User:Marisab6/sandbox: Difference between revisions

Fred Werner
Fred Werner
Birth name	Frederick Henry Werner, Jr.
Born	11 June 1934
Died	June 11, 2024 (aged 90); Arizona, USA
Genres	Film score; Musical theater;
Occupations	Musician; composer; arranger; musical director; orchestrator; musical supervisor;
Instruments	Piano;
Years active	Early 1960s - 2020s
Website	www.fredwerner.com

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-{{short description|Settlement area in South Africa}}
+{{Short description|American musician and composer (born 1934)}}
+{{for|the Australian composer and music teacher|Fred Werner}}
-{{Infobox settlement
+{{Infobox musical artist
-<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->|
+| name              = Fred Werner
-| coordinates    = {{Coord|23|20|33.13|S|30|29|6.99|E|display=inline}}
-| name           = Tshimbupfe
+| birth_name        = Frederick Henry Werner, Jr.
+| birth_date        = {{birth date|1934|6|11|df=yes}}
-| native_name_lang = Venda
-| etymology      = "Iron Mountains"
+| birth_place       =
+| death_date       = {{death date and age|2024|6|11|1934|6|11}}
-<!-- location ------------------>
+| death_place      = Arizona, USA
-| subdivision_type  = [[Country]]
+| genre             = {{flatlist|
-| subdivision_name = [[South Africa]]
+* [[Film score]]
-| subdivision_type1 = [[Province]]
+* [[Musical theater]]
-| subdivision_name1 = [[Limpopo]]
+}}
-<!-- square kilometers -->
+| occupations       = {{hlist|Musician|composer|arranger|musical director|orchestrator|musical supervisor}}
-| area_total_km2 = 16.76
-| elevation_m    = 823.8
+| instruments       = {{hlist|Piano}}
+| years_active      = Early 1960s - 2020s
-| population_as_of = 2011
+| spouse            =
-| population_total = 14653
+| partner           =
-<!-- time zone(s) -------------->| timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
+| website           = {{URL|https://www.fredwerner.com/}}
-| utc_offset1    = +2
 }}
-'''Tshimbupfe''' is a region in [[South Africa]]'s [[Limpopo province]] encompassing Tshimbupfe village and the nearby area south of the [[Soutpansberg]] mountain range.
+'''Fred Werner''' was  xxxx.
-== People ==
-The area is home to members of the the [[Venda people|Vhavenda]] people, a [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-language speaking composed of mulitiple subgroups with distinct origins and cultural heritage<ref name="ethno">{{cite journal |last1=Mabogo |first1=Dowelani Edward Ndivhudzannyi |title=The ethnobotany of the Vhavenda |date=July 1990 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/28881 |access-date=30 January 2021 |publisher=University of Pretoria}}</ref><ref name="mesthrie">{{cite book |last1=Mesthrie |first1=Rajend |title=Language and social history: Studies in South African sociolinguistics |date=1995 |publisher=New Africa Books |isbn=0-86486-280-6}}</ref>. Mining and iron smelting have long been important to the economic, commercial, and ritual lives of the Vhavenda people<ref name="thesis">{{cite journal |last1=Munzhedzi |first1=Mudzunga |title=An evaluation of the conservation status of the Vuu and Tshimbupfe Iron-Smelting sites in Vuwani, Limpopo Province |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mudzunga_Munzhedzi/publication/323337417_An_evaluation_of_the_conservation_status_of_the_Vuu_and_Tshimbupfe_Iron-Smelting_sites_in_Vuwani_Limpopo_Province/links/5b7d7260a6fdcc5f8b5c3abf/An-evaluation-of-the-conservation-status-of-the-Vuu-and-Tshimbupfe-Iron-Smelting-sites-in-Vuwani-Limpopo-Province.pdf |date=January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>. Today, Tshimbupfe is in the [[Makhado Local Municipality]] within the [[Vhembe District Municipality]]; according to the [[South African National Census of 2011|2011 South African National Census]], Tshimbupfe has a population of 14,653 and an area of 16.76 km<sup>2</sup><ref name="census">{{cite web |last1=Frith |first1=Adrian |title=Tshimbupfe |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/968091 |website=Census 2011 |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>. Most residents speak [[Venda]] (also known as Tshivenda) or [[Xitsonga]]<ref name="census" />.
-== Geography and Geology ==
+== Header 1 ==
+xxx
-The settlement area lies 823.8 m above sea level<ref name="thesis" /> and the province is bordered by [[Botswana]] to the west and [[Zimbabwe]] to the north. The word “Tshimbupfe” translates to “Iron Mountains” in the Venda language<ref name="killick">{{cite journal |last1=Killick |first1=David |last2=Miller |first2=Duncan |title=Smelting of magnetite and magnetite–ilmenite iron ores in the northern Lowveld, South Africa, ca. 1000 CE to ca. 1880 CE |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=March 2014 |volume=43 |pages=239-255 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.016 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440313004469 |access-date=29 January 2021 |issn=03054403}}</ref>. The settlement area sits at the foot of Manobi Mountain<ref name="thesis" />, part of the Schiel Alkaline Complex, a [[Carbonatite|carbonatite complex]]<ref name="killick" />. The nearby mountain is rich in [[Iron ore|iron ore]] ([[Hematite|hematite]])<ref name="thesis" />,<ref name="venda_iron">{{cite journal |last1=Mathoho |first1=Eric Ndivhuwo |last2=Bandama |first2=Foreman |last3=Moffett |first3=Abigail J. |last4=Chirikure |first4=Shadreck |title=A technological and anthropological study of iron production in Venda, Limpopo Province, South Africa |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |date=2 April 2016 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=234-256 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2016.1177937 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0067270X.2016.1177937 |access-date=28 January 2021 |issn=0067-270X}}</ref>, which was mined for bartering, profit, the creation of domestic utensils, and smelting until the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century<ref name="thesis" />,<ref name="killick" />. The complex is part of the [[Kaapvaal Craton]]<ref name="geochron">{{cite journal |last1=Walraven |first1=F. |last2=Frick |first2=C. |last3=Lubala |first3=R. T. |title=Pb-isotope geochronology of the Schiel complex, northern Transvaal, South Africa |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) |date=July 1992 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=103-110 |doi=10.1016/0899-5362(92)90011-Z |url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/science/article/pii/089953629290011Z#! |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>, part of Earth’s original crust (3.6 - 2.5 [[Ga]]).
-== Archaeological Significance ==
+== Header 2 ==
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-The tradition of [[bloomery]] iron smelting in this region extends back to the [[Early Iron Age]] (AD 200-900) <ref name="venda_iron" />. This long tradition is reflected in the numerous remnants of this practice that dot the landscape. The mountains of Tshimbupfe, to which Venda people would travel from the surrounding lowlands for iron ore<ref name="friede">{{cite journal |last1=Friede |first1=H.M. |title=Iron Age mining in the Transvaal |journal=Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |date=April 1980 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=156-165 |url=https://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v080n04p156.pdf |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=Sabinet}}</ref>, are lined with shallow trenches from pre-European mining that remained visible until the 1990's<ref name="killick" />. The mining and transportation of this ore was documented in the late 1800's by E.D. Gieseke, the wife of a missionary based in the region<ref name="venda_iron" />.
+== Header 3 ==
-The iron smelteries used in this region were clay cylinders measuring approximately one meter in diameter and height built into the ground.  Each smelter had three vertical slits at even intervals around its circumference, into which [[tuyères]] were inserted to facilitate airflow.  These furnaces were reused to produce additional blooms, and the vertical slits may have allowed each bloom to be removed from the smelter without destroying it.  Schuynshoogte, a farm to the north of Tshimbupfe village, was the location of an iron production center with a smelter that remained in good condition until being vandalized in the 1990's<ref name="killick" /><ref name="venda_iron" />.
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 == References ==