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Coordinates: 51°22′N 6°10′E / 51.367°N 6.167°E / 51.367; 6.167
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{{short description|City and municipality in Limburg, Netherlands}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- Name and transliteration -->
<!-- Name and transliteration -->| name = Venlo
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in the Netherlands by province|City]] and [[List of municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]]
| name = Venlo
<!-- Images, nickname, motto -->| image_skyline = Venlo – Parade - panoramio.jpg
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities of the Netherlands|Municipality]] and city
| image_alt =
<!-- Images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline =
| image_caption = Venlo city centre
| image_alt =
| image_flag = Venlo vlag.svg
| image_caption = Venlo city centre
| flag_size = 100x67px
| image_flag = Venlo vlag.svg
| flag_alt =
| flag_size = 100x67px
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Venlo.svg
| flag_alt =
| shield_size = 100x80px
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Venlo.svg
| shield_alt = <!-- Maps, coordinates -->
| shield_size = 100x80px
| image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0983 (2019).svg
| shield_alt =
| map_alt = Highlighted position of Venlo in a municipal map of Limburg
| map_caption = Location in Limburg
<!-- Maps, coordinates -->
| image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0983 (2009).svg
| pushpin_map = Netherlands#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Netherlands##Location within Europe
| map_alt = Highlighted position of Venlo in a municipal map of Limburg
| map_caption = Location in Limburg
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|51|22|N|6|10|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}}
| latd = 51 |latm = 22 |latNS = N
| coordinates_footnotes =
| longd = 6 |longm = 10 |longEW = E
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]]
| coordinates_region = NL
| subdivision_name1 = [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]
<!-- Location, established, seat, subdivisions, government, leaders-->
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web
|url = http://www.venlo.nl/gemeente_en_beleid/burgemeester-en-wethouders/Pages/Burgemeester-en-wethouders.aspx
|url = http://www.venlo.nl/gemeente_en_beleid/burgemeester-en-wethouders/Pages/Burgemeester-en-wethouders.aspx
|title = Burgemeester en wethouders
|title = Burgemeester en wethouders
|trans_title = Mayor and aldermen
|trans-title = Mayor and aldermen
|language = Dutch
|language = nl
|author =
|date =
|work =
|publisher = Gemeente Venlo
|publisher = Gemeente Venlo
|accessdate = 3 December 2013}}</ref>
|access-date = 3 December 2013}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]]
| governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]]
| leader_party = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]
| leader_party = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]
| leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Mayor]]
| leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Antoin Scholten]]
| leader_name = Antoin Scholten
<!-- Geographic information -->
<!-- Geographic information -->| unit_pref = Metric
| unit_pref = Metric
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref>
<!-- square kilometers -->| area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Venlo}}
| area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Venlo}}
<!-- square kilometers -->
| area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Venlo}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Venlo}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web
| area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Venlo}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Venlo}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool
|url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool
|title = Postcodetool for 5911HT
|title = Postcodetool for 5911HT
|trans_title =
|language = nl
|language = Dutch
|author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
|author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
|date =
|work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland
|work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland
|publisher = Het Waterschapshuis
|publisher = Het Waterschapshuis
|accessdate = 3 December 2013}}</ref>
|access-date = 3 December 2013}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 21
| elevation_m = 21
| elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics -->
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref>
<!-- Population, demographics -->
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Venlo}}
| population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Venlo}}
| population_as_of = {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}
| population_as_of = {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Venlo}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto-->
| population_demonym = Venloër, Venlonaar, Venloënaar, Venlonaer
| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Venlo}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto-->
<!-- Other information -->| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| population_demonym = Venloër, Venlonaar, Venloënaar
| utc_offset1 = +1
<!-- Other information -->
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| postal_code = 5900–5951
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]]
| postal_code = 5900–5951
| area_code = 077
| website = {{URL|venlo.nl}}
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]]
| area_code = 077
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|venlo.nl}}
| footnotes =
}}
}}

[[File:Venlo-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg|{{largethumb}}|Dutch Topographic map of Venlo (city), as of March 2014]]
'''Venlo''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈvɛnloː|lang|166 Venlo.ogg}}) is a [[municipality]] and a [[city]] in the southeastern [[Netherlands]], near the German border. It is situated in the province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].
'''Venlo''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈvɛnloː||166 Venlo.ogg}}) is a [[List of cities in the Netherlands by province|city]] and [[List of municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] in southeastern [[Netherlands]], close to the border with [[Germany]]. It is situated in the province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]. The municipality of Venlo counted 101,578 inhabitants as of January 2019.<ref name="CBS20190306">Statistics Netherlands (CBS), {{cite web
|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1551869147443
|title=Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand
}} Retrieved on 6 March 2019.</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 91: Line 81:
=== Early history ===
=== Early history ===
[[File:RivierenkaartVenlo.jpg|thumb|left|Map circa 1850]]
[[File:RivierenkaartVenlo.jpg|thumb|left|Map circa 1850]]
Roman and Celtic coins have been found in Venlo; it was speculated to have been the settlement known as ''Sablones'' on the Roman road connecting [[Maastricht]] with [[Xanten]], but the little evidence there is concerning the location of Sablones speaks against this thought while there is no evidence in support of it. Blerick, on the west bank, was known as ''Blariacum''.
Roman and Celtic coins have been found in Venlo; it was speculated to have been the settlement known as ''[[Sablones]]'' on the Roman road connecting [[Maastricht]] with [[Xanten]], but the little evidence there is concerning the location of Sablones speaks against this thought while there is no evidence in support of it. Blerick, on the west bank, was known as ''Blariacum''.


Documents from the 9th century mention Venlo as a trade post;
Documents from the 9th century mention Venlo as a trade post; it developed into one of the more important ones in the [[Meuse]]-[[Rhine]] area, receiving [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] in 1343, and becoming a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] in 1375.
it developed into one of the more important ones in the Meuse-Rhine area,
receiving [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] in 1343,
and becoming a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] in 1375.
Because of its strategic importance, the city of Venlo was besieged several times. The most significant siege was that of 1702, carried on by [[Menno van Coehoorn]]. Consequently, Venlo was incorporated into the [[Generaliteitslanden]] of the United Provinces at the Treaty of 1713. After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Because of its strategic importance, the city of Venlo was besieged several times. The most significant siege was that of 1702, carried on by [[Menno van Coehoorn]]. Consequently, Venlo was incorporated into the [[Generaliteitslanden]] of the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] at the [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of 1713]]. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]] it became part of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].


In 1839-1866 Venlo was not a part of [[German Confederation]], completely surrounded by its territory.
=== Second World War ===
On 9 November 1939, two British Intelligence Service agents were kidnapped by the ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' in what became known as the [[Venlo Incident]]. The incident was used by the Nazis to link [[UK|Great Britain]] to [[Georg Elser]]'s failed assassination of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] at the [[Bürgerbräukeller]] the day before and to justify their later invasion of the Netherlands, a neutral country, on 10 May 1940.


=== World War II ===
Venlo had both a road and a railway bridge over the Maas ([[River Meuse]]). The city was severely damaged by bombing raids (13 October – 19 November 1944) on the bridges at the end of the war.
On 9 November 1939, two British Intelligence Service agents were kidnapped by the ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' in what became known as the [[Venlo Incident]]. The incident was used by the Nazis to link [[UK|Great Britain]] to [[Georg Elser]]'s failed assassination of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] at the [[Bürgerbräukeller]] the day before and to justify their later [[Battle of the Netherlands|invasion of the Netherlands]], a neutral country, on 10 May 1940.
[[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] made 13 attempts to destroy the bridges to cut the German supply lines and block a retreat of the German army across the river. These failed, and it was the retreating German troops who in the end blew up the bridges in an attempt to stop the allied advance. Allied forces liberated Venlo from the east, from inside Germany itself.

Venlo had both a road and a railway bridge over the [[Meuse]] ({{lang-nl|Maas}}). The city was severely damaged by bombing raids (13 October – 19 November 1944) on the bridges at the end of the war. [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] made 13 attempts to destroy the bridges to cut the German supply lines and block a retreat of the German army across the river. These failed, and it was the retreating German troops who in the end blew up the bridges in an attempt to stop the allied advance. Allied forces liberated Venlo from the east, from inside Germany itself.


About 300 people were killed due to those raids. The raids also cost Venlo a major part of its historical buildings. However, some old buildings, such as the city hall (the 'Stadhuis') and the 'Römer' house, survived the war relatively unscathed.
About 300 people were killed due to those raids. The raids also cost Venlo a major part of its historical buildings. However, some old buildings, such as the city hall (the 'Stadhuis') and the 'Römer' house, survived the war relatively unscathed.


Before the war, Venlo had an active Jewish community. Most of the Jews were murdered in [[The Holocaust]].
Before the war, Venlo had a small Jewish community. In 1930 there were 86 Jewish people living in Venlo. In the next decade this number rose to about 248, because German Jews were trying to evade the discriminatory laws and growing hate in Germany. 6 years after the end of [[The Holocaust]] and the first wave of Jewish immigration to [[Israel]] there were 32 Jewish people left in Venlo.


=== Post-Second World War era ===
=== Post-Second World War era ===
[[File:Oase-Roots 1.JPG|thumb|One of the (meanwhile closed) coffeeshops in a former [[rest stop]].]]
[[File:Venlo-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg|thumb|Topographic map of the city of Venlo, as of March 2014]]
By the late 1990s, drug-related nuisance had become a problem in the centre of Venlo.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Snippe | first1 = J. | last2 = Naayer | first2 = H. | last3 = Bieleman | first3 = B. | title = Hektor in 2005. Evaluatie aanpak drugsoverlast in Venlo | publisher = Interval/WODC | place = Groningen/Rotterdam | year = 2006 | url = http://www.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/hektor-vervolgonderzoek.aspx}}</ref>
By the late 1990s, drug-related nuisance had become a problem in the centre of Venlo.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Snippe | first1 = J. | last2 = Naayer | first2 = H. | last3 = Bieleman | first3 = B. | title = Hektor in 2005. Evaluatie aanpak drugsoverlast in Venlo | publisher = Interval/WODC | place = Groningen/Rotterdam | year = 2006 | url = http://www.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/hektor-vervolgonderzoek.aspx}}</ref> National and municipal officials launched the Q-4 Project and Tango initiatives that, amongst other measures, included moving the town's largest [[Coffeeshop (Netherlands)|coffeeshops]]<ref>In the Netherlands, coffeeshops are establishments where it is allowed to sell cannabis to adults for their personal consumption.</ref> to the outskirts, where they continue to do business, while the city centre was freed from disturbances.
National and municipal officials launched the Q-4 Project and Tango initiatives that, amongst other measures, included moving the town's largest [[Coffeeshop (Netherlands)|coffeeshops]]<ref>In the Netherlands, coffeeshops are establishments where it is allowed to sell cannabis to adults for their personal consumption.</ref> to the outskirts, where they continue to do business, while the city centre was freed from disturbances.


In 2001, the municipalities of [[Belfeld]] and [[Tegelen]] were merged into the municipality of Venlo. Tegelen was originally part of the [[Duchy of Jülich]] centuries ago, whereas Venlo has a past in the [[Duchy of Guelders]]. On 1 January 2010, the municipality of [[Arcen en Velden]], was merged into the municipality of Venlo.
In 2001, the municipalities of [[Belfeld]] and [[Tegelen]] were merged into the municipality of Venlo. Tegelen was originally part of the [[Duchy of Jülich]] centuries ago, whereas Venlo has a past in the [[Duchy of Guelders]]. On 1 January 2010, the municipality of [[Arcen en Velden]], was merged into the municipality of Venlo.


In 2003 Venlo was awarded the title "Greenest city of Europe". Venlo was the host of [[Floriade 2012]], the world's largest horticultural exhibition. In 2013, Venlo has won the prestigious 'Best City Centre of the Netherlands' award. It amazed the jury by all the investments which have been made in the last couple of years in the Maas Boulevard, the railway station, the tunnel in the centre and the Maas bridge.<ref name="Best city centre">{{cite web
In 2003 Venlo was awarded the title "Greenest city of Europe". Venlo was the host of [[Floriade 2012]], the world's largest horticultural exhibition.
In 2013, Venlo won the prestigious 'Best City Centre of the Netherlands' award. It amazed the jury by all the investments which have been made in the last couple of years in the Maas Boulevard, the railway station, the tunnel in the centre and the Maas bridge.<ref name="Best city centre">{{cite web
|url = http://www.fontysvenlo.nl/pages/posts/venlo-has-best-city-center-in-the-netherlands-285.php
|url = http://www.fontysvenlo.nl/pages/posts/venlo-has-best-city-center-in-the-netherlands-285.php
|title = Venlo has Best City Centre in the Netherlands
|title = Venlo has Best City Centre in the Netherlands
|trans_title = Venlo has Best City Centre in the Netherlands
|trans-title = Venlo has Best City Centre in the Netherlands
|author =
|date = 2013
|date = 2013
|publisher = Fontys Venlo
|access-date = 20 December 2014
|work =
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140324232628/http://www.fontysvenlo.nl/pages/posts/venlo-has-best-city-center-in-the-netherlands-285.php
|publisher = Fontys Venlo
|accessdate = 20 December 2014}}</ref>
|archive-date = 24 March 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>


== Culture ==
== Culture ==
[[File:Venlo Stadhuis 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Venlo City Hall]]
[[File:Venlo 009.jpg|thumb|City hall of Venlo]]
*Theatre "De Maaspoort"
*Theatre "De Maaspoort"
*Historical and cultural Museum "Limburgs Museum" and art Museum "[[Museum van Bommel van Dam]]"
*[[Limburg Museum]] and Art Museum "[[Museum van Bommel van Dam]]"
*[[Venlo Police Museum]]
*Pop venue Grenswerk (formerly Perron 55)
*Pop venue Grenswerk (formerly Perron 55)
*Major annual cultural events
*Major annual cultural events
**Carnaval called "Vastelaovend" in February/March (6 weeks before Easter).
**Carnival called "Vastelaovend" in February/March (Six weeks before Easter)
**Summer park festivities called "Zomerparkfeest" in August held in and around the main park of Venlo, a 4 days podium for a broad audience, including live music, film, dance, art etc.
**Summer park festivities called "Zomerparkfeest" in August held in and around the main park of Venlo, a four-day podium for a broad audience, including live music, film, dance, art etc.


== Education ==
== Education ==
Venlo, being a city with a 100,000+ population, is served by a large number of schools both at primary and secondary education levels. In addition, Venlo is a higher-education hub within the southern Netherlands, with several institutes of higher education.


Venlo, being a city with a 100,000-plus population, is served by a large number of schools both at primary and secondary education levels. In addition, Venlo is a higher-education hub within the southern Netherlands, with several institutes of higher education.
Venlo hosts three different institutions for higher education:


Venlo hosts three institutes of higher education:
*[[Fontys University of Applied Sciences]] (International campus Venlo)

*[[Fontys University of Applied Sciences]] (International Campus Venlo)
*[[HAS University of Applied Sciences]] (Venlo branch)
*[[HAS University of Applied Sciences]] (Venlo branch)
*[[Maastricht University]] (Venlo branch)
*[[Maastricht University Campus Venlo]] ([[University College Venlo]] affiliated to [[Maastricht University]])


== Transport ==
== Transport ==


Venlo is connected to Germany by two motorways (i.e., [[Bundesautobahn 40]] and [[Bundesautobahn 61]]), which connect to [[Düsseldorf]], [[Cologne]] and the [[Ruhr area]] within one hour.
Venlo is connected to Germany by two motorways ([[Bundesautobahn 40]] and [[Bundesautobahn 61]]), which connect to [[Düsseldorf]], [[Duisburg]], [[Cologne]] and the [[Ruhr area]] within one hour.


[[Venlo railway station]] is a [[junction station]]. It provides regular connections to the Dutch cities of [[Eindhoven]], [[Roermond]] and [[Nijmegen]]. Furthermore, it provides regular international connections to Germany, via [[Kaldenkirchen]] (the first stop in Germany), [[Viersen]] and [[Mönchengladbach]] to [[Düsseldorf]] and [[Hamm]].
[[Venlo railway station]] is a [[junction station]]. It provides regular connections to the Dutch cities of [[Eindhoven]], [[Roermond]] and [[Nijmegen]]. Furthermore, it provides regular international connections to Germany, via [[Kaldenkirchen]] (the first stop in Germany), [[Viersen]] and [[Mönchengladbach]] to [[Düsseldorf]] and [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]].


== Sports ==
== Sports ==


[[VVV-Venlo]] is a century-old [[Football (soccer)|football]] club that plays in [[De Koel|De Koel Stadium]]. Founded on 7 February 1903, it is one of the first professional football clubs in the Netherlands. In the season 2008–2009, VVV-Venlo won the [[Eerste Divisie]] (''Eerste Divisie'') and was promoted to the highest Dutch professional football league: the ''[[Eredivisie]]''.
[[VVV-Venlo]] is a century-old [[Football (soccer)|football]] club that plays in [[De Koel|De Koel Stadium]]. Founded on 7 February 1903, it is one of the first professional football clubs in the Netherlands. In recent years it has been a [[yo-yo club]], winning the [[Eerste Divisie]] in 2009 and 2017 and being promoted to the highest Dutch professional football league, the [[Eredivisie]], as a result.


== Economy ==
== Geography ==
The headquarters of multinational [[Océ]] is located in Venlo, as is the headquarters of [[Cimpress]].<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Securities and Exchange Commission - Form 10-Q|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NjI1MTM3fENoaWxkSUQ9MzI5NTEyfFR5cGU9MQ==&t=1|website=Cimpress Investor Relations|publisher=Cimpress|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref> Also, the European headquarters of one the world's largest direct selling companies [[Amway]] and the American office supply retailing company [[Office Depot]] are located in the city of Venlo.


=== Climate ===
Greenport Venlo is one of designated five Greenports in the Netherlands. It is the second largest concentration of horticulture in the Netherlands. Seen in conjunction with the neighbouring German region of Niederrhein (Lower Rhine), Greenport Venlo is even the largest in Europe. Together, the Greenport area Venlo and the agro business area "Lower Rhine" in Germany form a region where more than 30 million of people live. This region is a unique and vital international network of business, research, universities and politics. The cooperation revolves around stimulating innovation, creating an attractive working and living environment and integral regional development. The network offers broad chances and future possibilities to analyse, use and further develop the "green market", thus food, fresh and logistics markets. The aim is to provide an impulse for the economy of the region of North Limburg.<ref name="Greenport Venlo">{{cite web

{{Weather box
|location = Arcen, Netherlands (extremes 1981-2010)
|single line = yes
|metric first = yes
|Jan record high C = 15.9
|Feb record high C = 17.4
|Mar record high C = 24.3
|Apr record high C = 28.7
|May record high C = 31.8
|Jun record high C = 34.7
|Jul record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 37.8
|Sep record high C = 32.5
|Oct record high C = 25.9
|Nov record high C = 20.2
|Dec record high C = 15.8
|Jan high C = 5.3
|Feb high C = 6.4
|Mar high C = 10.5
|Apr high C = 14.8
|May high C = 19.1
|Jun high C = 21.7
|Jul high C = 24.1
|Aug high C = 23.6
|Sep high C = 19.7
|Oct high C = 14.9
|Nov high C = 9.4
|Dec high C = 5.8
|Jan mean C = 2.7
|Feb mean C = 3.0
|Mar mean C = 6.2
|Apr mean C = 9.4
|May mean C = 13.6
|Jun mean C = 16.1
|Jul mean C = 18.4
|Aug mean C = 17.7
|Sep mean C = 14.4
|Oct mean C = 10.6
|Nov mean C = 6.3
|Dec mean C = 3.3
|Jan low C = -0.2
|Feb low C = -0.2
|Mar low C = 2.1
|Apr low C = 4.0
|May low C = 7.9
|Jun low C = 10.4
|Jul low C = 12.7
|Aug low C = 12.1
|Sep low C = 9.7
|Oct low C = 6.7
|Nov low C = 3.3
|Dec low C = 0.7
|Jan record low C = -19.9
|Feb record low C = -15.2
|Mar record low C = -10.0
|Apr record low C = -6.4
|May record low C = -1.1
|Jun record low C = 0.6
|Jul record low C = 3.9
|Aug record low C = 2.7
|Sep record low C = 0.4
|Oct record low C = -6.0
|Nov record low C = -8.8
|Dec record low C = -14.3
|source 1 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] (1981–2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_380.pdf
|title = Klimaattabel Arcen, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010
|publisher = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]]
|language = nl
|access-date = 10 September 2013}}</ref>
}}

== Economy and infrastructure ==
The headquarters of multinational printing-equipment firm [[Océ]], today a part of the Japanese firm [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], is located in Venlo, as is the headquarters of [[Cimpress]],<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Securities and Exchange Commission - Form 10-Q|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NjI1MTM3fENoaWxkSUQ9MzI5NTEyfFR5cGU9MQ==&t=1|website=Cimpress Investor Relations|publisher=Cimpress|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> parent company of the [[Vistaprint]] brand. Also, the European headquarters of one of the world's largest direct selling companies [[Amway]] and the American office supply retailing company [[Office Depot]] are located in the city of Venlo. In 2017 also the international onlineshop vidaXL moved its headquarters and warehouse to Venlo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-03|title=VidaXL builds enormous distribution center|url=https://www.retaildetail.eu/en/news/m-tail/vidaxl-builds-enormous-distribution-center|access-date=2021-01-13|website=RetailDetail|language=en}}</ref>

[[:nl:Klavertje 4|Greenport Venlo]] is one of designated five Greenports in the Netherlands. It is the second largest concentration of horticulture in the Netherlands. Seen in conjunction with the neighbouring German region of [[Lower Rhine region|Niederrhein]] (Lower Rhine), Greenport Venlo is even the largest in Europe. Together, the Greenport area Venlo and the agro business area "Lower Rhine" in Germany form a region where more than 30 million of people live. This region is a unique and vital international network of business, research, universities and politics. The cooperation revolves around stimulating innovation, creating an attractive working and living environment and integral regional development. The network offers broad chances and future possibilities to analyse, use and further develop the "green market", thus food, fresh and logistics markets. The aim is to provide an impulse for the economy of the region of North Limburg.<ref name="Greenport Venlo">{{cite web
|url = http://www.venlogreenpark.nl/en/greenport-venlo
|url = http://www.venlogreenpark.nl/en/greenport-venlo
|title = Greenport Venlo
|title = Greenport Venlo
|author = Venlo Greenpark
|author = Venlo Greenpark
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|work =
|publisher = Venlo Greenpark
|publisher = Venlo Greenpark
|accessdate = 6 January 2015}}</ref>
|access-date = 6 January 2015}}</ref>


== International relations ==
== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands}}
Venlo is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
Venlo is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{| class="wikitable"
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gorizia]], [[Italy]]
|- valign="top"
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Krefeld]], [[Germany]]
|
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gorizia]], [[Italy]]
||
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]]
||
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Krefeld]], [[Germany]]
|}


==Notable residents==
==Notable residents==
<!--- please include only highly notable residents that do have an en.wiki article --->
<!--- please include only highly notable residents that do have an en.wiki article --->
[[File:Geert Wilders op Prinsjesdag 2014 (cropped).jpg|upright|thumb|140px|Geert Wilders, 2014]]
* [[Henri Alexis Brialmont]], Dutch-born Belgian military engineer
[[File:Anthonis Mor - Portrait of Hubert Goltzius - WGA16187.jpg|upright|thumb|140px|Hubert Goltzius, 1574]]
* [[Glenn Corneille]], Acclaimed Dutch jazz pianist
[[File:Chantal pers94772 (1).jpg|upright|thumb|140px|Chantal Janzen, 2016]]
* [[Paul Cox]], award-winning Australian-film director
[[File:Chriet Titulaer (1984).jpg|upright|thumb|140px|Chriet Titulaer, 1984]]
* [[Teun van Dijck]], Dutch politician and one of the members of the [[Party for Freedom|PVV]].
[[File:Carla Beurskens 1982.jpg|upright|thumb|140px|Carla Beurskens, 1982]]
* [[Evert Dudok]], President of EADS Astrium Space Transportation
[[File:Rick Hoogendorp.jpg|upright|thumb|140px|Rick Hoogendorp, 2006]]
* [[Michael Evans (Dutch footballer)|Michael Evans]], Dutch footballer
=== Public thinking & public service ===
* [[Josephus Andreas Fodor]], Violinist and composer of the Classical era
* [[Gertruid Bolwater]] (died 1511), legendary Dutch folklore heroine, the ''Defender of Venlo''
* [[Maico Gerritsen]], Dutch footballer
* [[Erycius Puteanus]] (1574–1646), humanist and [[philologist]].<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Erycius Puteanus |volume= 12 |last=Simar |first= Th. |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Hubert Goltzius]], Renaissance painter, engraver, and printer
* [[Colin Halkett|General Sir Colin Halkett]] (1774–1856), a British Army officer & Lieutenant Governor of Jersey.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Halkett, Colin |volume= 24 |last= Chichester |first= Henry Manners |author-link= |pages=49-51 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Rick Hoogendorp]], Dutch footballer
* [[Henri Alexis Brialmont]] (1821–1903), Dutch-born Belgian military engineer.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Brialmont, Henri Alexis |volume= 4 |page=515 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Jens Janse]], Dutch footballer
* [[Johan van Lom]] (1465–1538 or 1539), politician and philanthropist
* [[Saskia Linssen]], Dutch model and actress
* [[Willem Hubert Nolens]] (1860–1931), politician and Roman Catholic priest
* [[Jos Luhukay]], Dutch football coach and former player
* [[Jo van Nunen]], Dutch engineer and Professor of Logistics
* [[Charles van Rooy]] (1912–1996), politician, Mayor of Venlo 1952–1957
* [[Teun van Dijck]] (born 1963), politician and saxophonist, restaurateur and civil servant
* [[Will Sanders]], an acclaimed hornist.
* [[Geert Wilders]] (born 1963), politician, parliament member since 1998, leader of the [[Party for Freedom|PVV]]
* [[Frank Scheffer]], Dutch cinematographer and producer of documentary film,
* [[Jolande Sap]] (born 1963), politician and former educator and civil servant
* [[Jeu Sprengers]], Dutch chairman of the Royal Netherlands Football Association

* [[Paul van der Sterren]], chess grandmaster
=== Arts ===
* [[David Strijbos]], former motocross world champion
* [[Hubert Goltzius]] (1526–1583), Renaissance painter, engraver and printer
* [[Boris Titulaer]], Dutch singer, winner of the second season of Idols in the Netherlands
* [[Chriet Titulaer]], Dutch astronomer and media personality
* [[Gerrit Gerritsz Cuyp]] (c. 1565–1644), [[Dutch Golden Age]] painter and master glazier
* [[Jan van Cleve (III)]] (1646–1716), Flemish painter of altarpieces and allegorical scenes
* [[Jolande Sap]], Dutch politician
* [[Josephus Andreas Fodor]] (1751–1828), violinist and composer of the Classical era
* [[Geert Wilders]], Dutch politician, parliamentmember since 1998, leader and chairperson of the [[Party for Freedom|PVV]].
* [[Carel Anton Fodor]] (1768–1846), pianist, conductor and composer
* [[André van den Heuvel]] (1927 in Tegelen – 2016), actor
* [[Paul Cox (director)|Paul Cox]] (1940–2016), Dutch-Australian filmmaker and director
* [[Marie-Thérèse Schins]] (born 1943), German-Dutch journalist, painter and writer
* [[Ben Verbong]] (born 1949 in Tegelen), film director and screenwriter
* [[Geert Lap]] (1951–2017), [[ceramist]] and clay minimalist
* [[Huub Stapel]] (born 1954 in Tegelen), actor
* [[Ted Noten]] (born 1956 in Tegelen), conceptual artist
* [[Frank Scheffer]] (born 1956), cinematographer and producer of documentary film
* [[James Intveld]] (born 1959), American musician, singer, songwriter, actor and film director
* [[Will Sanders]] (born 1965), classical horn player, conductor and music school professor
* [[Pieter Kuijpers]] (born 1968 in Tegelen), film director, producer and screenwriter
* [[Glenn Corneille]] (1970–2005), jazz pianist
* [[Saskia Linssen]] (born 1970), model and actress, Playboy Playmate of the Month, June 1991
* [[Ronald Goedemondt]] (born 1975 in Tegelen), comedian
* [[Chantal Janzen]] (born 1979 in Tegelen), actress, singer and TV presenter
* [[Boris Titulaer]] (born 1980), soul singer-songwriter, winner of the second season of the Dutch talent show ''[[Idols (Dutch TV series)|Idols]]''
* [[Lotte Verbeek]] (born 1982), actress, model and dancer

=== Science & business ===
* [[Cor Herkströter]] (born 1937), former chairman of [[Royal Dutch Shell]] and the [[ING Group]]
* [[Chriet Titulaer]] (1943–2017), astronomer and TV personality
* [[Jo van Nunen]] (1945–2010), engineer and professor of logistics
* [[Ernst Homburg]] (born 1952), chemist and historian
* [[Evert Dudok]] (born 1959), President of EADS [[Astrium]] Space Transportation

=== Sport ===
* [[Bart Carlier]] (1929–2017), football player with over 340 club caps
* [[Jan Klaassens]] (1931–1983), football player with 707 club caps and 57 national caps
* [[Jeu Sprengers]] (1938 in Tegelen – 2008), chairman of the [[Royal Dutch Football Association]] (KNVB) 2002 to 2008
* [[Harry Heijnen]] (1940–2015), football player with over 400 club caps
* [[Theo van Vroonhoven]] (born 1940), field hockey player, competed at the [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]] and the [[1968 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Carla Beurskens]] (born 1952 in Tegelen), prominent long-distance runner
* [[Jan Versleijen]] (born 1955), professional football coach, last managed in South Africa
* [[Paul van der Sterren]] (born 1956), chess grandmaster
* [[Jos Luhukay]] (born 1963), football coach and former player
* [[Stan Valckx]] (born 1963 in Arcen en Velden), former professional footballer with 435 club caps
* [[David Strijbos]] (born 1967), former [[motocross]] [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|F.I.M.]] world champion
* [[Inge Leurs]] (born 1975), former cricketer
* [[Rick Hoogendorp]] (born 1975), former football striker with 439 club caps
* [[Bernard Hofstede]] (born 1980 in Tegelen), footballer with 380 club caps
* [[Sjors Verdellen]] (born 1981 in Tegelen), former professional footballer with 394 club caps
* [[Jens Janse]] (born 1986), footballer with 220 club caps
* [[Angela Steenbakkers]] (born 1994), handballer with the [[Netherlands women's national handball team|Dutch national team]]
* [[Thierry Vermeulen]] (born 2002), racing driver


== References ==
== References ==
Line 205: Line 326:
== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Venlo}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Venlo}}
* {{Official website|[venlo.nl}}
* {{Official website|venlo.nl}}


<!--Please note that not all directions need to be filled-->
<!--Please note that not all directions need to be filled-->
<!--Please note that only other municipalities or bodies of water should be used-->
<!--Please note that only other municipalities or bodies of water should be used-->
{{Geographic location
{{Geographic location<!--- abbreviations per [[ISO 3166-2:DE]] --->
|Centre = Venlo
|Centre = Venlo
|North = [[Bergen, Limburg|Bergen]]
|North = [[Bergen, Limburg|Bergen]]
Line 217: Line 338:
|South = [[Brüggen, Germany|Brüggen]]{{space}}([[Germany|DE]]-[[North Rhine-Westphalia|NW]])
|South = [[Brüggen, Germany|Brüggen]]{{space}}([[Germany|DE]]-[[North Rhine-Westphalia|NW]])
|Southwest = [[Beesel]]
|Southwest = [[Beesel]]
|West = [[Peel en Maas]] / ''[[Meuse (river)|Meuse]]''
|West = [[Peel en Maas]] / ''[[Meuse]]''
|Northwest = [[Horst aan de Maas]]
|Northwest = [[Horst aan de Maas]]
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 20:21, 11 June 2024

Venlo
City and municipality
Venlo city centre
Venlo city centre
Flag of Venlo
Flag
Coat of arms of Venlo
Coat of arms
Highlighted position of Venlo in a municipal map of Limburg
Location in Limburg
Venlo is located in Netherlands
Venlo
Venlo
Location within the Netherlands
Venlo is located in Europe
Venlo
Venlo
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 51°22′N 6°10′E / 51.367°N 6.167°E / 51.367; 6.167
Country Netherlands
ProvinceLimburg
Government
[1]
 • BodyMunicipal council
 • MayorAntoin Scholten (VVD)
Area
[2]
 • Total128.99 km2 (49.80 sq mi)
 • Land124.25 km2 (47.97 sq mi)
 • Water4.74 km2 (1.83 sq mi)
Elevation
[3]
21 m (69 ft)
Population
 (January 2021)[4]
 • Total101,988
 • Density821/km2 (2,130/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Venloër, Venlonaar, Venloënaar, Venlonaer
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
5900–5951
Area code077
Websitevenlo.nl

Venlo ([ˈvɛnloː] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in southeastern Netherlands, close to the border with Germany. It is situated in the province of Limburg. The municipality of Venlo counted 101,578 inhabitants as of January 2019.[5]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Map circa 1850

Roman and Celtic coins have been found in Venlo; it was speculated to have been the settlement known as Sablones on the Roman road connecting Maastricht with Xanten, but the little evidence there is concerning the location of Sablones speaks against this thought while there is no evidence in support of it. Blerick, on the west bank, was known as Blariacum.

Documents from the 9th century mention Venlo as a trade post; it developed into one of the more important ones in the Meuse-Rhine area, receiving city rights in 1343, and becoming a member of the Hanseatic League in 1375.

Because of its strategic importance, the city of Venlo was besieged several times. The most significant siege was that of 1702, carried on by Menno van Coehoorn. Consequently, Venlo was incorporated into the Generaliteitslanden of the United Provinces at the Treaty of 1713. After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

In 1839-1866 Venlo was not a part of German Confederation, completely surrounded by its territory.

World War II[edit]

On 9 November 1939, two British Intelligence Service agents were kidnapped by the Sicherheitsdienst in what became known as the Venlo Incident. The incident was used by the Nazis to link Great Britain to Georg Elser's failed assassination of Hitler at the Bürgerbräukeller the day before and to justify their later invasion of the Netherlands, a neutral country, on 10 May 1940.

Venlo had both a road and a railway bridge over the Meuse (Dutch: Maas). The city was severely damaged by bombing raids (13 October – 19 November 1944) on the bridges at the end of the war. Allied forces made 13 attempts to destroy the bridges to cut the German supply lines and block a retreat of the German army across the river. These failed, and it was the retreating German troops who in the end blew up the bridges in an attempt to stop the allied advance. Allied forces liberated Venlo from the east, from inside Germany itself.

About 300 people were killed due to those raids. The raids also cost Venlo a major part of its historical buildings. However, some old buildings, such as the city hall (the 'Stadhuis') and the 'Römer' house, survived the war relatively unscathed.

Before the war, Venlo had a small Jewish community. In 1930 there were 86 Jewish people living in Venlo. In the next decade this number rose to about 248, because German Jews were trying to evade the discriminatory laws and growing hate in Germany. 6 years after the end of The Holocaust and the first wave of Jewish immigration to Israel there were 32 Jewish people left in Venlo.

Post-Second World War era[edit]

Topographic map of the city of Venlo, as of March 2014

By the late 1990s, drug-related nuisance had become a problem in the centre of Venlo.[6] National and municipal officials launched the Q-4 Project and Tango initiatives that, amongst other measures, included moving the town's largest coffeeshops[7] to the outskirts, where they continue to do business, while the city centre was freed from disturbances.

In 2001, the municipalities of Belfeld and Tegelen were merged into the municipality of Venlo. Tegelen was originally part of the Duchy of Jülich centuries ago, whereas Venlo has a past in the Duchy of Guelders. On 1 January 2010, the municipality of Arcen en Velden, was merged into the municipality of Venlo.

In 2003 Venlo was awarded the title "Greenest city of Europe". Venlo was the host of Floriade 2012, the world's largest horticultural exhibition.

In 2013, Venlo won the prestigious 'Best City Centre of the Netherlands' award. It amazed the jury by all the investments which have been made in the last couple of years in the Maas Boulevard, the railway station, the tunnel in the centre and the Maas bridge.[8]

Culture[edit]

City hall of Venlo
  • Theatre "De Maaspoort"
  • Limburg Museum and Art Museum "Museum van Bommel van Dam"
  • Venlo Police Museum
  • Pop venue Grenswerk (formerly Perron 55)
  • Major annual cultural events
    • Carnival called "Vastelaovend" in February/March (Six weeks before Easter)
    • Summer park festivities called "Zomerparkfeest" in August held in and around the main park of Venlo, a four-day podium for a broad audience, including live music, film, dance, art etc.

Education[edit]

Venlo, being a city with a 100,000-plus population, is served by a large number of schools both at primary and secondary education levels. In addition, Venlo is a higher-education hub within the southern Netherlands, with several institutes of higher education.

Venlo hosts three institutes of higher education:

Transport[edit]

Venlo is connected to Germany by two motorways (Bundesautobahn 40 and Bundesautobahn 61), which connect to Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Cologne and the Ruhr area within one hour.

Venlo railway station is a junction station. It provides regular connections to the Dutch cities of Eindhoven, Roermond and Nijmegen. Furthermore, it provides regular international connections to Germany, via Kaldenkirchen (the first stop in Germany), Viersen and Mönchengladbach to Düsseldorf and Hamm.

Sports[edit]

VVV-Venlo is a century-old football club that plays in De Koel Stadium. Founded on 7 February 1903, it is one of the first professional football clubs in the Netherlands. In recent years it has been a yo-yo club, winning the Eerste Divisie in 2009 and 2017 and being promoted to the highest Dutch professional football league, the Eredivisie, as a result.

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Climate data for Arcen, Netherlands (extremes 1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		34.7
(94.5) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.8
(100.0) 		32.5
(90.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		14.6
(58.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		10.1
(50.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F) −19.9
(−3.8) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		2.7
(36.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−19.9
(−3.8)
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1981–2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)[9]

Economy and infrastructure[edit]

The headquarters of multinational printing-equipment firm Océ, today a part of the Japanese firm Canon, is located in Venlo, as is the headquarters of Cimpress,[10] parent company of the Vistaprint brand. Also, the European headquarters of one of the world's largest direct selling companies Amway and the American office supply retailing company Office Depot are located in the city of Venlo. In 2017 also the international onlineshop vidaXL moved its headquarters and warehouse to Venlo.[11]

Greenport Venlo is one of designated five Greenports in the Netherlands. It is the second largest concentration of horticulture in the Netherlands. Seen in conjunction with the neighbouring German region of Niederrhein (Lower Rhine), Greenport Venlo is even the largest in Europe. Together, the Greenport area Venlo and the agro business area "Lower Rhine" in Germany form a region where more than 30 million of people live. This region is a unique and vital international network of business, research, universities and politics. The cooperation revolves around stimulating innovation, creating an attractive working and living environment and integral regional development. The network offers broad chances and future possibilities to analyse, use and further develop the "green market", thus food, fresh and logistics markets. The aim is to provide an impulse for the economy of the region of North Limburg.[12]

International relations[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands

Venlo is twinned with:

Notable residents[edit]

Geert Wilders, 2014
Hubert Goltzius, 1574
Chantal Janzen, 2016
Chriet Titulaer, 1984
Carla Beurskens, 1982
Rick Hoogendorp, 2006

Public thinking & public service[edit]

Arts[edit]

Science & business[edit]

Sport[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Burgemeester en wethouders" [Mayor and aldermen] (in Dutch). Gemeente Venlo. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  2. ^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Postcodetool for 5911HT". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  4. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  5. ^ Statistics Netherlands (CBS), "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand". Retrieved on 6 March 2019.
  6. ^ Snippe, J.; Naayer, H.; Bieleman, B. (2006), Hektor in 2005. Evaluatie aanpak drugsoverlast in Venlo, Groningen/Rotterdam: Interval/WODC
  7. ^ In the Netherlands, coffeeshops are establishments where it is allowed to sell cannabis to adults for their personal consumption.
  8. ^ "Venlo has Best City Centre in the Netherlands" [Venlo has Best City Centre in the Netherlands]. Fontys Venlo. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  9. ^ "Klimaattabel Arcen, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  10. ^ "United States Securities and Exchange Commission - Form 10-Q". Cimpress Investor Relations. Cimpress. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  11. ^ "VidaXL builds enormous distribution center". RetailDetail. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  12. ^ Venlo Greenpark (2012). "Greenport Venlo". Venlo Greenpark. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  13. ^ Simar, Th. (1911). "Erycius Puteanus" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12.
  14. ^ Chichester, Henry Manners (1890). "Halkett, Colin" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. pp. 49–51.
  15. ^ "Brialmont, Henri Alexis" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 515.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venlo&oldid=1228542733"