Upper Amazon Arawakan languages: Difference between revisions

Upper Amazonian Arawakan
Upper Amazonian Arawakan
Inland Northern Maipuran
Geographic; distribution	Northern Amazon
Linguistic classification	Arawakan Northern Upper Amazonian Arawakan; ;
Subdivisions	Western Nawiki; Eastern Nawiki; Central (Orinoco); Manao;
Glottolog	inla1264

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The Upper Amazon Maipurean languages, a.k.a. North Amazonian or Inland Northern Maipuran, are Arawakan languages of the northern Amazon in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil.

Upper Amazon Arawakan has been surveyed comprehensively by Henri Ramirez (2001), which includes a historical reconstruction as well.

Languages

Kaufman (1994)

Kaufman (1994) gives the following breakdown (Aikhenvald's names of branches in parentheses):

- Western Nawiki (Colombian)
  - Wainumá group †
    - Wainumá †
    - Mariaté †
    - Anauyá †
  - Piapoko group
    - Achagua (Achawa)
    - Piapoco
    - Amarizana †
    - Caviyari (Cabiyarí) †?
  - Warekena group
    - Guarequena (Warekena)
    - Mandahuaca (Mandawaka)
  - Río Negro group †
    - Jumana (Yumana) †
    - Pasé †
    - Cawishana †
  - Yucuna group
    - Yucuna (Jukuna)
    - Guarú †
- Eastern Nawiki (Upper Rio Negro)
  - Tariana
  - Karu group
    - Kurripako (a.k.a. Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)
    - Baniwa (of Içana) (Carútana-Baniwa)
    - Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (Kadaupuritana)
- Resígaro †?)
- Central Upper Amazon (Orinoco)
  - Baré group
    - Marawá †
    - Baré
    - Guinao †
  - Yavitero group †
    - Yavitero †
    - Baniwa (Abane)
    - Maipure †
- Manao (Middle Rio Negro) †
  - Manao †
  - Kariaí (Cariyai) †

He leaves the following Upper Amazon languages unclassified:

Shiriana (Xiriâna) †, Yabaána †, Waraikú (Araikú) †, Wiriná †

Aikhenvald (1999)

In 1999 Aikhenvald^[1] classified a couple languages Kaufman left out (Shiriana, Yabaâna), but leaves several of the Western Nawiki languages and branches unclassified. Several languages — Maipure, Resígaro, Cawishana, Mandahuaca, and Guarequena — are moved. She treats the Yucuna, Karu (Baniwa), and Bare groups as single languages.

- Western Nawiki (Colombian)
  - Maipure †
  - Resígaro †?
  - Achagua (Achawa)
  - Piapoco
  - Caviyari (Cabiyarí) †?
  - Yucuna (Jukuna) (dialect: Guarú †)
- Eastern Nawiki (Upper Rio Negro)
  - Tariana
  - Baniwa (Carútana-Baniwa) (dialects: Curripako, Catapolítani)
  - Guarequena (Warekena)
- Central Upper Amazon (Orinoco)
  - Mandahuaca (Mandawaka)
  - Yabaâna †
  - Baré (dialect: Guinao †)
  - Yavitero †
  - Baniwa of Guainia †
- Manao (Middle Rio Negro) †
  - Manao †
  - Shiriana (Xiriâna) †
  - Cawishana (Kaiʃana) †

Unclassified †: Wainumá, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana (Yumana), Pasé, Kariaí (Cariyai), Waraikú (Araikú), Wiriná. Cabre (Cavare) was found in the area of the Western Nawiki languages, but only a few words are known. The "Ponares language" listed in Ethnologue may have been Piapoco or Achagua.

References

^ Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Dixon, Robert Malcolm Ward; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.

Ramirez, Henri. 2001. Línguas Arawak da Amazônia Setentrional. Manaus: EDUA. 745pp.

[1] Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Dixon, Robert Malcolm Ward; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.

[1]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 Kaufman (1994) gives the following breakdown (Aikhenvald's names of branches in parentheses):
+{{tree list}}
-* '''Western Nawiki''' (Colombian)
+** '''Western Nawiki''' (Colombian)
-** Wainumá group ''(†)''
-*** [[Wainuma language|Wainumá]] ''(†)''
+*** Wainumá group {{extinct}}
-*** [[Mariate language|Mariaté]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Wainuma language|Wainumá]] {{extinct}}
-*** [[Anauya language|Anauyá]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Mariate language|Mariaté]] {{extinct}}
+**** [[Anauya language|Anauyá]] {{extinct}}
-** Piapoko group
-*** [[Achagua language|Achagua]] (Achawa)
+*** Piapoko group
+**** [[Achagua language|Achagua]] (Achawa)
-*** [[Piapoco language|Piapoco]]
+**** [[Piapoco language|Piapoco]]
-*** [[Amarizana language|Amarizana]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Amarizana language|Amarizana]] {{extinct}}
-*** [[Caviyari language|Caviyari]] (Cabiyarí) ''(†?)''
+**** [[Caviyari language|Caviyari]] (Cabiyarí) {{extinct}}?
-** Warekena group
+*** Warekena group
-*** [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]] (Warekena)
+**** [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]] (Warekena)
-*** [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]] (Mandawaka)
+**** [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]] (Mandawaka)
-** Río Negro group ''(†)''
+*** Río Negro group {{extinct}}
-*** [[Jumana language|Jumana]] (Yumana) ''(†)''
+**** [[Jumana language|Jumana]] (Yumana) {{extinct}}
-*** [[Pase language|Pasé]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Pase language|Pasé]] {{extinct}}
-*** [[Cawishana language|Cawishana]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Cawishana language|Cawishana]] {{extinct}}
-** Yucuna group
+*** Yucuna group
-*** [[Yucuna language|Yucuna]] (Jukuna)
+**** [[Yucuna language|Yucuna]] (Jukuna)
-*** [[Guaru language|Guarú]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Guaru language|Guarú]] {{extinct}}
-* '''Eastern Nawiki''' (Upper Rio Negro)
+** '''Eastern Nawiki''' (Upper Rio Negro)
-** [[Tariana language|Tariana]]
+*** [[Tariana language|Tariana]]
-** Karu group
+*** Karu group
-*** [[Curripako language|Kurripako]] (a.k.a. Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)
+**** [[Curripako language|Kurripako]] ({{aka}} Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)
-*** [[Baniwa language of Içana|Baniwa (of Içana)]] (Carútana-Baniwa)
+**** [[Baniwa language of Içana|Baniwa (of Içana)]] (Carútana-Baniwa)
-*** Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai ''(Kadaupuritana)''
+**** Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai ''(Kadaupuritana)''
-* '''[[Resigaro language|Resígaro]]''' ''(†?)''
+** '''[[Resigaro language|Resígaro]]''' {{extinct}}?)
-* '''Central Upper Amazon''' (Orinoco)
+** '''Central Upper Amazon''' (Orinoco)
-** Baré group
+*** Baré group
-*** [[Marawa language|Marawá]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Marawa language|Marawá]] {{extinct}}
-*** [[Baré language|Baré]]
+**** [[Baré language|Baré]]
-*** [[Guinao language|Guinao]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Guinao language|Guinao]] {{extinct}}
-** Yavitero group ''(†)''
+*** Yavitero group {{extinct}}
-*** [[Yavitero language|Yavitero]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Yavitero language|Yavitero]] {{extinct}}
-*** [[Abane language|Baniwa]] (Abane)
+**** [[Abane language|Baniwa]] (Abane)
-*** [[Maipure language|Maipure]] ''(†)''
+**** [[Maipure language|Maipure]] {{extinct}}
-* '''Manao''' (Middle Rio Negro) ''(†)''
+** '''Manao''' (Middle Rio Negro) {{extinct}}
-** [[Manao language|Manao]] ''(†)''
+*** [[Manao language|Manao]] {{extinct}}
-** [[Kariai language|Kariaí]] (Cariyai) ''(†)''
+*** [[Kariai language|Kariaí]] (Cariyai) {{extinct}}
+{{tree list/end}}
 He leaves the following Upper Amazon languages unclassified:
-* [[Shiriana language|Shiriana]] (Xiriâna) ''(†)'', [[Yabaana language|Yabaána]] ''(†)'', [[Waraiku language|Waraikú]] (Araikú) ''(†)'', [[Wirina language|Wiriná]] ''(†)''
+* [[Shiriana language|Shiriana]] (Xiriâna) {{extinct}}, [[Yabaana language|Yabaána]] {{extinct}}, [[Waraiku language|Waraikú]] (Araikú) {{extinct}}, [[Wirina language|Wiriná]] {{extinct}}
 ===Aikhenvald (1999)===
 In 1999 Aikhenvald<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aikhenvald |first=Alexandra Y. |year=1999 |chapter=The Arawak language family |editor1=Dixon, Robert Malcolm Ward  |editor2=Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. |title=The Amazonian languages |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57021-3}}</ref> classified a couple languages Kaufman left out (Shiriana, Yabaâna), but leaves several of the Western Nawiki languages and branches unclassified. Several languages — Maipure, Resígaro, Cawishana, Mandahuaca, and Guarequena — are moved. She treats the Yucuna, Karu (Baniwa), and Bare groups as single languages.
+{{tree list}}
-* '''Western Nawiki''' (Colombian)
+** '''Western Nawiki''' (Colombian)
-** [[Maipure language|Maipure]] ''(†)''
-** [[Resigaro language|Resígaro]] ''(†?)''
+*** [[Maipure language|Maipure]] {{extinct}}
-** [[Achagua language|Achagua]] (Achawa)
+*** [[Resigaro language|Resígaro]] {{extinct}}?
-** [[Piapoco language|Piapoco]]
+*** [[Achagua language|Achagua]] (Achawa)
-** [[Caviyari language|Caviyari]] (Cabiyarí) ''(†?)''
+*** [[Piapoco language|Piapoco]]
-** [[Yucuna language|Yucuna]] (Jukuna) (dialect: Guarú ''(†)'')
+*** [[Caviyari language|Caviyari]] (Cabiyarí) {{extinct}}?
+*** [[Yucuna language|Yucuna]] (Jukuna) (dialect: Guarú {{extinct}})
-* '''Eastern Nawiki''' (Upper Rio Negro)
+** '''Eastern Nawiki''' (Upper Rio Negro)
-** [[Tariana language|Tariana]]
-** [[Carútana-Baniwa language|Baniwa]] (Carútana-Baniwa) (dialects: [[Curripako language|Curripako]], Catapolítani)
+*** [[Tariana language|Tariana]]
+*** [[Carútana-Baniwa language|Baniwa]] (Carútana-Baniwa) (dialects: [[Curripako language|Curripako]], Catapolítani)
-** [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]] (Warekena)
+*** [[Guarequena language|Guarequena]] (Warekena)
-* '''Central Upper Amazon''' (Orinoco)
+** '''Central Upper Amazon''' (Orinoco)
-** [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]] (Mandawaka)
+*** [[Mandahuaca language|Mandahuaca]] (Mandawaka)
-**[[Yabaana language|Yabaâna]] ''(†)''
+***[[Yabaana language|Yabaâna]] {{extinct}}
-**[[Baré language|Baré]] (dialect: [[Guinao language|Guinao]] ''(†)'')
+***[[Baré language|Baré]] (dialect: [[Guinao language|Guinao]] {{extinct}})
-** [[Yavitero language|Yavitero]] ''(†)''
+*** [[Yavitero language|Yavitero]] {{extinct}}
-** [[Baniwa language of Guainia|Baniwa of Guainia]]  ''(†)''
+*** [[Baniwa language of Guainia|Baniwa of Guainia]]  {{extinct}}
-* '''Manao''' (Middle Rio Negro) ''(†)''
+** '''Manao''' (Middle Rio Negro) {{extinct}}
-** [[Manao language|Manao]] ''(†)''
+*** [[Manao language|Manao]] {{extinct}}
-** [[Shiriana language|Shiriana]] (Xiriâna) ''(†)''
+*** [[Shiriana language|Shiriana]] (Xiriâna) {{extinct}}
-** [[Cawishana language|Cawishana]] (Kaiʃana) ''(†)''
+*** [[Cawishana language|Cawishana]] (Kaiʃana) {{extinct}}
+{{tree list/end}}
-Unclassified ''(†)'': [[Wainuma language|Wainumá]], [[Mariate language|Mariaté]], [[Anauya language|Anauyá]], [[Amarizana language|Amarizana]], [[Jumana language|Jumana]] (Yumana), [[Pase language|Pasé]], [[Kariai language|Kariaí]] (Cariyai), [[Waraiku language|Waraikú]] (Araikú), [[Wirina language|Wiriná]]. [[Cabre language|Cabre]] (Cavare) was found in the area of the Western Nawiki languages, but only a few words are known. The "[[Ponares language]]" listed in ''Ethnologue'' may have been Piapoco or Achagua.
+Unclassified {{extinct}}: [[Wainuma language|Wainumá]], [[Mariate language|Mariaté]], [[Anauya language|Anauyá]], [[Amarizana language|Amarizana]], [[Jumana language|Jumana]] (Yumana), [[Pase language|Pasé]], [[Kariai language|Kariaí]] (Cariyai), [[Waraiku language|Waraikú]] (Araikú), [[Wirina language|Wiriná]]. [[Cabre language|Cabre]] (Cavare) was found in the area of the Western Nawiki languages, but only a few words are known. The "[[Ponares language]]" listed in ''Ethnologue'' may have been Piapoco or Achagua.
 ==References==