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| 16 March 1963<br/>[[Schönbrunn Palace]]<br/>Aged 79 |
| 16 March 1963<br/>[[Schönbrunn Palace]]<br/>Aged 79 |
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| Son of [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria|Rudolf VI]]<br>(primogeniture) |
| Son of [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria|Rudolf VI]]<br>(primogeniture) |
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|- |
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| '''[[Princess Stephanie of Windisch-Graetz|Francis Joseph II]]'''<br /><small>(Franz Joseph II)</small><br/>16 March 1963<br/>–<br/>May 29, 2005 |
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| 4 April, 1909<br/>[[Schönbrunn Palace]]<hr />Son of [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria|Francis III]] and [[Manuel II of Portugal|Infanta Maria of Portugal]] |
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| |
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| May 29, 2005<br/>[[Schönbrunn Palace]]<br/>Aged 96 |
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| Son of [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria|Francis III]]<br>(primogeniture) |
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|} |
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Line 44: | Line 50: | ||
| Son of [[Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern|Leopold III]]<br>(primogeniture) |
| Son of [[Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern|Leopold III]]<br>(primogeniture) |
||
|- |
|- |
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| '''[[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern|Frederick II]]'''<br /><small>(Friedrich II<br />Fridrich II)</small><br/> |
| '''[[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern|Frederick II]]'''<br /><small>(Friedrich II<br />Fridrich II)</small><br/>22 October 1930<br/>–<br/>6 February 1965 |
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| 30 August 1891<br/>[[Prague Castle]]<hr />Son of [[William, Prince of Hohenzollern|William I]] and [[Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909)|Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]] |
| 30 August 1891<br/>[[Prague Castle]]<hr />Son of [[William, Prince of Hohenzollern|William I]] and [[Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909)|Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]] |
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| |
| |
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| 6 February 1965 |
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| |
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| Son of [[William, Prince of Hohenzollern|William I]]<br>(primogeniture) |
| Son of [[William, Prince of Hohenzollern|William I]]<br>(primogeniture) |
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|- |
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| '''[[Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern|Frederick William I]]'''<br /><small>(Friedrich Wilhelm I<br />Fridrich Vilém I)</small><br/>6 February 1965<br/>–<br/>September 16, 2010 |
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| February 3, 1924<br/>[[Prague Castle]]<hr />Son of [[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern|Frederick II]] and [[]] |
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| |
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| September 16, 2010 |
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| Son of [[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern|Frederick II]]<br>(primogeniture) |
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|} |
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| '''[[Alexander of Battenberg|Alexander]]'''<br/>29 April 1879<br/>–<br/>23 October 1908 |
| '''[[Alexander of Battenberg|Alexander]]'''<br/>29 April 1879<br/>–<br/>23 October 1908 |
||
| 5 April 1857<br/>[[Verona]]<hr />Son of [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine|Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]] and [[Julia, Princess of Battenberg]] |
| 5 April 1857<br/>[[Verona]]<hr />Son of [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine|Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]] and [[Julia, Princess of Battenberg]] |
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| [[Princess Viktoria of Prussia]]<br/>1882<br/>[[]]<br/> |
| [[Princess Viktoria of Prussia]]<br/>11 March 1882<br/>[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]<br/>three children |
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| 23 October 1908<br/>[[]]<br/>Aged |
| 23 October 1908<br/>[[Dolmabahçe Palace|Battenberg Palace]]<br/>Aged |
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| |
| |
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|} |
|} |
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==[[List of British monarchs]]== |
==[[List of British monarchs]]== |
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===[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]=== |
===[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]=== |
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| 28 May 1972<br/>[[Windsor Castle]]<br/>Aged 59 |
| 28 May 1972<br/>[[Windsor Castle]]<br/>Aged 59 |
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| Son of [[Edward VIII|George V]]<br>(primogeniture) |
| Son of [[Edward VIII|George V]]<br>(primogeniture) |
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|- |
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| '''[[Charles, Prince of Wales|Henry IX]]'''<br/>6 September 1977<br/>–<br/>Present |
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| 14 November 1944<br/>[[Buckingham Palace]]<hr />Son of [[Elizabeth II|Edward IX]] and [[]] |
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| |
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| Living |
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| Son of [[Elizabeth II|Edward IX]]<br>(primogeniture) |
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|} |
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|- |
|- |
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|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Principalities''' (''Fürstentümer'') |
|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Principalities''' (''Fürstentümer'') |
||
|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Liechtenstein (1852–1921).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Liechtenstein]]''' |
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| [[Vaduz]] |
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| [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Johann II]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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{{!}} '''[[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]''' (''Böhmen'') |
{{!}} '''[[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]''' (''Böhmen'') |
||
{{!}} [[Prague]] |
{{!}} [[Prague]] |
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{{!}} [[ |
{{!}} [[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern|Friedrich II]] |
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}} |
}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|- |
|- |
||
|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Principalities''' (''Fürstentümer'') |
|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Principalities''' (''Fürstentümer'') |
||
|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Liechtenstein (1852–1921).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Liechtenstein]]''' |
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| [[Vaduz]] |
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| [[Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Johann II]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Principality of Lippe|Lippe]]''' |
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| [[Detmold]] |
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| [[Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe|Leopold IV]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Reuß jüngere Linie.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Principality of Reuss-Gera|Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small>]]''' |
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| [[Gera]] |
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| [[Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line|Heinrich XIV]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Reuß ältere Linie.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Principality of Reuss-Greiz|Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small>]]''' |
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| [[Greiz]] |
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| [[Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XXIV]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Schaumburg-Lippe.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Schaumburg-Lippe]]''' |
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| [[Bückeburg]] |
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| [[Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|Adolf II]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentümer Schwarzburg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]''' |
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| [[Rudolstadt]] |
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| [[Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg|Günther Victor]]{{Ref|Noteb|b}} |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentümer Schwarzburg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]''' |
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| [[Sondershausen]] |
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| [[Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg|Günther Victor]]{{Ref|Noteb|b}} |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Waldeck and Pyrmont]]''' ''(Waldeck und Pyrmont)'' |
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| [[Arolsen]] |
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| [[Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Friedrich]] |
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|- |
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|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Free and Hanseatic Cities''' (''Freie und Hansestädte'') |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Bremen.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| colspan="2" | '''[[Bremen (state)|Bremen]]''' |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Hamburg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| colspan="2" | '''[[Hamburg]]''' |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of the Free City of Lübeck.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| colspan="2" | '''[[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]]''' |
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|- |
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{{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | | |
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{{!}} colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" {{!}} '''Imperial Territories''' (''Reichsländer'') |
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{{!}}- |
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{{!}} [[Image:Dienstflagge Elsaß-Lothringen Kaiserreich.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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{{!}} '''[[Alsace-Lorraine|Lorraine]]''' (''Lothringen'') |
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{{!}} [[Metz]] |
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}} |
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|} |
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===1930=== |
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{| style="text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 1.3em; font-size: 90%;" |
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|+ |
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!colspan ="2" style="background-color:#eeeee0;text-align:center;" |State |
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!style="background-color:#eeeee0"|Capital |
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!style="background-color:#eeeee0"|Ruler |
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|- |
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|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" |'''Kingdoms''' (''Königreiche'') |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Prussia (1892-1918).svg|25px|link=]] |
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| '''[[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]''' (''Preußen'') {{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | <br/><small>(including [[Duchy of Lauenburg|Lauenburg]])</small> }} |
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| [[Berlin]] |
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| [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] |
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|- |
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{{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | | |
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{{!}} [[Image:Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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{{!}} '''[[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]''' (''Bayern'') |
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{{!}} [[Munich]] |
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{{!}} [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria|Rupprecht]] |
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}} |
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|- |
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{{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | | |
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{{!}} [[Image:Flag of Bohemia.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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{{!}} '''[[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]''' (''Böhmen'') |
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{{!}} [[Prague]] |
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{{!}} [[Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern|Friedrich II]] |
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}} |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Hanover 1837-1866.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]]''' (''Hannover'') |
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| [[Hanover]] |
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| [[Prince George William of Hanover (1880–1912)|Georg Wilhelm]]{{Ref|Notea|a}} |
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|- |
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{{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | | |
|||
{{!}} [[Image:Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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{{!}} '''[[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]''' |
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{{!}} [[Stuttgart]] |
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{{!}} [[William_II_of_Württemberg#Marriages_and_children|Ulrich]] |
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}} |
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|- |
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|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Archduchies''' (''Erzherzogtümer'') |
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|- |
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{{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | | |
|||
{{!}} [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
|||
{{!}} '''[[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]]''' (''Österreich'') |
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{{!}} [[Vienna]] |
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{{!}} [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria|Franz III]] |
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}} |
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|- |
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|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Grand Duchies''' (''Großherzogtümer'') |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Alsace (historical).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Duchy of Alsace|Alsace]]''' (''Elsaß'') |
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| [[Strasbourg]] |
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| [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony|Friedrich August]] |
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|- |
|||
{{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | | |
|||
{{!}} [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtum Baden (1891–1918).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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{{!}} '''[[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]''' |
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{{!}} [[Karlsruhe]] |
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{{!}} [[Prince Maximilian of Baden|Maximilian]] |
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}} |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
|||
| '''[[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]''' (''Hessen'') {{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | <br/><small>(Only [[Upper Hesse]], the province north of the [[River Main]])</small> }} |
|||
| {{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | NDB | [[Giessen]] | [[Darmstadt]]}} |
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| [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernst Ludwig]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Luxembourg]]''' (''Luxemburg'') |
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| [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]] |
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| [[William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Wilhelm IV]]********* |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]''' |
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| [[Schwerin]] |
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| [[Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Friedrich Franz IV]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]''' |
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| [[Neustrelitz]] |
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| [[Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Adolphus Frederick V]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Civil flag of Oldenburg.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]''' |
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| [[Oldenburg]] |
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| [[Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Friedrich August II]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Großherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1897-1920).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]''' (''Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'') |
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| [[Weimar]] |
|||
| [[Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Wilhelm I]] |
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|- |
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|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Duchies''' (''Herzogtümer'') |
|||
|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Anhalt.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Duchy of Anhalt|Anhalt]]''' |
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| [[Dessau]] |
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| [[Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt|Leopold V]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Braunschweig.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]''' (''Braunschweig'') |
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| [[Braunschweig]] |
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| [[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover|Ernst August I]]{{Ref|Notea|a}} |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1911).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Saxe-Altenburg]]''' (''Sachsen-Altenburg'') |
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| [[Altenburg]] |
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| [[Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Ernst II]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1911-1920).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]''' (''Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha'') |
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| [[Coburg]] |
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| [[Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred II]] |
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|- |
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| [[Image:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Saxe-Meiningen]]''' (''Sachsen-Meiningen'') |
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| [[Meiningen]] |
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| [[Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Georg II]] |
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|- |
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|colspan ="4" style="background-color:#efefef;text-align:center;" | '''Principalities''' (''Fürstentümer'') |
|||
|- |
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| [[Image:Flag of Liechtenstein (1852–1921).svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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| '''[[Liechtenstein]]''' |
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| [[Vaduz]] |
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| [[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz I]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
| [[Image:Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg|25px|border|link=]] |
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Line 727: | Line 937: | ||
! Victorious party ''(if applicable)'' |
! Victorious party ''(if applicable)'' |
||
! Defeated party ''(if applicable)'' |
! Defeated party ''(if applicable)'' |
||
|- |
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| 1861 |
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| 1867 |
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| [[American Civil War]] |
|||
| {{flag|Confederate States of America|1861}}<br /> |
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{{flag|United Kingdom}} |
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| {{flag|United States of America|1861}} |
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|- |
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| 1861 |
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| 1867 |
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| [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French intervention in Mexico]]<br />''Also known as Franco-Mexican War'' |
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| {{Flagicon|Mexico|1823}} [[United Mexican States]] |
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| {{Flagicon|France}} [[Second French Empire]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Mexico|1864}} [[Second Mexican Empire]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} [[Austrian Empire]] (German and Hungarian volunteers)<br />{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian Legion|Belgian Foreign Legion]]<br />{{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Egypt Eyalet|Egyptian]] [[Sudanese people|Sudanese]] <hr> Supported by : <br /> {{Flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Kingdom of Spain]] (retired in 1862)<br /> {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] (retired in 1862) |
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|- |
|- |
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| 1866 |
| 1866 |
||
Line 763: | Line 986: | ||
| {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} |
| {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} |
||
| {{flag|Austrian Empire}} |
| {{flag|Austrian Empire}} |
||
|- |
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| 1866 |
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| 1869 |
|||
| [[Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)|First Balkan War]] |
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| {{flag|Cretan State}}<br /> |
|||
{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
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{{flag|Principality of Serbia}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
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{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
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{{flag|Principality of Montenegro}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
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{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Opalchentsi|Bulgarian Legion]] <small>(from 1867)</small> |
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| {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 1867 |
| 1867 |
||
Line 776: | Line 1,010: | ||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Second French Empire]]<br /> |
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Second French Empire]]<br /> |
||
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}<br /> |
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}<br /> |
||
{{flag|Papal States}} |
{{flag|Papal States}}<br /> |
||
{{flagicon|Liechtenstein|1852}} [[Liechtenstein]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| 1867 |
| 1867 |
||
Line 798: | Line 1,033: | ||
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg).svg}} Croatian rebels<br /> |
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg).svg}} Croatian rebels<br /> |
||
{{flagicon image|Transylvania - Siebenbürgen - Erdély - Transilvania v1.svg}} Romanian rebels |
{{flagicon image|Transylvania - Siebenbürgen - Erdély - Transilvania v1.svg}} Romanian rebels |
||
|- |
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| 1866 |
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| 1869 |
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| [[Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)|First Balkan War]] |
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| {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}<br /> |
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'''Supported:'''<br /> |
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{{flag|United Kingdom}} <small>(from 1867)</small> |
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| {{flag|Cretan State}}<br /> |
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{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
|||
{{flag|Principality of Serbia}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
|||
{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
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{{flag|Principality of Montenegro}} <small>(from 1867)</small><br /> |
|||
{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Opalchentsi|Bulgarian Legion]] <small>(from 1867)</small> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 1876 |
| 1876 |
||
Line 856: | Line 1,078: | ||
| 1903 |
| 1903 |
||
| [[Paris Commune|French Civil War]] |
| [[Paris Commune|French Civil War]] |
||
| {{flagicon image|Vlag van de Commune van Parijs.svg}} [[Revolutionary France]] |
| {{flagicon image|Vlag van de Commune van Parijs.svg}} [[Revolutionary France]]<hr />{{flagicon image|Drapeau de la province de Bretagne (1532).svg}} [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]]<hr />{{flagicon image|Flag of Thailand (1782).svg}} [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Kingdom of Siam]] |
||
| {{flag|French Third Republic}} <br /> |
| {{flag|French Third Republic}} <br /> |
||
{{flagicon image|Arms of the Dukes of Orléans.svg}} [[Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris#Restoration_of_French_monarchy|Orléanist France]]<br /> |
{{flagicon image|Arms of the Dukes of Orléans.svg}} [[Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris#Restoration_of_French_monarchy|Orléanist France]]<br /> |
||
'''Supported:'''<br /> |
'''Supported:'''<br /> |
||
{{flag|German Empire}}<br /> |
|||
{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |
{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |
||
{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}< |
{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}<br /> |
||
{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spain under the Restoration|Kingdom of Spain]]<br /> |
|||
{{flag|German Empire}}<hr /> |
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{{flagicon image|Flag of the Constitutional Kingdom of France (proposed).svg}} [[Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris#Restoration_of_French_monarchy|Orléanist Algeria]] |
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Constitutional Kingdom of France (proposed).svg}} [[Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris#Restoration_of_French_monarchy|Orléanist Algeria]] |
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==[[Austro-Prussian War]]== |
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===Aftermath and consequences=== |
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====For the defeated parties==== |
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In addition to war reparations, the following territorial changes took place: |
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* Austria: Surrendered the province of [[Venetia (region)|Venetia]] and some [[Dalmatia|Dalmatian]] islands to Italy. Austria then lost all official influence over member states of the former German Confederation. Austria’s defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule; the Empire was briefly transformed via the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] into the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in the following year, though this would rapidly disintegrate. |
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* Schleswig and Holstein: Became the Prussian [[Schleswig-Holstein Province|Province of Schleswig-Holstein]]. |
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* Saxony: Annexed by Prussia, became the [[Province of Saxony]]. |
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* Hesse-Darmstadt: Surrendered to Prussia the small territory it had acquired earlier in 1866 on the extinction of the ruling house of Hesse-Homburg. The northern half of the remaining land joined the [[North German Confederation]]. |
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* Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, Frankfurt: Annexed by Prussia. Combined with the territory surrendered by Hesse-Darmstadt to form the new [[Hesse-Nassau|Province of Hesse-Nassau]]. |
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* Hanover, Saxe-Meiningen, Reuss-Greiz, Schaumburg-Lippe: Spared from annexation but joined the [[North German Confederation]] in the following year. |
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==[[World War One|Great European War]]== |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Great European War |
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| date = {{start and end dates|1899|7|28|1901|11|11|df=yes}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1899|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1901}}) |
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| place = [[Europe]], [[Middle East]], [[Caucasus]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Oceania]] |
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| result = [[Central Powers|Eastern Powers]] victory |
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{{bulletlist|Collapse of the [[Ottoman Empire]].}} |
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| combatant1 = '''[[Central Powers|Eastern Powers]]:'''{{plainlist| |
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* {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German Empire|Germany]] |
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* {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Russian Empire|Russia]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] |
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* {{flagicon|Principality of Montenegro}} [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]] |
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* {{flagcountry|Orange Free State}} |
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* {{flagcountry|South African Republic}} |
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}} |
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| combatant2 = '''[[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]]:'''{{plainlist| |
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* {{flagicon|France}} [[Kingdom of France|France]] |
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* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]] |
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* {{flagcountry|Belgium}} |
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* {{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}} |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] |
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* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] |
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}} |
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| combatant3 = {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Revolutionary France]] (1900–1901) |
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| commander1 = {{plainlist| |
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* {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] |
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* {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia|Vladimir IV]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Ferdinand VI]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Alexander of Battenberg|Alexander I]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} [[Alexander I of Serbia|Alexander I]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[George I of Greece|George I]] |
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* {{flagicon|Principality of Montenegro}} [[Nicholas I of Montenegro|Nicholas I]] |
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}} |
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| commander2 = {{plainlist| |
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* {{flagicon|France}} [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris|Philippe VII]] |
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* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] |
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* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]] |
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* {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Abdul Hamid II]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] |
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* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]] |
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}} |
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| commander3 = {{plainlist| |
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* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Paul Lafargue]] |
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* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Laura Marx]] |
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* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Jules Guesde]] |
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* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Gabriel Deville]] |
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}} |
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| strength1 = |
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| strength2 = |
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| casualties1 = |
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| casualties2 = |
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}} |
Latest revision as of 07:25, 21 July 2022
List of Austrian monarchs[edit]
House of Habsburg-Lorraine[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rudolf VI 8 June 1868 – 2 September 1900 |
21 August 1858 Laxenburg Son of Franz Joseph I and Elisabeth of Austria |
Stéphanie of Belgium 10 May 1881 Augustinian Church three children |
2 September 1900 Hofburg Aged 42 |
Son of Francis Joseph I (primogeniture) |
Francis III (Franz III) 2 September 1900 – 16 March 1963 |
2 September 1883 Franzensburg Son of Rudolf VI and Stéphanie of Belgium |
Infanta Maria of Portugal 23 January 1902 Hofburg four children |
16 March 1963 Schönbrunn Palace Aged 79 |
Son of Rudolf VI (primogeniture) |
Francis Joseph II (Franz Joseph II) 16 March 1963 – May 29, 2005 |
4 April, 1909 Schönbrunn Palace Son of Francis III and Infanta Maria of Portugal |
May 29, 2005 Schönbrunn Palace Aged 96 |
Son of Francis III (primogeniture) |
List of Bohemian monarchs[edit]
House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leopold III 8 June 1868 – 8 June 1905 |
22 September 1835 Krauchenwies Son of Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern and Princess Josephine of Baden |
Infanta Antónia of Portugal 12 September 1861 three sons |
8 June 1905 Prague Castle Aged 69 |
Chosen by Bohemian Diet |
William I (Wilhelm I Vilém I) 8 June 1868 – 8 June 1905 |
7 March 1864 Schloss Benrath Son of Leopold III and Infanta Antónia of Portugal |
Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 27 June 1889 St. Vitus Cathedral four children |
22 October 1930 Prague Castle Aged 66 |
Son of Leopold III (primogeniture) |
Frederick II (Friedrich II Fridrich II) 22 October 1930 – 6 February 1965 |
30 August 1891 Prague Castle Son of William I and Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies |
6 February 1965 | Son of William I (primogeniture) | |
Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I Fridrich Vilém I) 6 February 1965 – September 16, 2010 |
February 3, 1924 Prague Castle Son of Frederick II and [[]] |
September 16, 2010 | Son of Frederick II (primogeniture) |
List of Belgian monarchs[edit]
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leopold II (Léopold II) 17 December 1865 – 17 December 1909 |
9 April 1835 Brussels Son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans |
Marie Henriette of Austria Brussels 22 August 1853 three children |
17 December 1909 Laeken Aged 74 |
Son of Leopold I (primogeniture) |
Leopold III (Léopold III) 17 December 1909 – 2 January 1931 |
12 June 1859 Castle of Laeken Son of Leopold II and Marie Henriette of Austria |
Archduchess Gisela of Austria Augustinian Church 20 April 1874 five children |
2 January 1931 Laeken Aged 71 |
Son of Leopold II (primogeniture) |
Leopold IV (Léopold IV) 2 January 1931 – 1 August 1948 |
15 May 1879 Castle of Laeken Son of Leopold III and Archduchess Gisela of Austria |
1 August 1948 Laeken Aged 69 |
Son of Leopold III (primogeniture) |
List of Bulgarian monarchs[edit]
House of Battenberg[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alexander 29 April 1879 – 23 October 1908 |
5 April 1857 Verona Son of Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia, Princess of Battenberg |
Princess Viktoria of Prussia 11 March 1882 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral three children |
23 October 1908 Battenberg Palace Aged |
List of British monarchs[edit]
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Edward VII 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 |
9 November 1841 Buckingham Palace Son of Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria |
Alexandra of Denmark 10 March 1863 St George's Chapel 6 children |
6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace Aged 68 |
Son of Victoria (primogeniture) |
Edward VIII 6 May 1910 – 13 September 1935 |
8 January 1864 Frogmore House Son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark |
Mary of Teck St James's Palace 27 February 1892 six children |
13 September 1935 Buckingham Palace Aged 71 |
Son of Edward VII (primogeniture) |
George V 13 September 1935 – 28 May 1972 |
23 June 1893 Frogmore House Son of Edward VIII and Mary of Teck |
28 May 1972 Buckingham Palace Aged 79 |
Son of Edward VIII (primogeniture) | |
Edward IX 28 May 1972 – 6 September 1977 |
21 April 1913 Sandringham House Son of George V and [[]] |
28 May 1972 Windsor Castle Aged 59 |
Son of George V (primogeniture) | |
Henry IX 6 September 1977 – Present |
14 November 1944 Buckingham Palace Son of Edward IX and [[]] |
Living | Son of Edward IX (primogeniture) |
List of Dutch monarchs[edit]
House of Orange-Nassau[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
William III (Willem III) 17 March 1849 – 27 October 1887 |
19 February 1817 Palace of the Nation Son of William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia |
Sophie of Württemberg 18 June 1839 Stuttgart three sons |
27 October 1887 Het Loo Palace Aged 70 |
Son of William II (primogeniture) |
Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont 7 January 1879 Arolsen no children | ||||
Sophie 27 October 1887 – 23 March 1897 |
8 April 1824 Lange Voorhout Palace Daughter of William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia |
Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 8 October 1842 The Hague four children |
23 March 1897 Royal Palace of Amsterdam Aged 72 |
Daughter of William II (primogeniture) |
Charles Augustus (Karel August) 23 March 1897 – 20 November 1904 |
31 July 1844 Weimar Son of Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Queen Sophie |
Princess Marie of the Netherlands 18 July 1871 The Hague three children |
20 November 1904 Royal Palace of Amsterdam Aged 60 |
Son of Queen Sophie (primogeniture) |
List of French monarchs[edit]
House of Orléans (restored)[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Philippe VII 21 May 1871 – 11 October 1901 |
24 August 1838 Tuileries Palace Son of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans and Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Marie Isabelle of Orléans St Raphael's Church 30 May 1864 six children |
20 November 1901 Palace of Fontainebleau Aged 63 |
Grandson of Louis Philippe I (primogeniture) |
Philippe VIII 11 October 1901 – 28 March 1931 |
6 February 1869 Tuileries Palace Son of Philippe VII and Marie Isabelle of Orléans |
Maria of Spain Notre-Dame 2 November 1890 three children |
28 March 1931 Algiers Aged 62 |
Son of Philippe VII (primogeniture) |
List of German Emperors[edit]
House of Hohenzollern[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wilhelm II 15 June 1888 – 4 June 1941 |
27 January 1859 Kronprinzenpalais Son of Frederick III and Victoria, Princess Royal |
Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein Berlin 27 February 1881 seven children |
4 June 1941 Berlin Aged 82 |
Son of Frederick III (primogeniture) |
Wilhelm III 4 June 1941 – 20 July 1961 |
6 May 1882 Marmorpalais Son of Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein |
Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Berlin 6 June 1905 seven children |
20 July 1961 Berlin Aged 79 |
Son of Wilhelm II (primogeniture) |
Wilhelm IV 20 July 1961 – 26 May 1993 |
4 July 1906 Marmorpalais Son of Wilhelm III and Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
26 May 1993 Königsberg Aged 86 |
Son of Wilhelm III (primogeniture) |
List of Hanoverian monarchs[edit]
House of Hanover[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
George V (Georg V) 18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878) |
27 May 1819 Berlin Son of Ernest Augustus I and Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 18 February 1843 Hanover three children |
12 June 1878 Herrenhausen Gardens Aged 659 |
Son of Ernest Augustus I (primogeniture) |
Ernest Augustus II (Ernst August II) 12 June 1878) – 14 November 1923 |
21 September 1845 Hanover Son of George V and Marie of Saxe-Altenburg |
[[]] [[]] children |
14 November 1923 Hanover Aged 78 |
Son of George V (primogeniture) |
List of Hungarian monarchs[edit]
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
August (Ágost) 28 November 1868 – 26 July 1881 |
13 June 1818 Vienna Son of Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág |
Princess Clémentine of Orléans 20 April 1843 Château de Saint-Cloud five children |
26 July 1881 Royal Palace Aged 63 |
Chosen by Diet of Hungary |
Ferdinand VI (Ferdinánd VI) 26 July 1881 – 3 July 1921 |
28 March 1844 Tuileries Palace Son of August and Princess Clémentine of Orléans |
Princess Louise of Belgium 4 May 1875 St. Stephen's Basilica two children |
3 July 1921 Royal Palace Aged 77 |
Son of August (primogeniture) |
Leopold III (Lipót III) 3 July 1921 – 30 December 1943 |
19 July 1878 Svätý Anton Son of Ferdinand VI and Princess Louise of Belgium |
30 December 1943 Royal Palace Aged 65 |
Son of Ferdinand VI (primogeniture) |
List of Italian monarchs[edit]
House of Savoy[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Umberto I 9 January 1878 – 17 November 1878 |
14 March 1844 Turin Son of Victor Emmanuel II and Adelaide of Austria |
Mathilda of Austria 21 April 1868 Turin two children |
17 November 1878 Naples Aged 34 |
Son of Victor Emmanuel II (primogeniture) |
Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele III) 17 November 1878 – 28 December 1947 |
11 November 1869 Naples Son of Umberto I and Mathilda of Austria |
Elena of Montenegro 24 October 1896 Italy five children |
28 December 1947 Quirinal Palace Aged 78 |
Son of Umberto I (primogeniture) |
Umberto II 28 December 1947 – 18 March 1983 |
15 September 1904 Castle of Racconigi Son of Victor Emmanuel III and Elena of Montenegro |
18 March 1983 Royal Villa of Monza Aged 78 |
Son of Victor Emmanuel III (primogeniture) | |
Victor Emmanuel IV (Vittorio Emanuele IV) 18 March 1983 – Present |
12 February 1937 Naples Son of Umberto II and [[]] |
Living | Son of Umberto II (primogeniture) |
List of Romanian monarchs[edit]
House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Charles I (Carol I) 15 March 1881 – 10 October 1914 |
20 April 1839 Sigmaringen Son of Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern and Josephine of Baden |
Elisabeth of Wied 15 November 1869 Neuwied four children |
10 October 1914 Sinaia Aged 75 |
Elected Sovereign Prince by Romanian parliament |
Charles II (Carol II) 10 October 1914 – |
8 September 1870 Bucharest Son of Charles I and Elisabeth of Wied |
[[]] [[]] |
2 June 1932 Peleș Castle Aged 61 |
Son of Charles I (primogeniture) |
List of Russian Emperors[edit]
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alexander II (Aleksandr II) 2 March 1855 – 13 March 1891 |
29 April 1818 Moscow Kremlin Son of Nicholas I and Charlotte of Prussia |
Marie of Hesse 16 April 1841 St. Petersburg eight children |
13 March 1891 Sinaia Aged 72 |
Son of Nicholas I (primogeniture) |
Vladimir IV 13 March 1891 – 17 February 1909 |
22 April 1847 Winter Palace Son of Alexander II and Marie of Hesse |
Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 28 August 1874 [[]] five children |
17 February 1909 Vladimir Palace Aged 61 |
Son of Alexander II (primogeniture) |
List of Spanish monarchs[edit]
House of Savoy[edit]
Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amadeo I 16 November 1870 – 18 January 1900 |
30 May 1845 Royal Palace of Turin Son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Adelaide of Austria |
Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo Turin 30 May 1867 six children |
18 January 1900 Royal Palace of Madrid Aged 54 |
Elected by Cortes Generales; Great-great-grandson of Charles III |
Emanuele Filiberto I (Manuel Filiberto I) 18 January 1900 – 4 July 1931 |
13 January 1869 Genoa Son of Amadeo I and Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo |
Hélène of Orléans Madrid 25 June 1895 three children |
4 July 1931 Royal Palace of Madrid Aged 62 |
Son of Amadeo I (primogeniture) |
States in the German Empire[edit]
1900[edit]
^ Ernst August II inherited the Duchy of Brunswick in 18 October 1884 after the death of Duke Wilhelm VIII
^ Günther Victor inherited the Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 28 March 1909 after the death of Prince Karl Günther
1910[edit]
1930[edit]
List of Wars (1860-1899)[edit]
Austro-Prussian War[edit]
Aftermath and consequences[edit]
For the defeated parties[edit]
In addition to war reparations, the following territorial changes took place:
- Austria: Surrendered the province of Venetia and some Dalmatian islands to Italy. Austria then lost all official influence over member states of the former German Confederation. Austria’s defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule; the Empire was briefly transformed via the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in the following year, though this would rapidly disintegrate.
- Schleswig and Holstein: Became the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein.
- Saxony: Annexed by Prussia, became the Province of Saxony.
- Hesse-Darmstadt: Surrendered to Prussia the small territory it had acquired earlier in 1866 on the extinction of the ruling house of Hesse-Homburg. The northern half of the remaining land joined the North German Confederation.
- Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, Frankfurt: Annexed by Prussia. Combined with the territory surrendered by Hesse-Darmstadt to form the new Province of Hesse-Nassau.
- Hanover, Saxe-Meiningen, Reuss-Greiz, Schaumburg-Lippe: Spared from annexation but joined the North German Confederation in the following year.
Great European War[edit]
Great European War | ||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||
Eastern Powers: | Entente Powers: |
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Commanders and leaders | ||||||||