Point Hicks: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Kevin Ryde (talk | contribs) New |
No edit summary |
||
| (197 intermediate revisions by 89 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Point in Australia}} |
|||
'''Point Hicks''', formerly called '''Cape Everard''', is a coastal headland on the eastern coast of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]], located within the [[Croajingolong National Park]]. |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} |
|||
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2011}} |
|||
{{Infobox landform |
|||
| water = |
|||
| name = Point Hicks |
|||
| other_name = Cape Everard |
|||
| type = [[Cape (geography)|Cape]] |
|||
| photo = |
|||
| photo_width = |
|||
| photo_alt = |
|||
| photo_caption = |
|||
<!-- map --> |
|||
| map = Australia Victoria |
|||
| relief = 1 |
|||
| map_image = |
|||
| map_caption = Location of Point Hicks in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] |
|||
<!-- location --> |
|||
| location = [[South East Corner]] ([[Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia|IBRA]]), [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia |
|||
| coordinates = {{coord|37|48|11|S|149|16|32|E|display=inline,title}} |
|||
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=vicnames>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=17439|title=Point Hicks: 17439|work=Vicnames|publisher=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]]|date=2 May 1966|access-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109160710/https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=17439|archive-date=9 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=haldane>{{cite web | url=http://www.haldane.ausvic.net/lighthouse.html | author=Haldane, Robert | title=A Beacon on the Wilderness Coast: The Story of Point Hicks (Cape Everard) | journal=Gippsland Heritage Journal | issue=25 | year=2001 | access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> |
|||
| range = |
|||
| part_of = |
|||
| water_bodies = |
|||
| elevation_ft = <!-- or |elevation_m = --> |
|||
| elevation_ref = |
|||
| surface_elevation_ft = <!-- or |surface_elevation_m = --> |
|||
| surface_elevation_ref = |
|||
| highest_point = |
|||
| highest_elevation = |
|||
| highest_coords = |
|||
| length = |
|||
| width = |
|||
| area = |
|||
| depth = |
|||
| drop = |
|||
| formed_by = |
|||
| geology = |
|||
| age = |
|||
| orogeny = |
|||
| volcanic_arc/belt = |
|||
| volcanic_arc = |
|||
| volcanic_belt = |
|||
| volcanic_field = |
|||
| eruption = |
|||
| last_eruption = |
|||
| topo = |
|||
| operator = |
|||
| designation = |
|||
| free_label_1 = |
|||
| free_data_1 = |
|||
| free_label_2 = |
|||
| free_data_2 = |
|||
| website = |
|||
| embed = |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Point Hicks''' (formerly called '''Cape Everard'''), is a coastal [[headland]] in the [[East Gippsland]] region of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia, located within the [[Croajingolong National Park]]. The point is marked by the [[Point Hicks Lighthouse]] that faces the [[Tasman Sea]]. |
|||
The traditional custodians of the land surrounding Point Hicks are the [[Australian Aboriginal]] [[Bidawal]] and [[Gunai people|Gunaikurnai]] peoples who called the point ''Tolywiarar''.<ref name=vicnames/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/explore/parks/point-hicks-marine-national-park |title=Point Hicks Marine National Park |work=[[Parks Victoria]] |publisher=[[Government of Victoria]] |access-date=10 January 2014 }}</ref> In April 1770 this area became the first land on the east coast of Australia known to have been sighted by [[Europeans]], when {{HMS|Endeavour}} reached the continent during the [[first voyage of James Cook]] to the Pacific. |
|||
== Name == |
|||
==Name== |
|||
The point is where, on [[19 April]] [[1770]], the continent of Australia was first sighted by [[Captain Cook]]'s ''Endeavour'' voyage. Cook records that it was [[Zachary Hickes|Lieutenant Zachary Hickes]] who first saw land, and Cook named the point after him. (Hicks spelt his name Hickes with an "e", Cook wrote both Hicks and Hickes in different places; the spelling Hicks is now in use for the point.) |
|||
The point is named after [[Zachary Hickes|Lieutenant Zachary Hicks]] of the Endeavour who, in April 1770, first saw land presumed to be the east coast of New Holland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaglehole |first1=J.C. |title=Journals vol.I |date=1968 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |location=Cambridge |isbn=0851157440 |page=299}}</ref> |
|||
==History== |
|||
But there has been doubt, and long-running scholarly debate, about exactly what Cook saw. The latitude and longitude he gave is a location many miles out to sea, and due to that the name Point Hicks was not taken up by mariners. |
|||
After charting New Zealand during his first voyage of discovery, Cook set a course westwards, intending to strike for [[Van Diemen's Land]] (present-day [[Tasmania]]) to establish whether or not it formed part of the presumed southern continent. However, he was forced to maintain a more northerly course owing to prevailing gales, and sailed on until 19 April 1770, when land was sighted at 6 a.m. Two hours later, Cook made a further observation of land and named it Point Hicks. Cook recorded the event thus:<blockquote>the Southermost [sic] Point of land we had in sight which bore from us W<small>1/4</small>S I judged to lay in the Latitude of 38°..0' S° and in the Longitude of 211°..07' W <sup>t</sup> from the Meridian of Greenwich. I have named it Point Hicks, because Lieut <sup>t</sup> Hicks was the first who discover'd this land.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Cook|first=James|date=19 April 1770|title=Cook's Journal: daily entries|url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700419.html|access-date=18 October 2020|website=National Library of Australia, South Seas Collection}}</ref></blockquote>Cook calculated that Van Diemen's Land ought to lie due south of their position, but having found the coastline trending to the south-west, recorded his doubt that this landmass was connected to it.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
The point instead came to be known as Cape Everard. The first use of that name is attributed to [[hydrographer]] [[John Lort Stokes]] who surveyed the coast in the ''Beagle'' in [[1843]]. It's presumed he named it after fellow naval officer [[John Everard Home]]. Stokes' maps don't record the name, but many secondary sources attribute its introduction to him. |
|||
Cook's manuscript chart of Australia's east coast, starts at a point he named Point Hicks and gave its coordinates as 38°0'S and 148°53'E. However,the coordinates recorded are several miles off-shore, in {{convert|50|fathom|m}} of water. It has been variously suggested that Cook was deceived by a cloud bank, a compass error, or a faulty observation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lipscombe|first=Trevor|year=2020|title=Why Has The Error of Cook's Point Hicks Endured? Part 1|url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/places/why-has-the-error-of-cook-s-point-hicks-endured-part-1|journal=Cook's Log|volume= 43| issue = 1|pages=33–35|via=Captain Cook Society}}</ref> Margaret Cameron-Ash, however, claims that Cook deliberately falsified his charts and coordinates in order to hide the existence of Bass Strait for reasons of military and colonial policy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cameron-Ash|first1=M.|title=Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour Voyage|date=2018|publisher=Rosenberg|isbn=978-0-64804-396-6|location=Sydney|pages=148–154}}</ref> Those claims have been vigorously challenged as lacking in any sound evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lipscombe|first=Trevor|year=2020|title=Cook Conspiracy at Point Hicks?|journal=The Globe|volume=87|pages=51–56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mawer|first=GA|date=2018|title=Lying for the admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour voyage [Book Review]|journal=The Globe|volume=84|pages=59–61|via=ProQuest}}</ref> |
|||
The first known chart showing the name Everard was by [[surveyor]] [[George Douglas Smythe]], made in [[1852]] and published in [[1853]]. If it was he who in fact coined the name then one theory suggests he may have been referring to William Everard, commissioner of crown lands (though no record of that Everard has been found). |
|||
Nevertheless, it is likely that Cook's "Point of land" was not today's Point Hicks, and lies somewhat to the south-west.<ref name="captaincooksociety.com">Lipscombe, Trevor (2015) "Cook's Point Hicks: Error That Just Won't Go Away" in ''Cook's Log'' by the Captain Cook Society, volume 38, number 2, pages 26–32. Online at, https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/places/cook-s-point-hicks-error-that-just-won-t-go-away</ref> |
|||
In any case the name Cape Everard was used from that time up until [[1970]] when it was changed back to Point Hicks as part of Cook's bicentenary. [[Premier of Victoria|Victorian Premier]] [[Henry Bolte]] proclaimed the new name in a ceremony at the point on [[20 April]] [[1970]] (this was the 200th anniversay; Cook's 19 April was by nautical time, ie. not adjusted for the [[international date line]]). |
|||
[[File:Hicks-plaque.jpg|thumb|right|text-top|228px|alt=Photo of plaque|The plaque on the landward side of the obelisk at Point Hicks, Victoria, Australia.]] |
|||
== Lighthouse == |
|||
At the end of 1797, [[George Bass]] sailed past the area in an open whale-boat and was unable to identify the point.<ref>{{cite book |author=Flinders, Matthew |author-link=Matthew Flinders |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12929 |title=A Voyage to Terra Australis |volume=I |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |publication-date=17 July 2004 |format=e-book}}</ref> Although [[Matthew Flinders]] sailed past the area in 1798–99 and again in 1802–03, the coastal area near Point Hicks was always out of Flinders' visual range. When drawing his chart, Flinders relied on Bass's observations, thus omitting Point Hicks. The name Point Hicks was still being used on some maps<ref>Map by The Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge published in 1840</ref> up until 1840. |
|||
A lighthouse was built on the point in [[1887]]/[[1888|8]] and commenced operation in [[1890]], buiilt from concrete and with timber keepers quarters. It was connected to mains electricity in [[1965]], and then to solar power recently. |
|||
The first use of the name Cape Everard has been attributed to [[hydrography|hydrographer]] [[John Lort Stokes]], who surveyed the coast in the ''Beagle'' in 1843.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=Ernest|date=1912|title=English and French Navigators on the Victorian Coast|journal=Victorian Historical Magazine|volume= 2 |issue= 4|pages=145–176}}</ref> It was presumed he named it after fellow naval officer [[James Everard Home]].<ref name="haldane" /> Stokes' maps do not record the name, but many secondary sources attribute its introduction to him. The first known map showing Cape Everard was made in 1852 and published in 1853, by [[Surveyor (surveying)|surveyor]] George Douglas Smythe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lipscombe|first=Trevor|date=2020|title=Cook's Point Hicks: Reports from the 1870s|url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/places/cook-s-point-hicks-reports-from-the-1870s|journal=Cook's Log|publisher=Captain Cook Society|volume=41|issue=3|pages=36–37}}</ref> If he coined the name, then, according to one theory, he may have been referring to [[William Everard (South Australian politician)|William Everard]], a South Australian Commissioner of Crown Lands.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} The name Cape Everard was adopted after 1853 and was used until 1970, when the location was renamed Point Hicks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liscombe|first=Trevor|date=2014|title=Point Hicks – The clouded facts|journal=Victorian Historical Journal|volume=85|issue=2|pages=232–253}}</ref> |
|||
== See also == |
|||
Despite the use of the name Cape Everard to designate the promontory, Cook's original name of Point Hicks was recorded on an [[obelisk]]-shaped monument erected by the Australian Government on the site in 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lipscombe |first=Trevor |date=August 2014 |title=Hydrographers v Historians — the truth about Point Hicks |url=http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Map-Matters-24-Winter-2014R.pdf |journal=Map Matters | issue=24 |pages=4–8 |publisher=Australasian Hydrographic Society |access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=haldane/>{{rp|n30}}<ref name=":1" /> The inscription on the landward side of the monument reads:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2063346 |title=COOK'S VOYAGE. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=6 November 1924 |access-date=27 September 2013 |page=17 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Point Hicks Marine Park]] is the waters off Point Hicks |
|||
{{quotation|"Lieutenant James Cook, R.N. Of the Endeavour, First Sighted Australia Near This Point, Which He Named Point Hicks After Lieutenant Zachary Hicks Who First Saw the Land. April 19th (Ship's Log Date). April 20th (Calendar Date). 1770." |
|||
== References == |
|||
On the seaward side of the monument is a plaque listing the "Ship's Company of H.M. Bark Endeavour April 20th 1770".<ref name=haldane/>{{rp|n30}}<ref name="Cook's Journal">{{cite book |title=Captain Cook's Journal During His First Voyage Round the World Made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour", 1768–71|author=Cook, James |author-link=James Cook |editor=Wharton, W. J. L |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |publication-date=1 May 2005 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/8106/8106-h/8106-h.htm |format=e-book}}</ref>}} |
|||
*[http://www.lighthouse.net.au/LIGHTS/VIC/Point%20Hicks/Point%20Hicks.htm The Point Hicks Lighthouse] at lighthouse.net.au |
|||
In the 1930s, the Australian businessman and philanthropist, [[Russell Grimwade]], commissioned stone to be quarried from Cape Everard and shipped to Great Ayton in Yorkshire. It was used to create a replica monument with an identical plaque, which was placed at the site of the home of Captain Cook's parents, after Grimwade had arranged for the home to be dismantled and reconstructed in [[Fitzroy Gardens]], [[Melbourne]], in 1934.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Antonello |first=Alessandro |date=2021-10-02 |title=Monumental geo-politics: ocean, land and Captain Cook in interwar Australia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14490854.2021.1991812 |journal=History Australia |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=753–767 |doi=10.1080/14490854.2021.1991812 |issn=1449-0854}}</ref> |
|||
*[http://www.users.bigpond.com/haldane/lighthouse.html A Beacon on the Wilderness Coast: The Story of Point Hicks (Cape Everard)] by Robert Haldane |
|||
Cook's name, Point Hicks, was officially established as the name of the cape as part of the commemoration of the [[bicentenary of James Cook in Australia|bicentenary of Cook's 1770 voyage]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blainey|first=Geoffrey|title=Captain Cook's Epic Voyage: the strange quest for a missing continent|publisher=Viking Australia|year=2020|pages=305|isbn=9781760895099}}</ref> [[Premier of Victoria|Victorian Premier]] [[Henry Bolte]] proclaimed the new name in a ceremony at the point on 20 April 1970.<ref name="captaincooksociety.com" /> |
|||
*{{gutenberg|no=8106|name=Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World}} |
|||
==Climate== |
|||
== External links == |
|||
Point Hicks has a mild [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') with pleasant summers and cool damp winters. |
|||
{{Weather box |
|||
*[http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1process_details.cfm?place=111 Point Hicks lighthouse] at [[Parks Victoria]] |
|||
|location = Point Hicks |
|||
|metric first = Yes |
|||
|single line = Yes |
|||
|Jan record high C = 42.7 |
|||
|Feb record high C = 41.0 |
|||
|Mar record high C = 37.8 |
|||
|Apr record high C = 35.6 |
|||
|May record high C = 27.5 |
|||
|Jun record high C = 22.7 |
|||
|Jul record high C = 24.0 |
|||
|Aug record high C = 29.2 |
|||
|Sep record high C = 31.1 |
|||
|Oct record high C = 35.5 |
|||
|Nov record high C = 39.0 |
|||
|Dec record high C = 41.4 |
|||
|year record high C = 42.7 |
|||
|Jan high C = 23.9 |
|||
|Feb high C = 23.8 |
|||
|Mar high C = 22.2 |
|||
|Apr high C = 19.8 |
|||
|May high C = 17.0 |
|||
|Jun high C = 14.8 |
|||
|Jul high C = 14.2 |
|||
|Aug high C = 15.0 |
|||
|Sep high C = 16.6 |
|||
|Oct high C = 18.7 |
|||
|Nov high C = 20.4 |
|||
|Dec high C = 22.1 |
|||
|year high C = 19.0 |
|||
|Jan low C = 15.8 |
|||
|Feb low C = 16.1 |
|||
|Mar low C = 15.1 |
|||
|Apr low C = 13.1 |
|||
|May low C = 11.1 |
|||
|Jun low C = 9.1 |
|||
|Jul low C = 8.2 |
|||
|Aug low C = 8.5 |
|||
|Sep low C = 9.6 |
|||
|Oct low C = 11.0 |
|||
|Nov low C = 12.7 |
|||
|Dec low C = 14.2 |
|||
|year low C = 12.0 |
|||
|Jan record low C = 1.6 |
|||
|Feb record low C = 6.6 |
|||
|Mar record low C = 7.2 |
|||
|Apr record low C = 6.0 |
|||
|May record low C = 2.8 |
|||
|Jun record low C = 2.2 |
|||
|Jul record low C = -2.0 |
|||
|Aug record low C = 1.1 |
|||
|Sep record low C = 1.8 |
|||
|Oct record low C = 3.1 |
|||
|Nov record low C = 4.9 |
|||
|Dec record low C = 6.3 |
|||
|year record low C = -2.0 |
|||
|precipitation colour = green |
|||
|Jan precipitation mm = 63.2 |
|||
|Feb precipitation mm = 57.7 |
|||
|Mar precipitation mm = 67.8 |
|||
|Apr precipitation mm = 87.9 |
|||
|May precipitation mm = 94.4 |
|||
|Jun precipitation mm = 113.2 |
|||
|Jul precipitation mm = 99.3 |
|||
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.7 |
|||
|Sep precipitation mm = 76.9 |
|||
|Oct precipitation mm = 76.0 |
|||
|Nov precipitation mm = 81.2 |
|||
|Dec precipitation mm = 71.5 |
|||
|year precipitation mm = 970.0 |
|||
|Jan precipitation days = 9.6 |
|||
|Feb precipitation days = 8.8 |
|||
|Mar precipitation days = 10.4 |
|||
|Apr precipitation days = 12.1 |
|||
|May precipitation days = 13.5 |
|||
|Jun precipitation days = 14.3 |
|||
|Jul precipitation days = 14.1 |
|||
|Aug precipitation days = 14.1 |
|||
|Sep precipitation days = 14.1 |
|||
|Oct precipitation days = 13.9 |
|||
|Nov precipitation days = 12.5 |
|||
|Dec precipitation days = 10.9 |
|||
|year precipitation days = 148.3 |
|||
|humidity colour=green |
|||
|Jan humidity = 71 |
|||
|Feb humidity = 72 |
|||
|Mar humidity = 73 |
|||
|Apr humidity = 73 |
|||
|May humidity = 76 |
|||
|Jun humidity = 76 |
|||
|Jul humidity = 74 |
|||
|Aug humidity = 72 |
|||
|Sep humidity = 73 |
|||
|Oct humidity = 73 |
|||
|Nov humidity = 72 |
|||
|Dec humidity = 73 |
|||
|year humidity = 73 |
|||
|source 1 = <ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_084070_All.shtml |
|||
| publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |title = Climate statistics for Point Hicks |access-date = 1 February 2017}}</ref> (1966–) |
|||
|date= February 2017 |
|||
}} |
|||
== See also == |
|||
{{Portal|Australia}} |
|||
* [[Mueller River (Victoria)]] |
|||
* [[Point Hicks Marine National Park]] |
|||
* {{SS|Saros}} |
|||
* [[Thurra River]] |
|||
== References == |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
== External links == |
|||
*[http://www.seasidelights.com.au/au/vic/hicks.asp Point Hicks lighthouse] at ''SeaSide Lights'' |
|||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001043552/http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/gazd01?rec=244906 Point Hicks page] at [[Geoscience Australia]] |
|||
{{1stVoyageCookAus}} |
|||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Croajingolong National Park]] |
||
[[Category:Headlands of Victoria (state)|Hicks]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 04:12, 27 May 2023
Point Hicks
Cape Everard | |
|---|---|
  Point Hicks Location of Point Hicks in Victoria | |
| Coordinates: 37°48′11″S 149°16′32″E / 37.80306°S 149.27556°E | |
| Location | South East Corner (IBRA), Victoria, Australia |
Point Hicks (formerly called Cape Everard), is a coastal headland in the East Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia, located within the Croajingolong National Park. The point is marked by the Point Hicks Lighthouse that faces the Tasman Sea.
The traditional custodians of the land surrounding Point Hicks are the Australian Aboriginal Bidawal and Gunaikurnai peoples who called the point Tolywiarar.[1][3] In April 1770 this area became the first land on the east coast of Australia known to have been sighted by Europeans, when HMS Endeavour reached the continent during the first voyage of James Cook to the Pacific.
Name
[edit]The point is named after Lieutenant Zachary Hicks of the Endeavour who, in April 1770, first saw land presumed to be the east coast of New Holland.[4]
History
[edit]After charting New Zealand during his first voyage of discovery, Cook set a course westwards, intending to strike for Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania) to establish whether or not it formed part of the presumed southern continent. However, he was forced to maintain a more northerly course owing to prevailing gales, and sailed on until 19 April 1770, when land was sighted at 6 a.m. Two hours later, Cook made a further observation of land and named it Point Hicks. Cook recorded the event thus:
the Southermost [sic] Point of land we had in sight which bore from us W1/4S I judged to lay in the Latitude of 38°..0' S° and in the Longitude of 211°..07' W t from the Meridian of Greenwich. I have named it Point Hicks, because Lieut t Hicks was the first who discover'd this land.[5]
Cook calculated that Van Diemen's Land ought to lie due south of their position, but having found the coastline trending to the south-west, recorded his doubt that this landmass was connected to it.[5]
Cook's manuscript chart of Australia's east coast, starts at a point he named Point Hicks and gave its coordinates as 38°0'S and 148°53'E. However,the coordinates recorded are several miles off-shore, in 50 fathoms (91 m) of water. It has been variously suggested that Cook was deceived by a cloud bank, a compass error, or a faulty observation.[6] Margaret Cameron-Ash, however, claims that Cook deliberately falsified his charts and coordinates in order to hide the existence of Bass Strait for reasons of military and colonial policy.[7] Those claims have been vigorously challenged as lacking in any sound evidence.[8][9]
Nevertheless, it is likely that Cook's "Point of land" was not today's Point Hicks, and lies somewhat to the south-west.[10]
At the end of 1797, George Bass sailed past the area in an open whale-boat and was unable to identify the point.[11] Although Matthew Flinders sailed past the area in 1798–99 and again in 1802–03, the coastal area near Point Hicks was always out of Flinders' visual range. When drawing his chart, Flinders relied on Bass's observations, thus omitting Point Hicks. The name Point Hicks was still being used on some maps[12] up until 1840.
The first use of the name Cape Everard has been attributed to hydrographer John Lort Stokes, who surveyed the coast in the Beagle in 1843.[13] It was presumed he named it after fellow naval officer James Everard Home.[2] Stokes' maps do not record the name, but many secondary sources attribute its introduction to him. The first known map showing Cape Everard was made in 1852 and published in 1853, by surveyor George Douglas Smythe.[14] If he coined the name, then, according to one theory, he may have been referring to William Everard, a South Australian Commissioner of Crown Lands.[citation needed] The name Cape Everard was adopted after 1853 and was used until 1970, when the location was renamed Point Hicks.[15]
Despite the use of the name Cape Everard to designate the promontory, Cook's original name of Point Hicks was recorded on an obelisk-shaped monument erected by the Australian Government on the site in 1924.[16][2]: n30 [17] The inscription on the landward side of the monument reads:[18]
"Lieutenant James Cook, R.N. Of the Endeavour, First Sighted Australia Near This Point, Which He Named Point Hicks After Lieutenant Zachary Hicks Who First Saw the Land. April 19th (Ship's Log Date). April 20th (Calendar Date). 1770." On the seaward side of the monument is a plaque listing the "Ship's Company of H.M. Bark Endeavour April 20th 1770".[2]: n30 [19]
In the 1930s, the Australian businessman and philanthropist, Russell Grimwade, commissioned stone to be quarried from Cape Everard and shipped to Great Ayton in Yorkshire. It was used to create a replica monument with an identical plaque, which was placed at the site of the home of Captain Cook's parents, after Grimwade had arranged for the home to be dismantled and reconstructed in Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne, in 1934.[17]
Cook's name, Point Hicks, was officially established as the name of the cape as part of the commemoration of the bicentenary of Cook's 1770 voyage.[20] Victorian Premier Henry Bolte proclaimed the new name in a ceremony at the point on 20 April 1970.[10]
Climate
[edit]Point Hicks has a mild oceanic climate (Cfb) with pleasant summers and cool damp winters.
| Climate data for Point Hicks | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 42.7 (108.9) |
41.0 (105.8) |
37.8 (100.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.5 (95.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
41.4 (106.5) |
42.7 (108.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.8 (60.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.8 (37.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.1 (34.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.3 (43.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 63.2 (2.49) |
57.7 (2.27) |
67.8 (2.67) |
87.9 (3.46) |
94.4 (3.72) |
113.2 (4.46) |
99.3 (3.91) |
79.7 (3.14) |
76.9 (3.03) |
76.0 (2.99) |
81.2 (3.20) |
71.5 (2.81) |
970.0 (38.19) |
| Average precipitation days | 9.6 | 8.8 | 10.4 | 12.1 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 13.9 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 148.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 73 | 73 |
| Source: [21] (1966–) | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Point Hicks: 17439". Vicnames. Government of Victoria. 2 May 1966. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d Haldane, Robert (2001). "A Beacon on the Wilderness Coast: The Story of Point Hicks (Cape Everard)". Gippsland Heritage Journal. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "Point Hicks Marine National Park". Parks Victoria. Government of Victoria. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- ^ Beaglehole, J.C. (1968). Journals vol.I. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society. p. 299. ISBN 0851157440.
- ^ a b Cook, James (19 April 1770). "Cook's Journal: daily entries". National Library of Australia, South Seas Collection. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ Lipscombe, Trevor (2020). "Why Has The Error of Cook's Point Hicks Endured? Part 1". Cook's Log. 43 (1): 33–35 – via Captain Cook Society.
- ^ Cameron-Ash, M. (2018). Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour Voyage. Sydney: Rosenberg. pp. 148–154. ISBN 978-0-64804-396-6.
- ^ Lipscombe, Trevor (2020). "Cook Conspiracy at Point Hicks?". The Globe. 87: 51–56.
- ^ Mawer, GA (2018). "Lying for the admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour voyage [Book Review]". The Globe. 84: 59–61 – via ProQuest.
- ^ a b Lipscombe, Trevor (2015) "Cook's Point Hicks: Error That Just Won't Go Away" in Cook's Log by the Captain Cook Society, volume 38, number 2, pages 26–32. Online at, https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/places/cook-s-point-hicks-error-that-just-won-t-go-away
- ^ Flinders, Matthew (17 July 2004). A Voyage to Terra Australis (e-book). Vol. I. Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Map by The Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge published in 1840
- ^ Scott, Ernest (1912). "English and French Navigators on the Victorian Coast". Victorian Historical Magazine. 2 (4): 145–176.
- ^ Lipscombe, Trevor (2020). "Cook's Point Hicks: Reports from the 1870s". Cook's Log. 41 (3). Captain Cook Society: 36–37.
- ^ Liscombe, Trevor (2014). "Point Hicks – The clouded facts". Victorian Historical Journal. 85 (2): 232–253.
- ^ Lipscombe, Trevor (August 2014). "Hydrographers v Historians — the truth about Point Hicks" (PDF). Map Matters (24). Australasian Hydrographic Society: 4–8. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ a b Antonello, Alessandro (2 October 2021). "Monumental geo-politics: ocean, land and Captain Cook in interwar Australia". History Australia. 18 (4): 753–767. doi:10.1080/14490854.2021.1991812. ISSN 1449-0854.
- ^ "COOK'S VOYAGE". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 6 November 1924. p. 17. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ Cook, James (1 May 2005). Wharton, W. J. L (ed.). Captain Cook's Journal During His First Voyage Round the World Made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour", 1768–71 (e-book). Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (2020). Captain Cook's Epic Voyage: the strange quest for a missing continent. Viking Australia. p. 305. ISBN 9781760895099.
- ^ "Climate statistics for Point Hicks". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
External links
[edit]- Point Hicks lighthouse at SeaSide Lights
- Point Hicks page at Geoscience Australia
