Principality of Hungary: Difference between revisions

Principality of Hungary
*Magyar Nagyfejedelemség* (hu)
Principality of Hungary Magyar Nagyfejedelemség (hu)
895 – 1000
Government	Principality
Grand Prince
Historical era	Middle ages
• Established	9th century
• ended at the coronation of; Stephen I	; 25 December 1000; or 1 January 1001
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Eurasian Avars
	Principality of Lower Pannonia
Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages

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The Hungarian tribal alliance^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4], Hungarian principality ^[5]^[6]^[7] or Duchy of Hungary^[8] (also "Grand Principality" Hungarian: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség). Árpád, who lived between 845 and 907, founded the formal Hungarian state in 896.^[9] This state was established in the Carpathian Basin in 895^[10]^[11] or 896,^[9]^[12]^[13] following the 9th-century Magyar invasion of Pannonia.

The Magyars (Hungarians), a semi-nomadic group of people led by Árpád formed the Principality of Hungary at the very end of the 9th century,^[5] arriving from Etelköz, their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.^[14]^[15]^[16]

The principality was succeeded by the Christian kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of Stephen I in AD 1000.

In contemporary Byzantine sources, the territory of the Hungarian tribal alliance was also known as in Greek as "Western Tourkia", because of its allegiance to the the Khazar Khaganate.^[17]

History

Magyar invasion

A detail of the *Arrival of the Hungarians*, Árpád Feszty's and his assistants' vast (1800 m²) cyclorama, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site in Hungary

On the eve of the arrival of the Magyars, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia (a vassal state of East Francia)^[18] ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin. This area had been sparsely populated,^[19]^[20] since Charlemagne’s destruction of the Avar state in 803 and the Magyars (Hungarians) were able to move in virtually unopposed, peacefully.^[21] The freshly unified Hungarians led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895. This now highly-centralized and controlled^[22] principality, with a new-found military force, conducted vigorous raids from Constantinople to as far away as central Spain and the periodic attacks lasted till 970.

Transition

The movement from a ranked chiefdom society to state society was one of the most important change during this time.^[23] In the first time, Magyars retained a semi-nomadic lifestye changing pastures between winter and summer, Hungarians would migrate between winter and summer dwelling-places along a river, finding water for their livestock.^[22] From placenames, Árpád's winter quarters -clearly after his occupation of Pannonia in 900- were possibly in 'Árpádváros' (Árpád's town), now a district of Pécs.^[22] His summer quarters -as confirmed by Anonymus- were in Csepel Island. Later, his new summer quarters were in Csallóköz.^[22]
Forced by changed economic circumstances, insufficient pasturage to support a nomad society and the impossibility of moving on,^[24] the semi-nomadic Hungarian lifestyle began to transform and they adopted settled life. Magyars ceased being semi-nomads and turned to agriculture.^[18] However the beginning of conversion of Hungarian society to agriculture can be dated back to the 8th century.^[14] The society began to show uniform image, the local Slavic and other populations merged with the Hungarians.^[24]The Hungarian tribal leaders and their clans established fortified centers in the country and later their castles became centers of the counties.^[21] The whole system of Hungarian villages grew up in the 10th century.^[22]
Fajsz and Taksony, the Grand Princes of the Hungarians, began to reform the power structure.^[25]^[26] They invited Christian missionaries for the first time and built forts.^[25] Taksony abolished the old center of the Hungarian principality (possibly at Upper Tisza) and sought a new one at Székesfehérvár^[26] and Esztergom.^[27] Taksony also renewed the old style military attendance, changed the weaponry of the army, implemented large-scale organized resettlements of the Hungarian population.^[26]
After the battle of Arcadiopolis, the Byzantine Empire was the primary enemy for the Hungarians.^[28] The Byzantine expansion threatened the Hungarians, because the subjugated First Bulgarian Empire were in alliance with the Magyars at that time.^[28] The situation became more difficult for the principality when the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire made an alliance in 972.^[28] In 973, twelve illustrious Magyar envoys, whom probably Géza had assigned, participated in the Diet held by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Géza established closed ties with the Bavarian court, inviting missionaries and marrying his son to Gisela, daughter of the Duke Henry II.^[24] Géza of the Árpád dynasty, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, who ruled only part of the united territory, the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes, intended to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe, rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social model. Géza's first-born son, Saint Stephen I became the first King of Hungary after defeating his cousin Koppány, who also claimed the throne.

Christianization

File:Pannonhalma102.jpg

Pannonhalma Archabbey, established by Géza

Hungary was emerged on the frontier of Christendom.^[24] From the second half of the 10th century, Christianity flourished as Catholic missionaries arrived from Germany. Between 945 and 963, the main office-holders of Principality (the Grand Prince (Taksony), the Gyula, and the Horka) were willing to christen.^[29] In 973 Géza I and all his household were baptised, and a formal peace concluded with Emperor Otto I, however he remained essentially pagan even after his baptism.^[16] Due to Géza's fater, Taksony, Géza was educated to become a pagan prince.^[30] The first Hungarian Benedictine monastery was founded in 996 by Prince Géza. During Géza's reign, the nation conclusively renounced its nomadic way of life and within a few decades of the battle of Lechfeld became a Christian kingdom.^[16]

Organization of the state

Until 907 (or 904), the Hungarian state was controlled by joint rule (shaped from the Khazars). The kingship was divided between the spiritual leader Kende and the military leader Gyula. Possibly, after the Kende Kurszán's death, the principality changed its conformation and became a single-head principality led by Árpád. According to the Agnatic seniority the oldest members of the ruling clan inherited the principality. Likely, the Grand princes of Hungary did not possess superior power, because during the military campaigns to the west and to the south the princely power had diminished. ^[31] Moreover, the records did not negotiate Grand Princes in the first half of the 10th century, except in one case, when they mention Taksony as 'king of Hungary' (Taxis-dux, dux Tocsun) in 947.^[31] The role of military leaders (Bulcsú, Lél) grew more significant.^[31]

Titles

Megas archon or Magnus princeps, the Grand Prince of Hungarians (first rank)^[31]
Gyla or djila, Gyula, the military leader^[31] (second rank)^[31]
Horca, Kharkhas, the judge^[32] (third rank)^[31]
Kende, the spiritual leader^[32] (until 907 CE)

References

^ Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79. [1]
^ Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103. [2]
^ Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák. 1994. p 10. [3]
^ Lendvai. 2003. p. 15. [4]
^ ^a ^b George H. Hodos, The East-Central European region: an historical outline, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19
^ Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10
^ Acta historica, Volumes 105-110, József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28
^ Colin Davies, The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200, Macmillan, 1969, p. 181
^ ^a ^b Louis Komzsik, Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity,Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54
^ The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14, Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581
^ Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1, Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581
^ Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" (published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Volume 36, 1982, Cited: "Prior to the foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom, in the age of principality, ie between 896 and 1000 AD, the princes of the Arpad dynasty, like the majority of the land-conquering tribes, bore Turkic names"
^ Zahava Szász Stessel, Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47
^ ^a ^b Antal Bartha, Hungarian society in the 9th and 10th centuries, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1975, pp- 53-84, ISBN 978-9630503082
^ Imre Lukinich, A History of Hungary in Biographical Sketches, Ayer Publishing, 1937, p. 15, Cited: 'Geza's principality' (Geza, the Grand Prince of the Hungarians)
^ ^a ^b ^c Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 29, p. 533
^ Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.
^ ^a ^b Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0. Retrieved 9 October 2009. Cited: "Great Moravia was a vassal state of the Germanic Frankish Kingdom and paid an annual tribute to it."
^ Bryan Cartledge, Bryan Cartledge (Sir.), The will to survive: a history of Hungary, Timewell Press, 2006, p.6
^ Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Council of Europe. Art Exhibition, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, pp. 363-372
^ ^a ^b Dora Wiebenson, József Sisa, Pál Lövei, The architecture of historic Hungary, MIT Press, 1998, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-262-23192-3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lajos Gubcsi, Hungary in the Carpathian Basin, MoD Zrínyi Media Ltd, 2011
^ The New Hungarian quarterly, Volumes 31-32, Corvina Press, 1990, p. 140
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 19
^ ^a ^b László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 113
^ ^a ^b ^c Révész, László (20.12.2010). Hunok, Avarok, Magyarok (Huns, Avars, Magyars) (PDF). Hitel folyóirat (Magazine of Hitel). {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)[5]
^ Révész, László (02.2008). A Felső-Tisza-vidék honfoglalás kori temetői. História (Magazine of História). {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c József Attila Tudományegyetem., Bölcsészettudományi Kar (University of József Attila), Acta historica, Volumes 92-98, 1991, p. 3
^ András Gerő, A magyar történelem vitatott személyiségei, Volume 3, Kossuth, 2004, p. 13, ISBN 978-9630945974
^ Ferenc Glatz, Magyarok a Kárpát-medencében, Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat, 1988, p. 21
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Timothy Reuter, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 543-545, ISBN 9780521364478
^ ^a ^b András Róna-Tas, A honfoglaló magyar nép, Balassi Kiadó Budapest, 1997, ISBN 963 506 140 4

[1] Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79. [1]

[2] Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103. [2]

[3] Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák. 1994. p 10. [3]

[4] Lendvai. 2003. p. 15. [4]

[Hodos-5] George H. Hodos, The East-Central European region: an historical outline, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19

[6] Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10

[7] Acta historica, Volumes 105-110, József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28

[8] Colin Davies, The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200, Macmillan, 1969, p. 181

[Komzsik-9] Louis Komzsik, Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity,Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54

[10] The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14, Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581

[11] Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1, Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581

[12] Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" (published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Volume 36, 1982, Cited: "Prior to the foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom, in the age of principality, ie between 896 and 1000 AD, the princes of the Arpad dynasty, like the majority of the land-conquering tribes, bore Turkic names"

[13] Zahava Szász Stessel, Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47

[Bartha-14] Antal Bartha, Hungarian society in the 9th and 10th centuries, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1975, pp- 53-84, ISBN 978-9630503082

[15] Imre Lukinich, A History of Hungary in Biographical Sketches, Ayer Publishing, 1937, p. 15, Cited: 'Geza's principality' (Geza, the Grand Prince of the Hungarians)

[Lendvai-16] Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 29, p. 533

[17] Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.

[Kirschbaum-18] Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0. Retrieved 9 October 2009. Cited: "Great Moravia was a vassal state of the Germanic Frankish Kingdom and paid an annual tribute to it."

[19] Bryan Cartledge, Bryan Cartledge (Sir.), The will to survive: a history of Hungary, Timewell Press, 2006, p.6

[Council_of_Europe-20] Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Council of Europe. Art Exhibition, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, pp. 363-372

[Wiebenson-21] Dora Wiebenson, József Sisa, Pál Lövei, The architecture of historic Hungary, MIT Press, 1998, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-262-23192-3

[Gubcsi-22] Lajos Gubcsi, Hungary in the Carpathian Basin, MoD Zrínyi Media Ltd, 2011

[23] The New Hungarian quarterly, Volumes 31-32, Corvina Press, 1990, p. 140

[Berend-24] Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 19

[Kósa-25] László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 113

[Révész-26] Révész, László (20.12.2010). Hunok, Avarok, Magyarok (Huns, Avars, Magyars) (PDF). Hitel folyóirat (Magazine of Hitel). {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)[5]

[27] Révész, László (02.2008). A Felső-Tisza-vidék honfoglalás kori temetői. História (Magazine of História). {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[Acta_historica-28] József Attila Tudományegyetem., Bölcsészettudományi Kar (University of József Attila), Acta historica, Volumes 92-98, 1991, p. 3

[29] András Gerő, A magyar történelem vitatott személyiségei, Volume 3, Kossuth, 2004, p. 13, ISBN 978-9630945974

[30] Ferenc Glatz, Magyarok a Kárpát-medencében, Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat, 1988, p. 21

[Reutel-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Timothy Reuter, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 543-545, ISBN 9780521364478

[Róna-Tas-32] András Róna-Tas, A honfoglaló magyar nép, Balassi Kiadó Budapest, 1997, ISBN 963 506 140 4

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 |title_leader = [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Grand Prince]]
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-The '''Principality of Hungary''',<ref>S. Wise Bauer, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA586&dq=%22Principality+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=UDSATuaILs2cOqClzfUP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Principality%20of%20Hungary%22&f=false The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade], W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586</ref><ref name='Hodos'/><ref name="Council of Europe"/><ref>Alfred Rambaud, Vladimir Gregorievitch Simkhovitch,  Aleksandrovitch Nivokov, Peter Roberts, Isaac Aaronovich Hourwich, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lB9LAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Principality+of+Hungary%22&dq=%22Principality+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=XzWATtvkFIOdOoKH6eQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAzgK The case of Russia: a composite view], Fox, Duffield & company, 1905, p. 298</ref><ref>Frederick Albert Richardson, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9MFZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Principality+of+Hungary%22&dq=%22Principality+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=XzWATtvkFIOdOoKH6eQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK The International quarterly, Volume 10], Fox, Duffield & company, 1905, p. 33</ref> also '''Hungarian Principality'''<ref>Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, [http://books.google.hu/books?id=mP63AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&dq=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&hl=en&ei=kcdnTs2gBMySOt72wL4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary], Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10</ref><ref>[http://books.google.hu/books?id=94JmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&dq=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&hl=en&ei=kcdnTs2gBMySOt72wL4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ Acta historica, Volumes 105-110], József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28</ref><ref name='Bartha'/> or '''Duchy of Hungary'''<ref>Colin Davies, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N3rxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22duchy+of+Hungary%22&dq=%22duchy+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=H5ZrTpidC9K78gOq2o0j&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCQ The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200], Macmillan, 1969, p. 181</ref><ref>Jennifer Lawler, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AywZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Duchy+of+Hungary%22&dq=%22Duchy+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=zqBrTsCUBZCVOrf6-OIF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire], McFarland & Co., 2004, p.13</ref> (also "''Grand Principality''"  ''{{lang-hu|Magyar Nagyfejedelemség}}''), was the first documented [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] state,<ref name='Komzsik'>Louis Komzsik, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zeM462SXveAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cycles+of+Time:+From+Infinity+to+Eternity+By+Louis+Komzsik&hl=en&ei=eiZpToC-OILu-gaV6ZzvCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22formal%20Hungarian%20state%22&f=false Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity],Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54</ref> a tribal alliance<ref>Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79. [http://books.google.com/books?id=HQIrAI_e5eQC&pg=PA79&dq=%22hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=BiyATu2mAczQ4QTZx8nHDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22hungarian%20tribal%20alliance%22&f=false]</ref><ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AOyJtA0dYVUC&pg=PA103&dq=%22hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=BiyATu2mAczQ4QTZx8nHDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22hungarian%20tribal%20alliance%22&f=false]</ref><ref>Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák. 1994. p 10. [http://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA9&dq=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=UCuATtiVEYaC4gTolqC0Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Hungarian%20tribal%20alliance%22&f=false]</ref><ref>Lendvai. 2003. p. 15. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fspnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&dq=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=uTJ7ToPeM4G6-Aabm5Es&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ]</ref> in the [[Carpathian Basin]], established 895<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=tStpTtngEoaq-gaTmfzsCw&ct=result&id=LINUAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarian+state+895&q=%22state+began%22#search_anchor The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14], Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=wSxpTrquNcmi-gbEodXjCw&ct=result&id=igzYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarian+state+895&q=%22in+895%22#search_anchor Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1], Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581</ref> or 896,<ref name='Komzsik'/><ref>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" (published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Volume 36, 1982, Cited: "Prior to the foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom, in the age of principality, ie between 896 and 1000 AD, the princes of the Arpad dynasty, like the majority of the land-conquering tribes, bore Turkic names"</ref><ref>Zahava Szász Stessel, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZkGeCGGaGnsC&pg=PA47&dq=Hungarian+state+896&hl=en&ei=jylpToTDFcqk-ga2uZiCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hungarian%20state%20896&f=false Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó], Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47</ref> following the 9th-century [[Magyar invasion of Pannonia]].
+The '''Hungarian tribal alliance'''<ref>Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79. [http://books.google.com/books?id=HQIrAI_e5eQC&pg=PA79&dq=%22hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=BiyATu2mAczQ4QTZx8nHDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22hungarian%20tribal%20alliance%22&f=false]</ref><ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AOyJtA0dYVUC&pg=PA103&dq=%22hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=BiyATu2mAczQ4QTZx8nHDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22hungarian%20tribal%20alliance%22&f=false]</ref><ref>Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák. 1994. p 10. [http://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA9&dq=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=UCuATtiVEYaC4gTolqC0Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Hungarian%20tribal%20alliance%22&f=false]</ref><ref>Lendvai. 2003. p. 15. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fspnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&dq=%22Hungarian+tribal+alliance%22&hl=sk&ei=uTJ7ToPeM4G6-Aabm5Es&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ]</ref>,  '''Hungarian principality''' <ref name='Hodos'/><ref>Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, [http://books.google.hu/books?id=mP63AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&dq=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&hl=en&ei=kcdnTs2gBMySOt72wL4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary], Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10</ref><ref>[http://books.google.hu/books?id=94JmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&dq=%22Hungarian+principality%22+10th&hl=en&ei=kcdnTs2gBMySOt72wL4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ Acta historica, Volumes 105-110], József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28</ref> or '''Duchy of Hungary'''<ref>Colin Davies, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N3rxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22duchy+of+Hungary%22&dq=%22duchy+of+Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=H5ZrTpidC9K78gOq2o0j&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCQ The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200], Macmillan, 1969, p. 181</ref> (also "''Grand Principality''"  ''{{lang-hu|Magyar Nagyfejedelemség}}''). Árpád, who lived between 845 and 907, founded the formal Hungarian state in 896.<ref name='Komzsik'>Louis Komzsik, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zeM462SXveAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cycles+of+Time:+From+Infinity+to+Eternity+By+Louis+Komzsik&hl=en&ei=eiZpToC-OILu-gaV6ZzvCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22formal%20Hungarian%20state%22&f=false Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity],Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54</ref> This state was established in the [[Carpathian Basin]] in 895<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=tStpTtngEoaq-gaTmfzsCw&ct=result&id=LINUAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarian+state+895&q=%22state+began%22#search_anchor The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14], Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=wSxpTrquNcmi-gbEodXjCw&ct=result&id=igzYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarian+state+895&q=%22in+895%22#search_anchor Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1], Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581</ref> or 896,<ref name='Komzsik'/><ref>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" (published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Volume 36, 1982, Cited: "Prior to the foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom, in the age of principality, ie between 896 and 1000 AD, the princes of the Arpad dynasty, like the majority of the land-conquering tribes, bore Turkic names"</ref><ref>Zahava Szász Stessel, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZkGeCGGaGnsC&pg=PA47&dq=Hungarian+state+896&hl=en&ei=jylpToTDFcqk-ga2uZiCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hungarian%20state%20896&f=false Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó], Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47</ref> following the 9th-century [[Magyar invasion of Pannonia]].
-The [[Magyar tribes|Magyars]] (Hungarians), a semi-nomadic group of people led by [[Árpád]] formed the Principality of Hungary at the very end of the 9th century,<ref name='Hodos'>George H. Hodos, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bz7aKaJNfokC&pg=PA19&dq=%22principality+of++Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=dpBeTrLUDYT_-gbj0_2QAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22principality%20of%20%20Hungary%22&f=false The East-Central European region: an historical outline], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19 </ref> arriving from [[Etelköz]], their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.<ref name='Lendvai'>Paul Lendvai, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA533&dq=hungarian+principality+895&hl=en&ei=oaFgToPVFYbt-ga7o7Af&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hungarian%20principality%20895&f=false The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat], C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533</ref>
+The [[Magyar tribes|Magyars]] (Hungarians), a semi-nomadic group of people led by [[Árpád]] formed the Principality of Hungary at the very end of the 9th century,<ref name='Hodos'>George H. Hodos, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bz7aKaJNfokC&pg=PA19&dq=%22principality+of++Hungary%22&hl=en&ei=dpBeTrLUDYT_-gbj0_2QAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22principality%20of%20%20Hungary%22&f=false The East-Central European region: an historical outline], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19 </ref> arriving from [[Etelköz]], their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.<ref name='Bartha'/><ref>Imre Lukinich, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xzoKb-ne-vMC&pg=PA15&dq=principality+Arpad&hl=en&ei=xE5lTtOJO4P_-gbI_eCQCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=principality%20Arpad&f=false A History of Hungary in Biographical Sketches], Ayer Publishing, 1937, p. 15, Cited: 'Geza's principality' (Geza, the Grand Prince of the Hungarians)</ref><ref name='Lendvai'>Paul Lendvai, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA533&dq=hungarian+principality+895&hl=en&ei=oaFgToPVFYbt-ga7o7Af&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hungarian%20principality%20895&f=false The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat], C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 29, p. 533</ref>
 The principality was succeeded by the Christian [[medieval kingdom of Hungary|kingdom of Hungary]] with the coronation of [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] in AD 1000.
-In  contemporary [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] sources, the territory of the [[Magyar tribes|Hungarian tribal alliance]] was also known as in [[Medieval Greek|Greek]] as  "Western ''[[Tourkia]]''", because of its allegiance to the the [[Khazar Khaganate]].<ref>Peter B. Golden, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=VOVrTp3XLIGd-waJvvjeBA&ct=result&id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ&dq=Nomads+and+their+neighbours+in+the+Russian+steppe%3A+Turks%2C+Khazars+and+Qipchaqs&q=%22western+Tourkia%22#search_anchor Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs], Ashgate/Variorum, 2003.
+In  contemporary [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] sources, the territory of the Hungarian tribal alliance was also known as in [[Medieval Greek|Greek]] as  "Western ''[[Tourkia]]''", because of its allegiance to the the [[Khazar Khaganate]].<ref>Peter B. Golden, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=VOVrTp3XLIGd-waJvvjeBA&ct=result&id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ&dq=Nomads+and+their+neighbours+in+the+Russian+steppe%3A+Turks%2C+Khazars+and+Qipchaqs&q=%22western+Tourkia%22#search_anchor Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs], Ashgate/Variorum, 2003.
 "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, [http://www.fatih.edu/~ayasar/HIST388/The%20Turks%20in%20World%20History.pdf The Turks in the World History], Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden,  'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'' 2 (1982), 37–76.</ref>
 ==History==