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| [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref>
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| [[Paraguayan Spanish|Paraguayan]]<ref>Lipski (1996) and Alvar (1996). [dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5120313.pdf Yeísmo en el español de América]</ref>
| [[Paraguayan Spanish|Paraguayan]]<ref>Lipski (1996) and Alvar (1996). [dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5120313.pdf Yeísmo en el español de América]</ref>
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| Very few [[Andalusian Spanish|areas in Andalusia]] <!-- Most Andalusians are ''yeístas''. In 1964 Spain, "yeísmo pleno" (total yeísmo) was only found in Andalusia (exceptions included parts of Cordova and eastern areas of Huelva and Seville) -->
| Very few [[Andalusian Spanish|areas in Andalusia]] <!-- Most Andalusians are ''yeístas''. In 1964 Spain, "yeísmo pleno" (total yeísmo) was only found in Andalusia (exceptions included parts of Cordova and eastern areas of Huelva and Seville) -->

Revision as of 04:39, 23 April 2016

Voiced palatal lateral approximant
ʎ
IPA Number157
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#654;
Unicode (hex)U+028E
X-SAMPAL
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)
Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant
l̠ʲ
ʎ̟
ȴ

The palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩ (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, ⟨λ⟩), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.

Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,[1] or postalveolo-prepalatal.[2] None of the 13 languages investigated by Recasens (2013), many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal.[3] That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[4]

There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨l̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̟⟩; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.

The palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart /ʎ̥/ in the Xumi language spoken in China.[5][6]

Features

Features of the palatal lateral approximant:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aragonese [agulla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [a̠ˈɣuʎa̠] 'needle'
Astur-Leonese Asturian [llingua] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈʎĩŋgwa̝] 'language' Where /ʎ/ is absent due to a yeísmo-like merger, it is replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect) and spelled ⟨ḷḷ⟩. Yeísmo is prevalent in Extremaduran language (spoken in northwestern Extremadura) and west central Asturian.
Leonese
Mirandese [lhéngua] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈʎɛ̃gwɐ]
Aymara [llaki] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʎaki] 'sad'
Basque [[[Basque alphabet|bonbilla]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bo̞mbiʎa̠] 'bulb'
Breton [familh] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fa̠miʎ] 'family'
Bulgarian любов [l̠ʲubof] 'love' Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed]
Catalan Standard [[[Catalan orthography|ull]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈul̠ʲ] 'eye' Alveolo-palatal.[2] See Catalan phonology
Eastern Aragon [[[Catalan orthography|clau]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkl̠ʲa̠w] 'key' Allophone of /l/ in consonant clusters
English County Donegal[7] [[[English orthography|million]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmɪʎən] 'million' Allophone of the sequence /lj/.[7]
General American[8] A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/; sometimes realized as [jj].[8] See English phonology
Enindhilyagwa [angalya] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [aŋal̠ʲa] 'place' Laminal post-alveolar
Faroese[9] [[[Faroese orthography|telgja]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa] 'to carve' Allophone of /l/ before palatal consonants.[9] Sometimes voiceless [ʎ̥].[9] See Faroese phonology
Franco-Provençal [balyi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [baʎi] 'give'
French Some dialects[10] [papillon] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [papiʎɒ̃] 'butterfly' Corresponds to /j/ in modern standard French. See French phonology
Galician Standard [illado] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [iˈʎa̠ðo̝] 'insulated' Many Galician speakers are nowadays yeístas because of influence from Spanish
Greek ήλιος [ˈiʎos]ⓘ 'sun' Postalveolar.[11] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian Northern dialects[12] [[[Hungarian orthography|lyuk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʎuk] 'hole' Alveolo-palatal.[13] Modern standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging /ʎ/ into /j/. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology
Italian[2] [[[Italian alphabet|figlio]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈfiʎːo] 'son' Alveolo-palatal.[2] Realized as fricative [ʎ̝] in a large number of accents.[14] See Italian phonology
Korean [[[Hangul|실례]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[sillye] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɕil̠ʲl̠ʲe] 'discourtesy' Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed] See Korean phonology
Norwegian Northern and central dialects[15] [[[Norwegian alphabet|alle]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɑʎːe] 'all' See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Standard [miralhar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [miɾa̠ˈʎa̠] 'to reflect' See Occitan phonology
Portuguese Standard [ralho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈʁaʎu] 'I scold' Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese.[16] May instead be [lʲ], [l] (Northeast) or [j] (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.[17][18] See Portuguese phonology
Many dialects[19] [sandália] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ] 'sandal' Possible realization of post-stressed /li/ plus vowel.
Quechua[20] [qallu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [qaʎʊ] 'tongue'
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[21] [[[Romanian alphabet|lingură]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʎungurə][stress?] 'spoon' Corresponds to [l][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[22] [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|till]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tʲʰiːʎ] 'return' Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed] See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[23] љуљaшка / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|ljuljaška]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟a̠ːʃka̠] 'swing (seat)' Palato-alveolar.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sissano [piyl] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [piʎ] 'fish'
Slovak [[[Slovak alphabet|ľúbiť]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈʎuːbɪc]ⓘ 'to love' Merges with /l/ in southern dialects. See Slovak phonology
Spanish[24] Andean [[[Spanish orthography|caballo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ka̠ˈβa̠ʎö] 'horse' Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology
Castilian[25]
Chavacano
Central areas in Extremadura
Eastern and southwestern Manchego
Murcian
Paraguayan[26]
Philippine Spanish
Very few areas in Andalusia
Xumi Lower[5] [Rʎ̟o] 'musk deer' Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless /ʎ̥/.[5][6]
Upper[6] [Hʎ̟ɛ] 'correct, right'

See also

References

  1. ^ Recasens (2013:2), citing Ladefoged (1997:602)
  2. ^ a b c d Recasens et al. (1993:222)
  3. ^ Recasens (2013:11)
  4. ^ Recasens (2013:10–13)
  5. ^ a b c Chirkova & Chen (2013:365, 367–368)
  6. ^ a b c Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:382–383)
  7. ^ a b Stenson (1991), cited in Hickey (2004:71)
  8. ^ a b Wells (1982:490)
  9. ^ a b c Árnason (2011:115)
  10. ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2011, §33, b), Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
  11. ^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
  12. ^ Benkő (1972:?)
  13. ^ Recasens (2013:10)
  14. ^ Ashby (2011:64): "(…) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
  15. ^ Skjekkeland (1997:105–107)
  16. ^ Teixeira et al. (2012:321)
  17. ^ Stein (2011:223)
  18. ^ Aragão (2009:168)
  19. ^ Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português
  20. ^ Ladefoged (2005:149)
  21. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  22. ^ Oftedal (1956:?)
  23. ^ a b Jazić (1977:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:188)
  24. ^ [1] ALPI
  25. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  26. ^ Lipski (1996) and Alvar (1996). [dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5120313.pdf Yeísmo en el español de América]

Bibliography

  • Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de (2009), Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará (PDF) (in Portuguese) {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
  • Ashby, Patricia (2011), Understanding Phonetics, Understanding Language series, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-340-92827-1
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
  • Benkő, Loránd (1972), "The Hungarian Language", in Imre, Samu (ed.), Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, vol. 134, The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Hickey, Raymon (2004), "Irish English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 68–97, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Jazić, Đorđe (1977), Osnovi fonetike ruskog jezika: ruski glasovni sistem u poredjenju sa srpskohrvatskim, Beograd: Naučna knjiga
  • Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Ladefoged, Peter (1997), "Linguistic phonetic descriptions", in Harcastle, William J.; Laver, John (eds.), The handbook of the phonetic sciences, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 589–618
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
  • Recasens, Daniel; Farnetani, Edda; Fontdevila, Jordi; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (1993), "An electropalatographic study of alveolar and palatal consonants in Catalan and Italian" (PDF), Language and Speech, 36: 213–234
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
  • Stein, Cirineu Cecote (2011), O percurso acústico-articulatório da alofonia da consoante lateral palatal (in Portuguese) {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Stenson, Nancy (1991), "Code-switching vs. borrowing in modern Irish", in Sture Ureland, P.; Broderick, George (eds.), Language Contact in the British Isles. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe, Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 559–579
  • Teixeira, António; Martins, Paula; Oliveira, Catarina; Silva, Augusto (2012), "Production and Modeling of the European Portuguese Palatal Lateral", Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language, pp. 318–328, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28885-2_36
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 610–622, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
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