 1162. When King Ladislaus II died in three weeks (on 14 January 1163), Duke Stephen was proclaimed king (and, in some months, he was defeated by King Stephen III]]) and therefore the territories of his former duchy were incorporated into the royal domains definitely.
-During the 13-14th centuries, members of the royal dynasties received some provinces (''e.g.'', [[Slavonia]], [[Transylvania]]) of the kingdom in appanage and the ''"Tercia pars regni"'' was never re-established.
-==Dukes==
-The list of the members of the Árpád dynasty who were dukes of the "Tercia pars regni" follows:
-* [[Béla I of Hungary|Béla the Champion / the Bison]] (1048–1060)
-* [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza]] (1064–1074)
-* [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Saint Ladislaus]] (1064–1077)
-* [[Lampert of Hungary|Lampert]] (1064- cca. 1095)
-* [[Prince Álmos|Álmos]] (1095/1096-1107)
-* [[Stephen IV of Hungary|Stephen]] (1162–1163)
-==Sources==
-*Kristó, Gyula (editor): Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század) ''(Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History - 9-14th centuries)'', Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994, Budapest, ISBN 963 05 6722 9
-* Kristó, Gyula - Makk, Ferenc: ''Az Árpád-ház uralkodói'' ''(The rulers of the Árpád dynasty)'', IPC Könyvek, 1996, ISBN 963 7930 973
-{{Reflist}}
-==See also==
-*[[Principality of Nitra]]
-[[Category:History of Hungary]]
-[[Category:History of Romania]]
-[[Category:History of Slovakia]]