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In [[Hindu philosophy]] including [[yoga]], [[Indian medicine]] and [[martial arts]], '''Prana''' ({{lang-sa2|[[wikt:प्राण|प्राण]]}}, {{IAST|prāṇa}}; the [[Sanskrit]] word for "[[Energy (esotericism)|life force]]" or "vital principle")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prana|title=Prana|publisher=Dictionary.com|date=|accessdate=2015-04-22}}</ref> comprises all cosmic energies that permeate the [[Universe]] on all levels. Though prana is often referred to as "life force" or "life energy,"{{Citation needed lead|date=November 2017}} it includes energies present in [[Life|inanimate objects]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61240413|title=Sacred journey : living purposefully and dying gracefully|last=1925-1996.|first=Rama, Swami,|date=2002|publisher=Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust|isbn=8188157007|location=India|oclc=61240413}}</ref> In Hindu literature, prana is sometimes described as originating from the [[Sun]] and connecting the elements of the Universe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1982/emay82/prana582.shtml|title=Prana: the Universal Life Force|author=Swami Satyananda Saraswati|publisher=Bihar School of Yoga|website=Yoga Magazine|date=September 1981|accessdate=31 July 2015}}</ref> This life energy is vividly invoked and described in the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904290374|title=Vedic yoga : the path of the Rishi|last=David,|first=Frawley,|isbn=9780940676251|edition=First edition|location=Twin Lakes, Wisconsin|oclc=904290374}}</ref>
In [[Hindu philosophy]] including [[yoga]], [[Indian medicine]] and [[martial arts]], '''Prana''' ({{lang-sa2|[[wikt:प्राण|प्राण]]}}, {{IAST|prāṇa}}; the [[Sanskrit]] word for "[[Energy (esotericism)|life force]]" or "vital principle"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prana|title=Prana|date=|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=2015-04-22}}</ref> constructed from ''pra'' meaning movement and ''an'' meaning constant<ref>Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Prana: The Universal Life Force. Bihar School of Yoga. 1981</ref>) permeates reality on all levels including in [[Life|inanimate objects]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61240413|title=Sacred journey : living purposefully and dying gracefully|last=1925-1996.|first=Rama, Swami,|date=2002|publisher=Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust|isbn=8188157007|location=India|oclc=61240413}}</ref> In Hindu literature, prana is sometimes described as originating from the [[Sun]] and connecting the [[Mahābhūta|elements]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1982/emay82/prana582.shtml|title=Prana: the Universal Life Force|author=Swami Satyananda Saraswati|publisher=Bihar School of Yoga|website=Yoga Magazine|date=September 1981|accessdate=31 July 2015}}</ref> Prana is invoked and described in the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904290374|title=Vedic yoga : the path of the Rishi|last=David,|first=Frawley,|isbn=9780940676251|edition=First edition|location=Twin Lakes, Wisconsin|oclc=904290374}}</ref>


In living beings, this universal energy is considered responsible for all bodily functions through five types of prana, collectively known as the five ''[[vāyu]]s''. [[Ayurveda]], [[tantra]] and [[Tibetan medicine]] all describe ''praṇā vāyu'' as the basic vāyu from which the other vāyus arise. Indologist [[Georg Feuerstein]] explains, "The Chinese call it [[Qi|chi]], the Polynesians [[mana]], the Amerindians [[orenda]], and the ancient Germans ''[[Odic force|od]]''. It is an all-pervasive 'organic' energy."<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book|last1=Feuerstein|first1=George|title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Ok54ngEACAAJ}}|date=2013|origyear=Nov 1998|publisher=Hohm Press|location=(Kindle Locations 11769-11771)|isbn=1935387588}}</ref>
Five types of prana, collectively known as the five ''[[vāyu]]s,'' are referred to in Hindu texts. [[Ayurveda]], [[tantra]] and [[Tibetan medicine]] all describe ''praṇā vāyu'' as the basic vāyu from which the other vāyus arise. Indologist [[Georg Feuerstein]] explains, "The Chinese call it [[Qi|chi]], the Polynesians [[mana]], the Amerindians [[orenda]], and the ancient Germans ''[[Odic force|od]]''. It is an all-pervasive 'organic' energy."<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book|last1=Feuerstein|first1=George|title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Ok54ngEACAAJ}}|date=2013|origyear=Nov 1998|publisher=Hohm Press|location=(Kindle Locations 11769-11771)|isbn=1935387588}}</ref>


''<nowiki/>''
Prana is a [[Sanskrit]] word constructed from ''pra'' and ''an''. ''<nowiki/>'An''' means movement and 'pra' is a prefix meaning constant. Therefore, prana means constant motion. Prana is a type of energy responsible for the body's life, and maintenance.<ref>Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Prana: The Universal Life Force. Bihar School of Yoga. 1981</ref> It comprises all cosmic energies that permeate the Universe on all levels. Prana is not just the breath; Prana is that which causes the motion of the breath, that which is the vitality of the breath. It is the Prana that is manifesting as the actions of the body, as the nerve currents, as thought force. From thought, down to the lowest physical force, everything is but the manifestation of Prana,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macdonald|first=K. S.|date=July 1898|title=Vedanta Philosophy: Lectures by the Swami Vivekananda on Râja Yoga and Other Subjects.|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/476895|journal=The American Journal of Theology|volume=2|issue=3|pages=644–646|doi=10.1086/476895|issn=1550-3283}}</ref> Prana is both microcosmic and macrocosmic and is the substratum of all life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Srinivasan|first=TM|date=2014|title=Prana and electrons in health and beyond|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.123469|journal=International Journal of Yoga|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.4103/0973-6131.123469|issn=0973-6131}}</ref> Prana is that vital energy which keeps the body alive and healthy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Science and Art of Pranic healing,|last=Sui|first=Choa Kok|publisher=Institute of Inner studies publishing foundation India Private Ltd., India.|year=2012|isbn=978-8120722200|location=Bangalore, India|pages=}}</ref> Prana is essential for functioning of any physical body as one integral whole, working as one entity. Prana cannot be separated from the physical vehicle and its [[The Etheric Double|etheric double]] during life and the three always stay together in the waking or sleeping state of man.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theosophy explained in questions and answers.|last=Pavri|first=P|publisher=The theosophical publishing house;|year=1930|isbn=|location=Chennai, India|pages=}}</ref> Without Prana the body can’t live. It works unceasingly on and around us, pulsating against and through us forever.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ocean of Theosophy|last=Judge|first=W Q|publisher=Thesophical University|year=2008|isbn=978-1375783880|location=|pages=37–38}}</ref> Without prana, the body would be just a collection of independent [[Cell (biology)|cells]]. The prana of the life form holds the living organism together.


==Early references==
==Early references==
Line 54: Line 54:
When the mind is agitated due to our interactions with the world at large, the physical body also follows in its wake. These agitations cause violent fluctuations in the flow of Prana in the Nadis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sridhar|first=MK|date=2015|title=The concept of Jnana, Vijnana and Prajnana according to Vedanta philosophyFNx01|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-5633.161024|journal=International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.4103/2347-5633.161024|issn=2347-5633}}</ref>
When the mind is agitated due to our interactions with the world at large, the physical body also follows in its wake. These agitations cause violent fluctuations in the flow of Prana in the Nadis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sridhar|first=MK|date=2015|title=The concept of Jnana, Vijnana and Prajnana according to Vedanta philosophyFNx01|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-5633.161024|journal=International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.4103/2347-5633.161024|issn=2347-5633}}</ref>


== Source of Prana ==
== Pranayama ==
Solar, air and ground are three major sources of prana, which are obtained from sunlight, air and ground, respectively. Air prana are called vitality globules because they appear as small spheres or globules of light when seen [[Clairvoyance|clairvoyantly]] or by a person with slightly more sensitive eyes. Ground prana appears as waves or lines appearing from the ground. During [[inhalation]] Air prana is absorbed by the lungs and [[Chakra|energy centers]] of the bioplasmic body. Ground prana or ground vitality globule is absorbed through the soles of the feet. Ground vitality globules interpenetrate the ground and extend several inches away from it. They are denser or more closely packed and usually bigger than air vitality globules. As the concentration of prana just above the ground is greater than in the air, the density of ground prana is about four to five times greater than prana contained in the air. Water absorbs prana from sunlight, air and the ground.<ref name=":0" /> Studies on different sources of pranic energy concluded that air, tree and ground prana can be seen and experienced by participants. In addition, viewing and experiencing these sources of pranic energy led them into psychological wellbeing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jois|first=Srikanth|date=2017|title=Psychological Wellbeing by Awareness of Air Prana and the Aura Surrounding a Tree among Participants from Different Age Group|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijphrd&volume=8&issue=3&article=060|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development|volume=8(3)|pages=326–331|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jois|first=Srikanth|date=2017|title=Psychological and bioplasmic states of adolescents upon viewing air and ground prana|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/42284/1/IJTK%2016%28Suppl%29%2030-34.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge|volume=16|pages=30–34|via=}}</ref>

== Experiments on Prana ==
Prana being the very essence of life is primarily responsible for life. Feeling and experiencing this prana itself is very beneficial. Prana which persists in the plasmic state can be seen by the naked eyes and felt by anybody with proper guidance and training. The best conditions for seeing with the naked eye involve dim illumination, and a relaxed, attentive state of mind. Prana may be experienced in between the palms as heat, coolness, tingling, stickiness, magnetic sensation, texture related sensations like smooth, ball like, and pressure between the hands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jois|first=Srikanth|date=2017|title=Sensation of Pranic Energy between Hands: An Exploratory Study.|url=|journal=Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga,|volume=10(1)|pages=5–11|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hallett|first=Annie|date=December 2005|title=‘How Can I heal what hurts?’: Wholistic healing & bio energies healing research, volume 11 (popular edition). By Daniel J Benor, MD. Medford, NJ: Wholistic Healing Publications, 2004|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/shi.31|journal=Spirituality and Health International|volume=6|issue=4|pages=265–267|doi=10.1002/shi.31|issn=1743-1867}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=W|date=2002|title=Temperature and biophoton changes of the middle finger during qigong and light imagery tasks.|url=|journal=Journal- International society of life information science,|volume=20(2)|pages=703–710|via=}}</ref>

== Seeing Prana ==
An earlier study using exploratory research design involving various participants ranging from 811-178, the participants were involved to analyse and experience when they were guided to feel air prana in between their hands, and to see ground prana. 99.5% of the participants experienced prana between hands and lead to subjects shifts of mood from negative to positive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jois|first=Srikanth N.|last2=Aithal|first2=Rajani|last3=D'Souza|first3=Lancy|last4=Gayatri|first4=R|date=2015|title=The perception of prana and its effect on psychological well being|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-1748.2015.00025.9|journal=Journal of Research: THE BEDE ATHENAEUM|volume=6|issue=1|pages=210|doi=10.5958/0976-1748.2015.00025.9|issn=0976-0598}}</ref> 98% were able to seen air prana and 30.7% ground prana. The participants observed Air prana in the form of small globules, bubbles, particles, micro particles. white, shining particles, sparkles and stars. Ground prana in the form of lines, waves and globules was observed. Viewing air and ground prana can bring a positive change in the form of relaxation, happy and enthusiastic and well being among the participants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jois|first=Srikanth N|last2=Manasa|first2=B|last3=D'souza|first3=Lancy|date=2017|title=Psychological Wellbeing by Awareness of Air Prana and the Aura Surrounding a Tree among Participants from Different Age Group|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00209.1|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development|volume=8|issue=3|pages=326|doi=10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00209.1|issn=0976-0245}}</ref>

==Pranayama==
{{Main|Pranayama}}
{{Main|Pranayama}}


Revision as of 12:45, 17 August 2018

For the band, see Prana (band).

In Hindu philosophy including yoga, Indian medicine and martial arts, Prana (प्राण, prāṇa; the Sanskrit word for "life force" or "vital principle"[1] constructed from pra meaning movement and an meaning constant[2]) permeates reality on all levels including in inanimate objects.[3] In Hindu literature, prana is sometimes described as originating from the Sun and connecting the elements.[4] Prana is invoked and described in the Vedas and Upanishads.[5]

Five types of prana, collectively known as the five vāyus, are referred to in Hindu texts. Ayurveda, tantra and Tibetan medicine all describe praṇā vāyu as the basic vāyu from which the other vāyus arise. Indologist Georg Feuerstein explains, "The Chinese call it chi, the Polynesians mana, the Amerindians orenda, and the ancient Germans od. It is an all-pervasive 'organic' energy."[6]

Early references

The ancient concept of prana is described in many Hindu texts, including Upanishads and Vedas. One of the earliest references to prana is from the 3,000-year-old Chandogya Upanishad, but many other Upanishads use the concept, including the Katha, Mundaka and Prasna Upanishads. The concept is elaborated upon in great detail in the practices and literature of haṭha yoga,[7] tantra,[citation needed] and Ayurveda.[citation needed]

Prana is typically divided into constituent parts, particularly when concerned with the human body. While not all early sources agree on the names or number of these divisions, the most common list from the Mahabharata, the Upanishads, Ayurvedic and Yogic sources includes five classifications, often subdivided.[8][page needed] This list includes Prana (inward moving energy), apana (outward moving energy), vyana (circulation of energy), udana (energy of the head and throat), and samana (digestion and assimilation).[citation needed] Early mention of specific pranas often emphasized prāṇa, apāna and vyāna as "the three breaths". This can be seen in the proto-yogic traditions of the Vratyas among others.[9]: 104  Texts like the Vaikānasasmārta utilized the five pranas as an internalization of the five sacrificial fires of a panchagni homa ceremony.[9]: 111–112 

Atharva veda mentions about Prana. ‘When they had been watered by Prana, the plants spake in concert: 'thou hast, forsooth, prolonged our life, thou hast made us all fragrant.' (Chapter 11 verse 4 – 6)’. ‘The holy (âtharvana) plants, the magic (ângirasa) plants, the divine plants, and those produced by men, spring forth, when thou, O Prâna, quickenest them (Chapter 11, verse 4 – 16). ‘When Prâna has watered the great earth with rain, then the plants spring forth, and also every sort of herb (Chapter 11 verse 4 – 17). ‘O Prâna, be not turned away from me, thou shall not be other than myself! As the embryo of the waters (fire), thee, O Prâna, do bind to me, that I may live.’ (Chapter 11, verse 4).

Synonym

Prana is called by different names. In Greek it is called ‘pneuma’, the Chinese call it 'chi', Japanese 'ki', the Polynesians 'mana', the Amerindians 'orenda' , the ancient 'German' sod, in Hebrew ‘ruah’. Prana is also referred to as bioplasmic energy or subtle energy or life force.[10]

Vāyus

One way of categorizing prana is by means of vāyus. Vāyu means "wind" or "air" in Sanskrit, and the term is used in a variety of contexts in Hindu philosophy. Prāṇa is considered the basic vāyu from which the other vāyus arise. Hence prāṇā is the collective term for the vāyus of prāṇa, apāna, uḍāna, samāna, and vyāna.[6][page needed][8][page needed] The functions of the five vāyus are as follows:[6][page needed][11][page needed]

Vāyus
Vāyu Responsibility
Prāṇa Refers traditionally to the exhaled breath (pra - "outward", "forth") which lives in the lungs. Leslie Kaminoff associates it with the inhaled breath.
Apāna Down and outward energy, most notably the elimanatory systems. It resides in the hips and gut.
Uḍāna Rising energy, resident in the throat, but also responsible for lifting kuṇḍalinī. Sound production through the vocal apparatus, as in speaking, singing, laughing and crying.
Samāna The heat of digestion, which resides in the belly between prāṇa above and uḍāna below.
Vyāna The energy of circulation that resides throughout the body.

Nadi

Further information: Nadi (yoga)

Indian philosophy describes prana flowing in nadis (channels). The Shiva Samhita states that 350,000 nadis are found in the human body, while other texts mention 72,000 nadis, each branching off into another 72,000.[citation needed] These nadis play an important role in the application and understanding of certain yoga practices. Shiva Samhita explains that the three most important nadis are the Ida, the Pingala, and the Sushumna, each facilitating the flow of praṇā vāyu throughout the body.[7][page needed]

Ida nadi relates to the left side of the body, terminating at the left nostril. Pingala nadi relates to the right side of the body, terminating at the right nostril. Sushumna nadi connects the base chakra at the base of the spine to the crown chakra at the top of the head.

The practice of pranayama can be used to balance the flow of prana within the body. When praṇā vāyu enters a period of uplifted, intensified activity, the yogic tradition refers to it as pranotthana, a precursor to the Kundalini state.[12][page needed]

When the mind is agitated due to our interactions with the world at large, the physical body also follows in its wake. These agitations cause violent fluctuations in the flow of Prana in the Nadis.[13]

Pranayama

Main article: Pranayama

The word Prāṇāyāma derives from the Sanskrit words prāṇa and ayāma, translating as "life force" and "expansion", respectively. It is a common term for various techniques for accumulating, expanding and working with prana. Pranayama is one of the eight limbs of yoga and is a practice of specific and often intricate breath control techniques. The dynamics and laws of Prana were understood through systematic practice of Pranayama to gain mastery over Prana.[14]

Many pranayama techniques are designed to cleanse the nadis, allowing for greater movement of prana. Other techniques may be utilized to arrest the breath for samadhi or to bring awareness to specific areas in the practitioner's subtle or physical body. It can also be utilized to generate inner heat as in the practice of tummo.

In Ayurveda and therapeutic yoga, pranayama may be utilized for many tasks, including to affect mood and aid in digestion.[citation needed] A.G. Mohan stated that the physical goals of pranayama may be to recover from illness or the maintenance of health, while its mental goals are: "to remove mental disturbances and make the mind focused for meditation".[15]

According to Georg Feuerstein: "The two most important species of the life force are obviously prâna and apâna, which underlie the breathing process. Their incessant activity is seen as the principal cause for the restlessness of the mind, and their stoppage is the main purpose of breath control (prânâyâma)".[6][page needed] Swami Yogananda writes, "The real meaning of Pranayama, according to Patanjali, the founder of Yoga philosophy, is the gradual cessation of breathing, the discontinuance of inhalation and exhalation".[16][page needed]

See also

Further reading

  • Kason, Yvonne (2008). Farther Shores: Exploring How Near-Death, Kundalini and Mystical Experiences Can Transform Ordinary Lives (Revised ed.). Bloomington, New York: Author's Choice Press. ISBN 0595533965.
  • Mishra, Ramamurti S. (1997). The Textbook of Yoga Psychology: The Definitive Translation and Interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras for Meaningful Application in All Modern Psychologic Disciplines. New York: Baba Bhagavandas Publication Trust. ISBN 1890964271.
  • Sovatsky, Stuart (1998). Words from the Soul: Time, East/West Spirituality, and Psychotherapeutic Narrative. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791439496.

References

  1. ^ "Prana". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
  2. ^ Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Prana: The Universal Life Force. Bihar School of Yoga. 1981
  3. ^ 1925-1996., Rama, Swami, (2002). Sacred journey : living purposefully and dying gracefully. India: Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust. ISBN 8188157007. OCLC 61240413. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Swami Satyananda Saraswati (September 1981). "Prana: the Universal Life Force". Yoga Magazine. Bihar School of Yoga. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  5. ^ David,, Frawley,. Vedic yoga : the path of the Rishi (First edition ed.). Twin Lakes, Wisconsin. ISBN 9780940676251. OCLC 904290374. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c d Feuerstein, George (2013) [Nov 1998]. The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice. (Kindle Locations 11769-11771): Hohm Press. ISBN 1935387588.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  7. ^ a b Mallinson, James (2007). The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition and an English Translation (1st ed.). Woodstock, New York: YogaVidya.com. ISBN 0971646651.
  8. ^ a b Sivananda, Sri Swami (2008). The Science of Pranayama. BN Publishing. ISBN 9650060200.
  9. ^ a b Eliade, Mircea; Trask, Willard R.; White, David Gordon (2009). Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691142033.
  10. ^ Rowold, Jens (August 2016). "Validity of the Biofield Assessment Form (BAF)". European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 8 (4): 446–452. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2016.02.007. ISSN 1876-3820.
  11. ^ Saraswati, Sri Swami Sivananda; Warnick, Lateef Terrell (2010). Kundalini Yoga: The Shakti Path to Soul Awakening. 1 Soul Publishing. ISBN 9781939199133.
  12. ^ Edwards, Lawrence (2009). Kundalini Rising: Exploring the Energy of Awakening. Boulder, Colorado: Sounds True, Inc. ISBN 1591798426.
  13. ^ Sridhar, MK (2015). "The concept of Jnana, Vijnana and Prajnana according to Vedanta philosophyFNx01". International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology. 3 (1): 5. doi:10.4103/2347-5633.161024. ISSN 2347-5633.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Nagendra, H R (1998). Pranayama, The art and science;. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana.
  15. ^ Mohan, A.G.; Mohan, Indra (2004). Yoga Therapy: A Guide to the Therapeutic Use of Yoga and Ayurveda for Health and Fitness (1st ed.). Boston: Shambhala Publications. p. 135. ISBN 1590301315.
  16. ^ Yogananda, Paramahansa (2005). The Essence of Kriya Yoga (1st ed.). Union City, California: Alight Publications. ISBN 1931833184.
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