Vienna porcelain: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Defunct Austrian porcelain manufacturer}} |
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[[File:Plate, 1730-1735, Du Paquier Porcelain Manufactory, Vienna, porcelain, enamels, gilding - Art Institute of Chicago - DSC00070.JPG|thumb|[[Chinoiserie]] plate, 1730–1735, Du Paquier period]] |
[[File:Plate, 1730-1735, Du Paquier Porcelain Manufactory, Vienna, porcelain, enamels, gilding - Art Institute of Chicago - DSC00070.JPG|thumb|[[Chinoiserie]] plate, 1730–1735, Du Paquier period]] |
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'''Vienna porcelain''' is the product of the '''Vienna Porcelain Manufactory''' (German: ''Kaiserlich privilegierte Porcellain Fabrique''), a [[porcelain]] manufacturer in [[Alsergrund]] in [[Vienna]], Austria. It was founded in 1718 and continued until 1864. |
'''Vienna porcelain''' is the product of the '''Vienna Porcelain Manufactory''' (German: ''Kaiserlich privilegierte Porcellain Fabrique''), a [[porcelain]] manufacturer in [[Alsergrund]] in [[Vienna]], Austria. It was founded in 1718 and continued until 1864. |
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The firm was Europe's second-oldest porcelain factory after [[Meissen porcelain]], and for 25 years the two remained the only European producers. Initially it was a private enterprise, founded by '''Claude du Paquier''',<ref>in official documents "Claudius Innocentius du Paquier"</ref> an official of the Viennese Imperial court, but in 1744 it was rescued from financial difficulties when bought by the [[Empress Maria Theresa]], and thereafter remained an asset of the emperors.<ref>Battie, 94</ref> |
The firm was Europe's second-oldest porcelain factory after [[Meissen porcelain]], and for 25 years the two remained the only European producers. Initially it was a private enterprise, founded by '''Claude du Paquier''',<ref>in official documents "Claudius Innocentius du Paquier"</ref> an official of the Viennese Imperial court, but in 1744 it was rescued from financial difficulties when bought by the [[Empress Maria Theresa]], and thereafter remained an asset of the emperors.<ref>Battie, 94</ref> |
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[[File:Cup and saucer, Royal Imperial Porcelain Factory, 1 of 2, Vienna, early 1800s, hard-paste porcelain - Montreal Museum of Fine Arts - Montreal, Canada - DSC09168.jpg|thumb|Sorgenthal period, early 1800s, Neoclassical cup and saucer]] |
[[File:Cup and saucer, Royal Imperial Porcelain Factory, 1 of 2, Vienna, early 1800s, hard-paste porcelain - Montreal Museum of Fine Arts - Montreal, Canada - DSC09168.jpg|thumb|Sorgenthal period, early 1800s, Neoclassical cup and saucer]] |
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The factory was on Porzellangasse ("Porcelain Lane") in [[Alsergrund]], now [[Vienna]]'s [[Districts of Vienna|9th district]]. The history of the manufactory is often divided by German writers into five periods. The first period, used by all sources, was under its founder and first director du Paquier, who was given a [[monopoly]] for 25 years. This is therefore known as the "Du Paquier period", and many sources talk of "Du Paquier porcelain" and the "Du Paquier factory",<ref>Wardropper; [http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1204/du-paquier-porcelain-manufactory-austrian-active-1719-1744/ "Du Paquier Porcelain Manufactory"], [[Getty Museum]]</ref> usually with a capital "D", although his actual name has a small "d". While Meissen and most later German factories were owned by the local ruler, and usually heavily funded, du Pacquier received only permission to manufacture, and many orders for wares, from the emperor, and the factory seems always to have been under-capitalized in his time. This situation lasted from |
In 1717, Claudius Innocentius Du Paquier went looking to produce procelain in Vienna. When he was usucessful he bribed Christoph Conrad Hunger form Meissen for the secret formula. When Hunger's knowledge was not enough he hired Samuel Stölzel in 1719 leading to the factory's first successful hard-paste porcelain production.<ref>Miller, J. (Ed.). (2003). Vienna. In Miller’s Antiques Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Mitchell Beazley.</ref> The factory was on Porzellangasse ("Porcelain Lane") in [[Alsergrund]], now [[Vienna]]'s [[Districts of Vienna|9th district]]. The history of the manufactory is often divided by German writers into five periods. The first period, used by all sources, was under its founder and first director du Paquier, who was given a [[monopoly]] for 25 years. This is therefore known as the "Du Paquier period", and many sources talk of "Du Paquier porcelain" and the "Du Paquier factory",<ref>Wardropper; [http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1204/du-paquier-porcelain-manufactory-austrian-active-1719-1744/ "Du Paquier Porcelain Manufactory"], [[Getty Museum]]</ref> usually with a capital "D", although his actual name has a small "d". While Meissen and most later German factories were owned by the local ruler, and usually heavily funded, du Pacquier received only permission to manufacture, and many orders for wares, from the emperor, and the factory seems always to have been under-capitalized in his time. This situation lasted from 1718 to 1744, when the monopoly expired and the financial difficulties apparently came to a head; the empress intervened by buying the factory,<ref>Battie, 94; Frick, 1</ref> which was then renamed as the "Imperial State Manufactory Vienna". |
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The second period is the "[[Plastic arts|Plastic]] period" (1744–1784), the third is the "Sorgenthal period",<ref>Battie, 153</ref> or "Painterly period" (''Malerische Periode'') of 1784–1805, then the "[[Biedermeier]] period" (1805–1833) and finally the "Late Biedermeier period" (1833–1864).<ref>Wien</ref> |
The second period is the "[[Plastic arts|Plastic]] period" (1744–1784), the third is the "Sorgenthal period",<ref>Battie, 153</ref> or "Painterly period" (''Malerische Periode'') of 1784–1805, then the "[[Biedermeier]] period" (1805–1833) and finally the "Late Biedermeier period" (1833–1864).<ref>Wien</ref> |
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By the last quarter of the 18th century, as many as 120,000 pieces annually were exported to the [[Ottoman Empire]]; these were typically brightly coloured, but less finely painted than those for European markets.<ref>Battie, 96</ref> Many were sets of the small cups used for [[Turkish coffee]]. |
By the last quarter of the 18th century, as many as 120,000 pieces annually were exported to the [[Ottoman Empire]]; these were typically brightly coloured, but less finely painted than those for European markets.<ref>Battie, 96</ref> Many were sets of the small cups used for [[Turkish coffee]]. |
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The factory received a boost from the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, in the course of which it was visited by a number of monarchs and other leading figures, although King [[George IV of the United Kingdom]] never went to Vienna and so missed the service he would have been presented with.<ref>Levetus, A.S., [https://books.google. |
The factory received a boost from the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, in the course of which it was visited by a number of monarchs and other leading figures, although King [[George IV of the United Kingdom]] never went to Vienna and so missed the service he would have been presented with.<ref>Levetus, A.S., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7kOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 ''Imperial Vienna'', 239]</ref> According to another account, the king preferred to be sent a quantity of [[Tokay wine]].<ref>Falke, 50</ref> Although exports to the Ottoman Empire continued, by the 1860s the factory was suffering from increased competition from [[Bohemia]]n factories in particular, and was eventually closed by the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Austrian parliament]] in 1864, with the moulds and other equipment being given to the [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna]].<ref>Wien; Battie, 96, but see p. 153 "finally closed in 1866"</ref> The wares are sometimes called "old Vienna" (or ''Alt Wien'' in German).<ref>Wien; Falke, 53</ref> |
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The name was revived in 1923 with the foundation of the [[Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten]].<ref>Wien</ref> |
The name was revived in 1923 with the foundation of the [[Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten]].<ref>Wien</ref> |
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The reopening was fortunate as it went along with the Art Deco movement. It captivated the Viennese with symbolisms of modern living, optimistic atmosphere, and social changes.<ref>HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000. Disponível em:</ref> |
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==Characteristics== |
==Characteristics== |
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[[File:Manufaktur du Paquier Trembleuse 1730.jpg|thumb|Vienna porcelain ''[[trembleuse]]'' cup from the du Paquier period, 1730]] |
[[File:Manufaktur du Paquier Trembleuse 1730.jpg|thumb|Vienna porcelain ''[[trembleuse]]'' cup from the du Paquier period, 1730]] |
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At Augarten, there is a meticulous attention to the details of production. The process involves precisely combining materials and using time-tested techniques.<ref>HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000. Disponível em: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=3758456&site=eds-live&scope=site. Acesso em: 12 mar. 2024.</ref> Like most factories in the German-speaking world, it was founded with expertise provided by key workers enticed from [[Meissen porcelain]], who brought the secrets of the Meissen materials and techniques with them, and the wares remained broadly similar to those made there, although the body was not exactly the same, and gradually improved. Wares were [[hard-paste porcelain]], and always of very high quality. The paste underwent different processes based on the intended purpose. A thick liquid slip was used for moldable pieces. Whereas a ripened past was used for flat items like plates.<ref>HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000. Disponível em:</ref> All the pieces were hand-glazed with a liquid mixture. The mixture contained quartz, feldspar, kaolin, and dolomite. The glaze was quickly absorbed leaving a fine coating. Handles, knobs, edges, and rims were carefully touched up with a brush as well as excess being wiped off from the rims.<ref>HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000.</ref> |
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⚫ | The Du Paquier period began the tradition of strong and varied colours, which was to remain a strength of Vienna porcelain. There was heavy use of [[openwork]] in some pieces. |
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⚫ | Initially mostly table wares were produced, often with a slightly blueish tinge to the plain body. European flowers (as opposed to East Asian ones copied from imports) were used in decoration from around 1730, before Meissen, and subsequently very widely used across European factories. As at Meissen, [[chinoiserie]] decoration was also often used, as were hunting and battle scenes.<ref>Battie, 94–95; Frick, 3–5</ref> |
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⚫ | The Du Paquier period began the tradition of strong and varied colours, which was to remain a strength of Vienna porcelain. There was heavy use of [[openwork]] in some pieces. In 1725 the factory inaugurated a style, called ''Laub- und Bandelwerk'' in German. The style has intricate painted borders or backgrounds of [[trellis (architecture)|trellis]], [[strapwork|bandwork]], [[palmette]]s, garlands, fruit and other very formalized plant motifs. Sometimes painted in black the designs were usually colored in red, violet, green, blue, and yellow. White handles and rims were usually brightend with Gold and Silver but some knobs and handles were also formed as animals, and sometimes people.<ref>Frick, 5</ref><ref>STURM-BEDNARCZYK, E.; O’DONOVAN, J. R. The Early Viennese Porcelain of Claudius Innocentius du Paquier. Artibus et Historiae, [s. l.], v. 26, n. 52, p. 165–187, 2005. DOI 10.2307/20067102. Disponível em:</ref> |
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⚫ | Chief modellers included Johann Joseph Niedermeyer, working from 1747 to 1784, and Anton Grassi from 1778 to 1807,<ref>Battie, 95–96</ref> who was sent to study classical remains in Rome for several months in 1792.<ref>Battie, 153</ref> Neither quite achieved the charm of the light-hearted genre figures of other factories. Like Meissen and other German factories, some Vienna pieces were decorated by outside painters, or [[Hausmaler]]s.<ref>Lehman, 184; [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2011/important-english-european-decorative-arts/lot.13.html Sotheby's lot 13], Sale 18 November 2011, New York</ref> |
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Like other factories in major capitals, including Meissen, [[Capodimonte porcelain|Capodimonte]] and [[Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro|Buen Retiro in Madrid]], Vienna produced a few porcelain rooms for palaces, the only surviving example of which is now installed in the [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna|Museum of Applied Arts]], Vienna. However, the porcelain here does not cover all the wall space that is not window or mirror, as in other examples, but is a border around the wall-spaces, with matching plaques on the furniture.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejVdldywPR0 Lecture on the room at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York], 2009</ref> |
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⚫ | Porcelain was used for diplomatic gifts; the [[Hermitage Museum]] retains most of a service made in 1735 for [[Anna of Russia|Czarina Anna Ivanovna]] of Russia, which included more than 40 [[tureen]]s.<ref>Wardropper; Frick, 6. It seems almost certain this was a gift to Anna from the Holy Roman Emperor, but this cannot be precisely documented.</ref> Other pieces are dispersed (the early Soviet government sold several pieces), and a tureen from the service made $365,000 at [[Christie's]] in New York in 2014.<ref>[https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/a-vienna-du-paquier-porcelain-armorial-tureen-5855168-details.aspx Lot 27, "The Exceptional Sale", New York, 11 December 2014] (see Lot Essay); Frick, 6 – another tureen in the Frick Collection]</ref> |
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⚫ | Chief modellers included Johann Joseph Niedermeyer, working from 1747 to 1784, and Anton Grassi from 1778 to 1807,<ref>Battie, 95–96</ref> who was sent to study classical remains in Rome for several months in 1792.<ref>Battie, 153</ref> Neither quite achieved the charm of the light-hearted genre figures of other factories. Like Meissen and other German factories, some Vienna pieces were decorated by outside painters, or [[Hausmaler]]s.<ref>Lehman, 184; [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2011/important-english-european-decorative-arts/lot.13.html Sotheby's lot 13], Sale 18 November 2011, New York</ref> |
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A new director, Konrad von Sorgenthal, took over during a financial crisis in 1784 and changed the style of wares, following the fashion for [[Neoclassicism]] and taking some influence from [[Manufacture nationale de Sèvres|Sèvres]]. Bright colours, extensive use of gold, and very detailed painting characterize the style, and set the typical Vienna style for decades to come. Another Neoclassical fashion in porcelain which Vienna embraced was the [[biscuit porcelain]] figure.<ref>Battie, 96</ref> Many pieces of tableware, especially cups with saucers, were now essentially made for display in porcelain cabinets, rather than use.<ref>Battie, 153</ref> |
A new director, Konrad von Sorgenthal, took over during a financial crisis in 1784 and changed the style of wares, following the fashion for [[Neoclassicism]] and taking some influence from [[Manufacture nationale de Sèvres|Sèvres]]. Bright colours, extensive use of gold, and very detailed painting characterize the style, and set the typical Vienna style for decades to come. Another Neoclassical fashion in porcelain which Vienna embraced was the [[biscuit porcelain]] figure.<ref>Battie, 96</ref> Many pieces of tableware, especially cups with saucers, were now essentially made for display in porcelain cabinets, rather than use.<ref>Battie, 153</ref> |
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Sorgenthal employed painters known in other media: Anton Kothgasser (1769–1851) was also a painter of glass, and [[Moritz Michael Daffinger]] (1790–1849), the son of a painter for the factory, worked for them until 1809, before concentrating on painting [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>Battie, 153</ref> |
Sorgenthal employed painters known in other media: Anton Kothgasser (1769–1851) was also a painter of glass, and [[Moritz Michael Daffinger]] (1790–1849), the son of a painter for the factory, worked for them until 1809, before concentrating on painting [[portrait miniature]]s.<ref>Battie, 153</ref> |
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After Sorgenthal, Matthias Niedermayer assumed the role of director at the factory. During this time, the factory maintained its production of wares in the Neo-classical style. However, in the 1830s, there was a shift towards heavier and rounded shapes. Painters at the factory continued to decorate with recreations of Old Masters and original botanical, topographical, and Classical compositions. Nevertheless, the overall decoration became less elaborate, and there was a decline in the quality of execution.<ref> |
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Miller, J. (Ed.). (2003). Vienna. In Miller’s Antiques Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Mitchell Beazley.</ref> |
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The quality of wares was in decline by the late 1820s, when unsuccessful attempts began to revive the factory by producing cheaper wares from lower-quality materials, decorators paid on [[piecework]], and some use of printed transfer. All were counter-productive, and production continued to reduce, although some high-quality pieces were produced until the end.<ref>Falke, 49–53; Battie, 153</ref> |
The quality of wares was in decline by the late 1820s, when unsuccessful attempts began to revive the factory by producing cheaper wares from lower-quality materials, decorators paid on [[piecework]], and some use of printed transfer. All were counter-productive, and production continued to reduce, although some high-quality pieces were produced until the end.<ref>Falke, 49–53; Battie, 153</ref> |
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==Marks== |
==Marks== |
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⚫ | No marks were used before the Imperial takeover in 1744, after which a "beehive-shaped shield" was used, either in blue or impressed. In 1783 the impressed date mark was introduced, beginning with "83", |
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⚫ | No marks were used before the Imperial takeover in 1744, after which a "beehive-shaped shield" was used, either in blue or impressed. In 1783 the impressed date mark was introduced, beginning with "83", the last two digits were impressed. Then running from "801" for 1801 the last three digits of the year were impressed.<ref>Battie, 96</ref><ref>Miller, J. (Ed.). (2003). Vienna. In Miller’s Antiques Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Mitchell Beazley.</ref> Painters, and the turners responsible for the body, can often be identified by the numbers they were given, which were added to the underside of pieces to ensure they were paid for the right pieces.<ref>Lehman, 184–188; Battie, 153</ref> |
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==Exhibitions== |
==Exhibitions== |
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''Imperial Privilege: Vienna Porcelain of Du Paquier, 1718–44'' was held at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in 2009–2010.<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2010/exhibition-of-rare-du-paquier-porcelain-at-metropolitan-museum "Exhibition of Rare Du Paquier Porcelain at Metropolitan Museum"], Met</ref> To celebrate the 300th anniversary of the founding of the factory, the [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna]] |
''Imperial Privilege: Vienna Porcelain of Du Paquier, 1718–44'' was held at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in 2009–2010.<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2010/exhibition-of-rare-du-paquier-porcelain-at-metropolitan-museum "Exhibition of Rare Du Paquier Porcelain at Metropolitan Museum"], Met</ref> To celebrate the 300th anniversary of the founding of the factory, the [[Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna]] had the exhibition ''300 Years of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory'', to September 2018, covering all periods of production in Vienna.<ref>[https://www.mak.at/vienna_porcelainmanufactory "300 Years of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory", MAK]</ref> The [[Uffizi]] in [[Florence]], ran another from November 2018 to March 2019, covering only the Du Paquier period and drawing from the collections of the [[Porcelain Museum (Florence)|Florence Porcelain Museum]] and the [[Liechtenstein collection]].<ref>[http://www.liechtensteincollections.at/en/pages/3026.asp Le Vie della Porcellana tra Vienna e Firenze], press release</ref> The [[Frick Collection]] in New York also celebrated the anniversary with a dedicated installation in 2017–2018.<ref>Frick, 1</ref> |
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One of the most complete collections of Vienna |
One of the most complete collections of Vienna porcelain is the over 1,000 pieces in the [[Marton Museum]] in [[Croatia]], showing the development from the Du Paquier period until 1864, especially in the [[Maria Theresa]] period from 1744 to 1780, which is often less appreciated by museums and collectors, and the Sorgenthal period between 1784 and 1805. Selections from the collection have been exhibited in museums including Sèvres and the [[Liechtenstein Museum]], and catalogues have been published.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} |
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> |
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> |
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File:Scent bottle MET DP166685 (cropped).jpg|Scent bottle with gold mounts, c. 1730, Du Paquier period |
File:Scent bottle MET DP166685 (cropped).jpg|Scent bottle with gold mounts, c. 1730, Du Paquier period |
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File:MKGPorzellanOrientale02.jpg|Tureen, 1730s, with ''Laub- und Bandelwerk'' typical of the Du Paquier period. |
File:MKGPorzellanOrientale02.jpg|Tureen, 1730s, with ''Laub- und Bandelwerk'' typical of the Du Paquier period. |
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File:Porcellana di vienna, XVIII sec, servito in finto legno con paesaggi immaginari, tazzina con piattino 02.JPG|From a service imitating prints and wood |
File:Porcellana di vienna, XVIII sec, servito in finto legno con paesaggi immaginari, tazzina con piattino 02.JPG|From a service imitating prints and wood |
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File:Porcellana di vienna, 1800 circa, servito con vedute di vienna prima della costruzione del ring, lattiera 04.JPG|Milk jug, c. 1800, with view of Vienna, Sorgenthal period |
File:Porcellana di vienna, 1800 circa, servito con vedute di vienna prima della costruzione del ring, lattiera 04.JPG|Milk jug, c. 1800, with view of Vienna, Sorgenthal period |
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File:Porcellana di vienna, 1801, tazzina e piattino con in stile neogreco color verde 02.JPG|[[Greek Revival]], Sorgenthal period, 1801 |
File:Porcellana di vienna, 1801, tazzina e piattino con in stile neogreco color verde 02.JPG|[[Greek Revival]], Sorgenthal period, 1801 |
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File:Coffee Service with Snakes LACMA 55.32.3.1-.5 (2 of 3).jpg|From a coffee-service, 1806 |
File:Coffee Service with Snakes LACMA 55.32.3.1-.5 (2 of 3).jpg|From a coffee-service, 1806 |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Commons category}} |
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{{commonscat}} |
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*[[David Battie|Battie, David]], ed., ''Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain'', 1990, Conran Octopus. {{ISBN|1850292515}} |
*[[David Battie|Battie, David]], ed., ''Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain'', 1990, Conran Octopus. {{ISBN|1850292515}} |
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*Falke, Jacob. "The Late Imperial Porcelain Manufactory in Vienna: IV. Fourth Period. Decline and Fall." ''The Workshop'', vol. 8, no. 4, 1875, [www.jstor.org/stable/25586806 JSTOR] |
*Falke, Jacob. "The Late Imperial Porcelain Manufactory in Vienna: IV. Fourth Period. Decline and Fall." ''The Workshop'', vol. 8, no. 4, 1875, [www.jstor.org/stable/25586806 JSTOR] |
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*"Frick": [https://www.frick.org/exhibitions/du_paquier ''Fired by Passion: Masterpieces of Du Paquier Porcelain from the Sullivan Collection'', June 8, 2017 to August 12, 2018], online feature, Frick Collection. The numbers refer to the online pages, listed at left ( |
*"Frick": [https://www.frick.org/exhibitions/du_paquier ''Fired by Passion: Masterpieces of Du Paquier Porcelain from the Sullivan Collection'', June 8, 2017 to August 12, 2018], online feature, Frick Collection. The numbers refer to the online pages, listed at left (e.g. "Frick, 4" = "Visions of the East") |
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*"Lehman": ''Decorative Arts'', Volume 15 of Robert Lehman Collection, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Authors: Wolfram Koeppe, Clare Le Corbeiller, William Rieder, Charles Truman, Suzanne G. Valenstein, Clare Vincent, {{ISBN|1588394506}}, 9781588394507, [https://books.google. |
*"Lehman": ''Decorative Arts'', Volume 15 of Robert Lehman Collection, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Authors: Wolfram Koeppe, Clare Le Corbeiller, William Rieder, Charles Truman, Suzanne G. Valenstein, Clare Vincent, {{ISBN|1588394506}}, 9781588394507, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Frs7PWWV7xsC&pg=PA184 Google books] |
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*Wardropper, Ian, [https://www.frick.org/blogs/director/du_paquier_porcelain_vienna_generous_gift_melinda_and_paul_sullivan "Du Paquier Porcelain from Vienna: The Generous Gift of Melinda and Paul Sullivan"], Frick Collection, New York |
*Wardropper, Ian, [https://www.frick.org/blogs/director/du_paquier_porcelain_vienna_generous_gift_melinda_and_paul_sullivan "Du Paquier Porcelain from Vienna: The Generous Gift of Melinda and Paul Sullivan"], Frick Collection, New York |
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*"Wien": Wien Geschichte Wiki, [https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Wiener_Porzellanmanufaktur "Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur"] (in German) |
*"Wien": Wien Geschichte Wiki, [https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Wiener_Porzellanmanufaktur "Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur"] (in German) |
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{{Porcelain}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:1718 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy]] |
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[[Category:1718 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]] |
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[[Category:18th-century establishments in Austria]] |
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[[Category:1864 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire]] |
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[[Category:Alsergrund]] |
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[[Category:Austrian pottery]] |
[[Category:Austrian pottery]] |
Revision as of 10:58, 31 May 2024
Vienna porcelain is the product of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory (German: Kaiserlich privilegierte Porcellain Fabrique), a porcelain manufacturer in Alsergrund in Vienna, Austria. It was founded in 1718 and continued until 1864.
The firm was Europe's second-oldest porcelain factory after Meissen porcelain, and for 25 years the two remained the only European producers. Initially it was a private enterprise, founded by Claude du Paquier,[1] an official of the Viennese Imperial court, but in 1744 it was rescued from financial difficulties when bought by the Empress Maria Theresa, and thereafter remained an asset of the emperors.[2]
The wares from the earlier, private period before 1744 are the most sought-after today, if only because production was lower and so the pieces are much more rare. These are often called Du Paquier porcelain from the Du Paquier factory.[3] The other high point, "perhaps the factory's most glamorous period",[4] was from 1784 to 1805 when a variety of innovative wares in broadly Neoclassical styles were produced, then with Sèvres porcelain the main influence. Wares were used as diplomatic gifts by the emperors, and exports to Turkey were significant.
History
In 1717, Claudius Innocentius Du Paquier went looking to produce procelain in Vienna. When he was usucessful he bribed Christoph Conrad Hunger form Meissen for the secret formula. When Hunger's knowledge was not enough he hired Samuel Stölzel in 1719 leading to the factory's first successful hard-paste porcelain production.[5] The factory was on Porzellangasse ("Porcelain Lane") in Alsergrund, now Vienna's 9th district. The history of the manufactory is often divided by German writers into five periods. The first period, used by all sources, was under its founder and first director du Paquier, who was given a monopoly for 25 years. This is therefore known as the "Du Paquier period", and many sources talk of "Du Paquier porcelain" and the "Du Paquier factory",[6] usually with a capital "D", although his actual name has a small "d". While Meissen and most later German factories were owned by the local ruler, and usually heavily funded, du Pacquier received only permission to manufacture, and many orders for wares, from the emperor, and the factory seems always to have been under-capitalized in his time. This situation lasted from 1718 to 1744, when the monopoly expired and the financial difficulties apparently came to a head; the empress intervened by buying the factory,[7] which was then renamed as the "Imperial State Manufactory Vienna".
The second period is the "Plastic period" (1744–1784), the third is the "Sorgenthal period",[8] or "Painterly period" (Malerische Periode) of 1784–1805, then the "Biedermeier period" (1805–1833) and finally the "Late Biedermeier period" (1833–1864).[9]
By the last quarter of the 18th century, as many as 120,000 pieces annually were exported to the Ottoman Empire; these were typically brightly coloured, but less finely painted than those for European markets.[10] Many were sets of the small cups used for Turkish coffee.
The factory received a boost from the Congress of Vienna in 1815, in the course of which it was visited by a number of monarchs and other leading figures, although King George IV of the United Kingdom never went to Vienna and so missed the service he would have been presented with.[11] According to another account, the king preferred to be sent a quantity of Tokay wine.[12] Although exports to the Ottoman Empire continued, by the 1860s the factory was suffering from increased competition from Bohemian factories in particular, and was eventually closed by the Austrian parliament in 1864, with the moulds and other equipment being given to the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna.[13] The wares are sometimes called "old Vienna" (or Alt Wien in German).[14]
The name was revived in 1923 with the foundation of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten.[15]
The reopening was fortunate as it went along with the Art Deco movement. It captivated the Viennese with symbolisms of modern living, optimistic atmosphere, and social changes.[16]
Characteristics
At Augarten, there is a meticulous attention to the details of production. The process involves precisely combining materials and using time-tested techniques.[17] Like most factories in the German-speaking world, it was founded with expertise provided by key workers enticed from Meissen porcelain, who brought the secrets of the Meissen materials and techniques with them, and the wares remained broadly similar to those made there, although the body was not exactly the same, and gradually improved. Wares were hard-paste porcelain, and always of very high quality. The paste underwent different processes based on the intended purpose. A thick liquid slip was used for moldable pieces. Whereas a ripened past was used for flat items like plates.[18] All the pieces were hand-glazed with a liquid mixture. The mixture contained quartz, feldspar, kaolin, and dolomite. The glaze was quickly absorbed leaving a fine coating. Handles, knobs, edges, and rims were carefully touched up with a brush as well as excess being wiped off from the rims.[19]
Initially mostly table wares were produced, often with a slightly blueish tinge to the plain body. European flowers (as opposed to East Asian ones copied from imports) were used in decoration from around 1730, before Meissen, and subsequently very widely used across European factories. As at Meissen, chinoiserie decoration was also often used, as were hunting and battle scenes.[20]
The Du Paquier period began the tradition of strong and varied colours, which was to remain a strength of Vienna porcelain. There was heavy use of openwork in some pieces. In 1725 the factory inaugurated a style, called Laub- und Bandelwerk in German. The style has intricate painted borders or backgrounds of trellis, bandwork, palmettes, garlands, fruit and other very formalized plant motifs. Sometimes painted in black the designs were usually colored in red, violet, green, blue, and yellow. White handles and rims were usually brightend with Gold and Silver but some knobs and handles were also formed as animals, and sometimes people.[21][22]
Like other factories in major capitals, including Meissen, Capodimonte and Buen Retiro in Madrid, Vienna produced a few porcelain rooms for palaces, the only surviving example of which is now installed in the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna. However, the porcelain here does not cover all the wall space that is not window or mirror, as in other examples, but is a border around the wall-spaces, with matching plaques on the furniture.[23]
Porcelain was used for diplomatic gifts; the Hermitage Museum retains most of a service made in 1735 for Czarina Anna Ivanovna of Russia, which included more than 40 tureens.[24] Other pieces are dispersed (the early Soviet government sold several pieces), and a tureen from the service made $365,000 at Christie's in New York in 2014.[25]
Chief modellers included Johann Joseph Niedermeyer, working from 1747 to 1784, and Anton Grassi from 1778 to 1807,[26] who was sent to study classical remains in Rome for several months in 1792.[27] Neither quite achieved the charm of the light-hearted genre figures of other factories. Like Meissen and other German factories, some Vienna pieces were decorated by outside painters, or Hausmalers.[28]
A new director, Konrad von Sorgenthal, took over during a financial crisis in 1784 and changed the style of wares, following the fashion for Neoclassicism and taking some influence from Sèvres. Bright colours, extensive use of gold, and very detailed painting characterize the style, and set the typical Vienna style for decades to come. Another Neoclassical fashion in porcelain which Vienna embraced was the biscuit porcelain figure.[29] Many pieces of tableware, especially cups with saucers, were now essentially made for display in porcelain cabinets, rather than use.[30]
Sorgenthal employed painters known in other media: Anton Kothgasser (1769–1851) was also a painter of glass, and Moritz Michael Daffinger (1790–1849), the son of a painter for the factory, worked for them until 1809, before concentrating on painting portrait miniatures.[31]
After Sorgenthal, Matthias Niedermayer assumed the role of director at the factory. During this time, the factory maintained its production of wares in the Neo-classical style. However, in the 1830s, there was a shift towards heavier and rounded shapes. Painters at the factory continued to decorate with recreations of Old Masters and original botanical, topographical, and Classical compositions. Nevertheless, the overall decoration became less elaborate, and there was a decline in the quality of execution.[32]
The quality of wares was in decline by the late 1820s, when unsuccessful attempts began to revive the factory by producing cheaper wares from lower-quality materials, decorators paid on piecework, and some use of printed transfer. All were counter-productive, and production continued to reduce, although some high-quality pieces were produced until the end.[33]
Some moulds and undecorated fired "blanks" were bought by other factories, including Herend, and added to the considerable volume of imitations, "replicas" and downright forgeries that have copied Vienna porcelain. Other genuine Vienna pieces had their decoration scraped off to be repainted in a more elaborate style.[34]
Marks
No marks were used before the Imperial takeover in 1744, after which a "beehive-shaped shield" was used, either in blue or impressed. In 1783 the impressed date mark was introduced, beginning with "83", the last two digits were impressed. Then running from "801" for 1801 the last three digits of the year were impressed.[35][36] Painters, and the turners responsible for the body, can often be identified by the numbers they were given, which were added to the underside of pieces to ensure they were paid for the right pieces.[37]
Exhibitions
Imperial Privilege: Vienna Porcelain of Du Paquier, 1718–44 was held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2009–2010.[38] To celebrate the 300th anniversary of the founding of the factory, the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna had the exhibition 300 Years of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory, to September 2018, covering all periods of production in Vienna.[39] The Uffizi in Florence, ran another from November 2018 to March 2019, covering only the Du Paquier period and drawing from the collections of the Florence Porcelain Museum and the Liechtenstein collection.[40] The Frick Collection in New York also celebrated the anniversary with a dedicated installation in 2017–2018.[41]
One of the most complete collections of Vienna porcelain is the over 1,000 pieces in the Marton Museum in Croatia, showing the development from the Du Paquier period until 1864, especially in the Maria Theresa period from 1744 to 1780, which is often less appreciated by museums and collectors, and the Sorgenthal period between 1784 and 1805. Selections from the collection have been exhibited in museums including Sèvres and the Liechtenstein Museum, and catalogues have been published.[citation needed]
-
Saucer, 1726, Du Paquier period
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Scent bottle with gold mounts, c. 1730, Du Paquier period
-
Tureen, 1730s, with Laub- und Bandelwerk typical of the Du Paquier period.
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From a service imitating prints and wood
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Milk jug, c. 1800, with view of Vienna, Sorgenthal period
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Greek Revival, Sorgenthal period, 1801
-
From a coffee-service, 1806
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Plate from a "Neo-Egyptian" service, Sorgenthal period c. 1802–1811
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Detail from a tray painted by Daffinger, after 1808, Cecrops' Daughters Discover Erichtonius
Notes
- ^ in official documents "Claudius Innocentius du Paquier"
- ^ Battie, 94
- ^ Frick, 1; as by Wardropper, and the auction houses cited below
- ^ Battie, 153
- ^ Miller, J. (Ed.). (2003). Vienna. In Miller’s Antiques Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Mitchell Beazley.
- ^ Wardropper; "Du Paquier Porcelain Manufactory", Getty Museum
- ^ Battie, 94; Frick, 1
- ^ Battie, 153
- ^ Wien
- ^ Battie, 96
- ^ Levetus, A.S., Imperial Vienna, 239
- ^ Falke, 50
- ^ Wien; Battie, 96, but see p. 153 "finally closed in 1866"
- ^ Wien; Falke, 53
- ^ Wien
- ^ HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000. Disponível em:
- ^ HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000. Disponível em: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=3758456&site=eds-live&scope=site. Acesso em: 12 mar. 2024.
- ^ HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000. Disponível em:
- ^ HENKIN, S. Porcelain Perfect. World & I, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 11, p. 88, 2000.
- ^ Battie, 94–95; Frick, 3–5
- ^ Frick, 5
- ^ STURM-BEDNARCZYK, E.; O’DONOVAN, J. R. The Early Viennese Porcelain of Claudius Innocentius du Paquier. Artibus et Historiae, [s. l.], v. 26, n. 52, p. 165–187, 2005. DOI 10.2307/20067102. Disponível em:
- ^ Lecture on the room at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2009
- ^ Wardropper; Frick, 6. It seems almost certain this was a gift to Anna from the Holy Roman Emperor, but this cannot be precisely documented.
- ^ Lot 27, "The Exceptional Sale", New York, 11 December 2014 (see Lot Essay); Frick, 6 – another tureen in the Frick Collection]
- ^ Battie, 95–96
- ^ Battie, 153
- ^ Lehman, 184; Sotheby's lot 13, Sale 18 November 2011, New York
- ^ Battie, 96
- ^ Battie, 153
- ^ Battie, 153
- ^ Miller, J. (Ed.). (2003). Vienna. In Miller’s Antiques Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Mitchell Beazley.
- ^ Falke, 49–53; Battie, 153
- ^ Falke, 53; Battie, 96, 153, 187–188
- ^ Battie, 96
- ^ Miller, J. (Ed.). (2003). Vienna. In Miller’s Antiques Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Mitchell Beazley.
- ^ Lehman, 184–188; Battie, 153
- ^ "Exhibition of Rare Du Paquier Porcelain at Metropolitan Museum", Met
- ^ "300 Years of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory", MAK
- ^ Le Vie della Porcellana tra Vienna e Firenze, press release
- ^ Frick, 1
References
- Battie, David, ed., Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain, 1990, Conran Octopus. ISBN 1850292515
- Falke, Jacob. "The Late Imperial Porcelain Manufactory in Vienna: IV. Fourth Period. Decline and Fall." The Workshop, vol. 8, no. 4, 1875, [www.jstor.org/stable/25586806 JSTOR]
- "Frick": Fired by Passion: Masterpieces of Du Paquier Porcelain from the Sullivan Collection, June 8, 2017 to August 12, 2018, online feature, Frick Collection. The numbers refer to the online pages, listed at left (e.g. "Frick, 4" = "Visions of the East")
- "Lehman": Decorative Arts, Volume 15 of Robert Lehman Collection, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Authors: Wolfram Koeppe, Clare Le Corbeiller, William Rieder, Charles Truman, Suzanne G. Valenstein, Clare Vincent, ISBN 1588394506, 9781588394507, Google books
- Wardropper, Ian, "Du Paquier Porcelain from Vienna: The Generous Gift of Melinda and Paul Sullivan", Frick Collection, New York
- "Wien": Wien Geschichte Wiki, "Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur" (in German)
Further reading
- Chilton, Meredith (ed), Fired by Passion: Vienna Baroque Porcelain of Claudius Innocentius du Paquier, 2009, 3 vols.
- Christoph Thun-Hohenstein, Rainald Franz (eds), 300 Jahre Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur / 300 Years of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory (German and English), 2018, Arnoldsche Art Publishers, ISBN 3897905302, 9783897905306
External links
- "The World of Refinement: Du Paquier Porcelain in Everyday Court Life", Lecture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2009
- "Gifts, Diplomacy, and Foreign Trade: Du Paquier Porcelain Abroad", Lecture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2009
- 1718 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy
- 1718 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
- 18th-century establishments in Austria
- 1864 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire
- Alsergrund
- Austrian pottery
- Culture in Vienna
- Manufacturing companies based in Vienna
- Porcelain
- Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court