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{{Short description|Container format in DVD-Video media}}
{{about||Versioned Object Base|Rational ClearCase|Voice over Broadband (VoB)|Voice over Internet Protocol}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox file format
{{Infobox file format
| name = VOB
| name = VOB
| icon =
| icon =
| logo =
| logo =
| extension = .VOB
| extension = .vob, .ifo, .bup
| mime = video/dvd, video/mpeg,<ref name="vob-whatis" /><ref name="vob-uniblue"/> video/x-ms-vob{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}
| mime = video/dvd, video/mpeg,<ref name="vob-whatis" /><ref name="vob-uniblue"/> video/x-ms-vob{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}
| type code =
| type code =
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| magic =
| magic =
| owner = [[DVD Forum]]
| owner = [[DVD Forum]]
| type = [[Container format (digital)|Container format]]
| genre = [[Media container]]
| container for = [[Digital audio|Audio]], [[Digital video|video]], [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]]
| container for = [[Digital audio|Audio]], [[Digital video|video]], [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]]
| contained by = [[DVD-Video]]
| contained by = [[DVD-Video]]
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| extended to =
| extended to =
| standard = DVD-Video Book<ref name="dvd-book">DVD FLLC (2009-02) [http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html DVD Book Construction - list of all available DVD Books], Retrieved on 2009-07-24</ref><ref name="dvd-books">DVD FLLC [http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_histry.html DVD Format Book - History of Supplements for DVD Books], Retrieved on 2009-07-24</ref>
| standard = DVD-Video Book<ref name="dvd-book">DVD FLLC (2009-02) [http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html DVD Book Construction - list of all available DVD Books], Retrieved on 2009-07-24</ref><ref name="dvd-books">DVD FLLC [http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_histry.html DVD Format Book - History of Supplements for DVD Books], Retrieved on 2009-07-24</ref>
| open = No
| free = No
}}
}}
'''VOB''' ('''''V'''ideo '''Ob'''ject'') is the [[Container format (digital)|container format]] in [[DVD-Video]] media. VOB can contain [[digital video]], [[digital audio]], [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]], DVD menus and navigation contents [[multiplexed]] together into a stream form. Files in VOB format may be encrypted.
'''VOB''' (for '''video object''') is the [[Container format (digital)|container format]] in [[DVD-Video]] media. VOB can contain [[digital video]], [[digital audio]], [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]], DVD menus and navigation contents [[multiplexed]] together into a stream form. Files in VOB format may be encrypted.


==File format==
==File format==
Files in VOB format have <code>.vob</code> filename extension and are typically stored in the [[VIDEO_TS]] folder at the root of a [[DVD]].<ref>{{Cite web
Files in VOB format have a <code>.vob</code> filename extension and are typically stored in the [[VIDEO_TS]] directory at the root of a [[DVD]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.fileinfo.com/extension/vob
|url = http://www.fileinfo.com/extension/vob
|title = .VOB File Extension
|title = .VOB File Extension
|work = FileInfo.com
|work = FileInfo.com
|accessdate = 18 April 2012
|access-date = 18 April 2012
}}</ref> The VOB format is based on the [[MPEG program stream]] format, but with additional limitations and specifications in the private streams.<ref name="whatisvob">{{Cite web
}}</ref> The VOB format is based on the [[MPEG program stream]] format, but with additional limitations and specifications in the private streams.<ref name="whatisvob">{{Cite web
|url = http://www.mpucoder.com/DVD/vobov.html
|url = http://www.mpucoder.com/DVD/vobov.html
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|work = MPUCoder
|work = MPUCoder
|publisher = SoundWare Associates
|publisher = SoundWare Associates
|accessdate = 18 April 2012
|access-date = 18 April 2012
}}</ref><ref name="mpeg-dvd">{{Cite web
}}</ref><ref name="mpeg-dvd">{{Cite web
|url = http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/dvdmpeg.html
|url = http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/dvdmpeg.html
Line 36: Line 39:
|work = DVD Resources for Open Source Development
|work = DVD Resources for Open Source Development
|publisher = [[SourceForge]]
|publisher = [[SourceForge]]
|accessdate = 28 April 2012
|access-date = 28 April 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dvdpro.com/dvd.htm |title=Is it easy to understand DVD format? |accessdate=2011-02-26 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20011024182535/http://dvdpro.com/dvd.htm |archivedate=2001-10-24}}</ref> The MPEG program stream has provisions for non-standard data (as used in VOB files) in the form of so-called private streams. VOB files are a very strict subset of the MPEG program stream standard. While all VOB files are MPEG program streams, not all MPEG program streams comply with the definition for a VOB file.<ref name="whatisvob" />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dvdpro.com/dvd.htm |title=Is it easy to understand DVD format? |access-date=2011-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011024182535/http://dvdpro.com/dvd.htm |archive-date=2001-10-24}}</ref> The MPEG program stream has provisions for non-standard data (as used in VOB files) in the form of so-called private streams. VOB files are a very strict subset of the MPEG program stream standard. While all VOB files are MPEG program streams, not all MPEG program streams comply with the definition for a VOB file.<ref name="whatisvob" />


Analogous to the MPEG program stream, VOB file can contain [[H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2]] or [[MPEG-1#Part 2: Video|MPEG-1 Part 2]] video, [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II]] or MPEG-2 Audio Layer II audio, but usage of these compression formats in a VOB file has some restrictions in comparison to the MPEG program stream. In addition, VOB can contain [[Linear pulse code modulation|Linear PCM]], [[Dolby Digital|AC-3]] or [[Digital Theatre System|DTS]] audio and subpictures (subtitles).<ref name="mpeg-dvd" /><ref>MPEG.org (July 21, 1996) [http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_B/Video.html DVD Technical Notes - Video Data Specifications], Retrieved on 2009-07-25</ref><ref name="videohelp-dvd">Videohelp.com [http://www.videohelp.com/dvd#tech What is DVD? Technical Info for DVD-Video], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref> VOB file cannot contain [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] audio (MPEG-2 Part 7), [[MPEG-4]] compression formats and others, which are allowed in MPEG program stream standard.
Analogous to the MPEG program stream, a VOB file can contain [[H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2]] or [[MPEG-1#Part 2: Video|MPEG-1 Part 2]] video, [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II]] or MPEG-2 Audio Layer II audio, but usage of these compression formats in a VOB file has some restrictions in comparison to the MPEG program stream. In addition, a VOB file can contain [[linear PCM]], [[Dolby Digital|AC-3]] or [[Digital Theatre System|DTS]] audio and subpictures (subtitles).<ref name="mpeg-dvd" /><ref>MPEG.org (July 21, 1996) [http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_B/Video.html DVD Technical Notes - Video Data Specifications], Retrieved on 2009-07-25</ref><ref name="videohelp-dvd">Videohelp.com [http://www.videohelp.com/dvd#tech What is DVD? Technical Info for DVD-Video], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref> VOB files cannot contain [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] audio (MPEG-2 Part 7), [[MPEG-4]] compression formats and others, which are allowed in the MPEG program stream standard.{{CitationNeeded|date=July 2017}}


On the DVD, all the content for one title set is contiguous, but broken up into 1 [[Gigabyte|GB]] VOB files in the computer compatible file systems for the convenience of the various operating systems.<ref name="whatisvob" /> Each VOB file must be less than or equal to one [[Gigabyte|GB]].<ref>Doom9.org [http://www.doom9.org/dvd-structure.htm doom9.org What's on a DVD?], Retrieved on 2009-07-26</ref>
On the DVD, all of the content for one title set is contiguous, but if necessary is broken up into 1 [[Gigabyte|GB]] VOB files in order to be compatible with all operating systems, as some cannot read files larger than that size.<ref name="whatisvob" /><ref>Doom9.org [http://www.doom9.org/dvd-structure.htm doom9.org What's on a DVD?], Retrieved on 2009-07-26</ref>


=== Companion files ===
=== Companion files ===
{{Redirect|IFO}}
VOB files may be accompanied with IFO and BUP files. These files respectively have <code>.ifo</code> and <code>.bup</code> filename extensions.
VOB files may be accompanied with IFO and BUP files. These files respectively have <code>.ifo</code> and <code>.bup</code> filename extensions.


IFO (information) files contain all the information a DVD player needs to know about a DVD so that the user can navigate and play all DVD content properly,<ref>AfterDawn.com (2007-07-31) [http://www.afterdawn.com/guides/archive/how_to_play_vob___ifo___bup_files.cfm How to play VOB / IFO / BUP files], Retrieved on 2009-07-26</ref> such as where a chapter starts, where a certain audio or subtitle stream is located, information about menu functions and navigation. BUP (backup) files are exact copies of IFO files, supplied to help in case of corruption. Video players may not allow DVD navigation when IFO or BUP files are absent.
IFO (information) files contain all the information a DVD player needs to know about a DVD so that the user can navigate and play all DVD content properly,<ref>AfterDawn.com (2007-07-31) [http://www.afterdawn.com/guides/archive/how_to_play_vob___ifo___bup_files.cfm How to play VOB / IFO / BUP files], Retrieved on 2009-07-26</ref> such as where a chapter starts, where a certain audio or subtitle stream is located, information about menu functions and navigation. BUP (backup) files are exact [[data redundancy|redundant]] copies of IFO files, supplied to help in case of corruption. Video players may not allow DVD navigation when IFO or BUP files are absent.

Images, video and audio used in DVD menus are stored in VOB files.


==Copy protection==
==Copy protection==
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A player of generic MPEG-2 files can usually play unencrypted VOB files, which contain MPEG-1 Audio Layer II audio. Other audio compression formats such as AC-3 or DTS are less widely supported.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
A player of generic MPEG-2 files can usually play unencrypted VOB files, which contain MPEG-1 Audio Layer II audio. Other audio compression formats such as AC-3 or DTS are less widely supported.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}


[[MPlayer]], [[VLC media player]], [[GOM player]], [[Media Player Classic]] and more platform-specific [[Media player (application software)|players]] like [[ALLPlayer]] play VOB files.
[[KMPlayer]], [[VLC media player]], [[GOM player]], [[Media Player Classic]] and more platform-specific [[Media player (application software)|players]] like [[ALLPlayer]] play VOB files.


==Other DVD containers==
==Other DVD containers==
{{main|Enhanced VOB|DVD-VR#VRO file format|l2=DVD-VR § VRO file format}}
{{main|Enhanced VOB|DVD-VR#VRO file format}}
Some [[DVD Recorder]]s use [[DVD-VR]] format and store multiplexed audiovisual content in VRO containers.<ref name="VRO">DVD Demystified (July 13, 2009) [http://dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#4.10 What are .IFO, .VOB, .AOB, and .VRO files? How can I play them?], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref><ref>Doom9's forum (2002-2005) [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=15908 DVD-RAM *.VRO File Conversion], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref> A VRO file is equivalent to a collection of DVD-Video VOB files. The VRO files can be played directly like a VOB if no editing is intended.<ref>[http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/DVD-VR/ DVD-VR Application format notes], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref> Fragmented VRO files are not widely supported by software players and video editing software.<ref name="VRO" />
Some [[DVD Recorder]]s use [[DVD-VR]] format and store multiplexed audiovisual content in VRO containers.<ref name="VRO">DVD Demystified (July 13, 2009) [http://dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#4.10 What are .IFO, .VOB, .AOB, and .VRO files? How can I play them?], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref><ref>Doom9's forum (2002-2005) [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=15908 DVD-RAM *.VRO File Conversion], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref> A VRO file is equivalent to a collection of DVD-Video VOB files. The VRO files can be played directly like a VOB if no editing is intended.<ref>[http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/DVD-VR/ DVD-VR Application format notes], Retrieved on 2009-07-28</ref> Fragmented VRO files are not widely supported by software players and video editing software.<ref name="VRO" />


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==See also==
==See also==
* [[Comparison of container formats]]
* [[Comparison of video container formats]]
* [[List of video editing software]]
* [[List of video editing software]]


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|work = WhatIs.com
|work = WhatIs.com
|publisher = TechTarget
|publisher = TechTarget
|accessdate = 18 April 2012
|access-date = 18 April 2012
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
<ref name="vob-uniblue">{{Cite web
<ref name="vob-uniblue">{{Cite web
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|work = FileExt
|work = FileExt
|publisher = UniBlue
|publisher = UniBlue
|accessdate = 18 April 2012
|access-date = 18 April 2012
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
}}
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vob}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vob}}
[[Category:DVD]]
[[Category:DVD]]
[[Category:Container formats]]
[[Category:Digital container formats]]
[[Category:Filename extensions]]
[[Category:Filename extensions]]

Latest revision as of 23:07, 7 January 2024

For other uses, see VOB (disambiguation).
VOB
Filename extension
.vob, .ifo, .bup
Internet media type
video/dvd, video/mpeg,[1][2] video/x-ms-vob[citation needed]
Developed byDVD Forum
Type of formatContainer format
Container forAudio, video, subtitles
Contained byDVD-Video
Extended fromMPEG program stream (ISO/IEC 13818-1)
StandardDVD-Video Book[3][4]
Open format?No
Free format?No

VOB (for video object) is the container format in DVD-Video media. VOB can contain digital video, digital audio, subtitles, DVD menus and navigation contents multiplexed together into a stream form. Files in VOB format may be encrypted.

File format

[edit]

Files in VOB format have a .vob filename extension and are typically stored in the VIDEO_TS directory at the root of a DVD.[5] The VOB format is based on the MPEG program stream format, but with additional limitations and specifications in the private streams.[6][7][8] The MPEG program stream has provisions for non-standard data (as used in VOB files) in the form of so-called private streams. VOB files are a very strict subset of the MPEG program stream standard. While all VOB files are MPEG program streams, not all MPEG program streams comply with the definition for a VOB file.[6]

Analogous to the MPEG program stream, a VOB file can contain H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 or MPEG-1 Part 2 video, MPEG-1 Audio Layer II or MPEG-2 Audio Layer II audio, but usage of these compression formats in a VOB file has some restrictions in comparison to the MPEG program stream. In addition, a VOB file can contain linear PCM, AC-3 or DTS audio and subpictures (subtitles).[7][9][10] VOB files cannot contain AAC audio (MPEG-2 Part 7), MPEG-4 compression formats and others, which are allowed in the MPEG program stream standard.[citation needed]

On the DVD, all of the content for one title set is contiguous, but if necessary is broken up into 1 GB VOB files in order to be compatible with all operating systems, as some cannot read files larger than that size.[6][11]

Companion files

[edit]

VOB files may be accompanied with IFO and BUP files. These files respectively have .ifo and .bup filename extensions.

IFO (information) files contain all the information a DVD player needs to know about a DVD so that the user can navigate and play all DVD content properly,[12] such as where a chapter starts, where a certain audio or subtitle stream is located, information about menu functions and navigation. BUP (backup) files are exact redundant copies of IFO files, supplied to help in case of corruption. Video players may not allow DVD navigation when IFO or BUP files are absent.

Copy protection

[edit]

Almost all commercially produced DVD-Video titles use some restriction or copy protection method, which also affects VOB files.[13] Copy protection is usually used for copyrighted content.

Many DVD-Video titles are encrypted with Content Scramble System (CSS). This is a data encryption and communications authentication method designed to prevent copying video and audio data directly from the DVD-Video discs. Decryption and authentication keys needed for playing back encrypted VOB files are stored in the normally inaccessible lead-in area of the DVD and are used only by CSS decryption software (e.g., in a DVD player or software player). If someone is trying to copy the contents of an encrypted DVD-Video (e.g., VOB files) to a hard drive, an error can occur, because the DVD was not authenticated in the drive by CSS decryption software. Authentication of the disc allows the copying of individual VOB files without error, but the encryption keys will not be copied. If the copied undecrypted VOB files are opened in a player, they will request the keys from the DVD-ROM drive and will fail.[14][15] There are many CSS-decrypting programs, or ripping software, such as libdvdcss, DeCSS, DVD Decrypter, AnyDVD or DVD Shrink which allow a protected DVD-Video disc to be played without access to the original key or copied to hard disk unscrambled. In some countries, their usage can be a violation of law (e.g. for non-personal use).[15]

Playback

[edit]

A player of generic MPEG-2 files can usually play unencrypted VOB files, which contain MPEG-1 Audio Layer II audio. Other audio compression formats such as AC-3 or DTS are less widely supported.[citation needed]

KMPlayer, VLC media player, GOM player, Media Player Classic and more platform-specific players like ALLPlayer play VOB files.

Other DVD containers

[edit]
Main articles: Enhanced VOB and DVD-VR § VRO file format

Some DVD Recorders use DVD-VR format and store multiplexed audiovisual content in VRO containers.[16][17] A VRO file is equivalent to a collection of DVD-Video VOB files. The VRO files can be played directly like a VOB if no editing is intended.[18] Fragmented VRO files are not widely supported by software players and video editing software.[16]

Enhanced VOB (EVO) is also an extension to VOB, originally meant for the now-discontinued HD DVD video. It can contain additional video and audio formats such H.264 and AAC.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "VOB File Format". WhatIs.com. TechTarget. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  2. ^ ".VOB File". FileExt. UniBlue. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  3. ^ DVD FLLC (2009-02) DVD Book Construction - list of all available DVD Books, Retrieved on 2009-07-24
  4. ^ DVD FLLC DVD Format Book - History of Supplements for DVD Books, Retrieved on 2009-07-24
  5. ^ ".VOB File Extension". FileInfo.com. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  6. ^ a b c "What is a VOB file". MPUCoder. SoundWare Associates. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  7. ^ a b "DVD - MPeg (sic.) differences". DVD Resources for Open Source Development. SourceForge. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  8. ^ "Is it easy to understand DVD format?". Archived from the original on 2001-10-24. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  9. ^ MPEG.org (July 21, 1996) DVD Technical Notes - Video Data Specifications, Retrieved on 2009-07-25
  10. ^ Videohelp.com What is DVD? Technical Info for DVD-Video, Retrieved on 2009-07-28
  11. ^ Doom9.org doom9.org What's on a DVD?, Retrieved on 2009-07-26
  12. ^ AfterDawn.com (2007-07-31) How to play VOB / IFO / BUP files, Retrieved on 2009-07-26
  13. ^ DVD Demystified (July 13, 2009) What are the copy protection issues?, Retrieved on 2009-07-28
  14. ^ DVD Demystified (July 13, 2009) DVD Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers) - Why can't I play movies copied to my hard drive?, Retrieved on 2009-07-28
  15. ^ a b What are the copy protection schemes used in DVD ? What is CSS ?, Retrieved on 2009-07-28
  16. ^ a b DVD Demystified (July 13, 2009) What are .IFO, .VOB, .AOB, and .VRO files? How can I play them?, Retrieved on 2009-07-28
  17. ^ Doom9's forum (2002-2005) DVD-RAM *.VRO File Conversion, Retrieved on 2009-07-28
  18. ^ DVD-VR Application format notes, Retrieved on 2009-07-28
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VOB&oldid=1194232762"