Parthenon (Nashville): Difference between revisions

	The Parthenon
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	The Parthenon in Nashville's Centennial Park is a full-scale copy of the original Parthenon in Athens.
Location	Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Coordinates	36°8′59″N 86°48′48″W / 36.14972°N 86.81333°W
Built	1897 (original structure); 1925–1931 (permanent version)
Architect	William Crawford Smith
Architectural style	Classical
NRHP reference No.	72001236
Added to NRHP	February 23, 1972

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Architect and Confederate veteran William Crawford Smith, who drew up the Parthenon copy

Tennessee Centennial Exposition TeVA Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives

The Parthenon in Centennial Park, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, is a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens, Greece. It was designed by architect William Crawford Smith^[4]^[5] and built in 1897 as part of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition.

Today, the Parthenon, which functions as an art museum, stands as the centerpiece of Centennial Park, a large public park just west of downtown Nashville. Alan LeQuire's 1990 re-creation of the Athena Parthenos statue in the naos (the east room of the main hall) is the focus of the Parthenon just as it was in ancient Greece. Since the building is complete and its decorations were polychromed (painted in colors) as close to the presumed original as possible, this replica of the original Parthenon in Athens serves as a monument to what is considered the pinnacle of classical architecture. The plaster replicas of the Parthenon Marbles found in the Treasury Room (the west room of the main hall) are direct casts of the original sculptures which adorned the pediments of the Athenian Parthenon, dating to 438 BC. The surviving originals are housed in the British Museum in London and at the Acropolis Museum in Athens.

History

The reproduction Athena Parthenos statue

Nashville's nickname, the "Athens of the South",^[4] influenced the choice of the building as the centerpiece of the 1897 Centennial Exposition. A number of buildings at the exposition were based on ancient originals. However, the Parthenon was the only one that was an exact reproduction. It was also the only one that was preserved by the city, although the Knights of Pythias Pavilion building was purchased and moved to nearby Franklin, Tennessee.

Major Eugene Castner Lewis was the director of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition and it was at his suggestion that a reproduction of the Parthenon be built in Nashville to serve as the centerpiece of Tennessee's Centennial Celebration. Lewis also served as the chief civil engineer for the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad. Originally built of plaster, wood, and brick,^[6] the Parthenon was not intended to be permanent, but the cost of demolishing the structure combined with its popularity with residents and visitors alike resulted in it being left standing after the Exposition.

In 1895, George Julian Zolnay was "employed to make models for the ornamentation" for the building.^[5] Within the next 20 years, weather had caused deterioration of the landmark; it was then rebuilt on the same foundations, in concrete, in a project that started in 1920; the exterior was completed in 1925 and the interior in 1931.^[7] Local architect Russell Hart was hired for the reconstruction.^[7]

Some of the most elaborate events that occurred at the Parthenon were the Spring Pageants of 1913 and 1914. These extravaganzas were theatrical productions. With casts of up to 500, the pageants attracted audiences from surrounding states and rail prices were lowered to encourage attendance. The city of Nashville celebrated the "Athens of the South". The 1913 performance was entitled The Fire Regained, a play written by Sidney Mttron Hirsch, and featured a mythological story line enhanced by theatrical spectacle popular in that era.^[8] The 1914 production, "The Mystery at Thanatos", had a similarly mythological plot, but was shorter and better received. A copy of the script is on file at the Nashville Public Library. Both shows featured displays ranging from chariot races to large dance numbers to thousands of live birds to set pieces that shot flames, all set against the backdrop of the Nashville Parthenon.

Current use

As an art museum, the Parthenon's permanent collection on the lower level exhibits 63 paintings by 19th and 20th century American artists, donated by James M. Cowan in 1927–1929.^[7] Additional gallery spaces provide a venue for temporary shows and exhibits. The main level contains a replica, completed in 1990,^[7] of the Athena Parthenos statue that was in the original Parthenon in Athens.

In 1982, Alan LeQuire was commissioned to create the statue of Athena Parthenos^[7] as a reconstruction, to scholarly standards, of the long-lost original: she is cuirassed and helmeted, carries a shield on her left arm, a 6-foot-high (1.8 m) statue of Nike (Victory) in her right palm, and stands 42 feet (13 m) high, gilt (as of 2002)^[7] with more than 8 pounds (3.6 kg) of gold leaf; an equally colossal serpent rears its head between her and her shield. Some followers of Goddess Spirituality practices have left ritual offerings near the statue.^[9]

In the summertime, local theater productions use the building as a backdrop for classic Greek plays such as Euripides' Medea and Sophocles' Antigone, performing (usually for free) on the steps of the Parthenon. Other performances, such as Mary Zimmerman's Metamorphoses, have been held inside, at the foot of Athena's statue.

In 2001, the Nashville Parthenon received much needed cleaning and restoration of the exterior.^[7] The exterior lighting was upgraded to allow the columns of the building to be illuminated with different colors than the facade.

In popular culture

The Parthenon served as the location for the political rally in the climactic scene of Robert Altman's 1975 film Nashville.^[10]

It was used as a backdrop for the battle against the Hydra in the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.^[11]

It features in the title and lyrics of the song "Nashville Parthenon" from the album Etiquette, by Casiotone for the Painfully Alone, as well as the song's 2011 sequel "Goodbye Parthenon".

It was used in the 2000 PBS series Greeks: Crucible of Civilization.

A poem titled "Ganymede" in Heather Ross Miller's Celestial Navigator: Writing Poems with Randall Jarrell features the Parthenon.

The structure figures in the climax of the Hector Lassiter novel Three Chords and The Truth, by Craig McDonald.

Gallery

Statues
The center of the statues
A closer look at the Shield of Athena Parthenos
Greek play, circa 1913 or 1914

References

^ "National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee (TN), Davidson County". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 3, 2007.
^ Coleman, Christopher K. (Fall 1990). "From Monument to Museum: The Role of the Parthenon in the Culture of the New South". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 49 (3): 140. JSTOR 42626877.
^ "Valor's Reward Paid His Memory. Tablet Unveiled to the Memory of Col. C. W. Smith. On Walls of the Parthenon. Rare Tribute Paid the Name of Soldier-Architect. Tully Brown and Lieut. Caruthers Deliver Addresses of Occasion Before Several Hundred People, Among Whom Were Comrades of Two Wars". The Nashville American. Nashville, Tennessee. July 6, 1903. pp. 5, 7. Retrieved November 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ ^a ^b Creighton, Wilbur F., The Parthenon In Nashville: Athens of the South, From a personal viewpoint, JM Press, Brentwood, Tennessee, 1989, revised edition 1991
^ ^a ^b Creighton, Wilbur F., The Parthenon In Nashville: From a personal viewpoint, 1968, self published pp. 21–22
^ "Nashville.gov – Parks and Recreation, Parthenon – Parthenon Timeline". November 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Timeline at the Parthenon". Metro Parks and Recreation Department, Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^ Stewart, John Lincoln (1965). The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 3–34. ISBN 9781400876266. OCLC 859825119. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
^ Ciaccia, Olivia (2022-04-06). "Seeking Sekhmet: The veneration of Sekhmet Statues in contemporary museums". Pomegranate. 23 (1–2). doi:10.1558/pome.18653. ISSN 1743-1735.
^ Stuart, Jan (2003). The Nashville Chronicles: The Making of Robert Altman's Masterpiece. New York, New York: Limelight. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-879-10981-3.
^ "City Hopes To Build Madison Nature Center – Community News Story – WSMV Nashville". July 3, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2023.

External links

Nashville Parthenon Official Website
1909 Panoramic photograph of the Nashville Parthenon from the Library of Congress
Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition (1897) Collection, 1895-1900, Tennessee State Library and Archives

[nrhp-1] "National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee (TN), Davidson County". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 3, 2007.

[2] Coleman, Christopher K. (Fall 1990). "From Monument to Museum: The Role of the Parthenon in the Culture of the New South". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 49 (3): 140. JSTOR 42626877.

[valorsreward-3] "Valor's Reward Paid His Memory. Tablet Unveiled to the Memory of Col. C. W. Smith. On Walls of the Parthenon. Rare Tribute Paid the Name of Soldier-Architect. Tully Brown and Lieut. Caruthers Deliver Addresses of Occasion Before Several Hundred People, Among Whom Were Comrades of Two Wars". The Nashville American. Nashville, Tennessee. July 6, 1903. pp. 5, 7. Retrieved November 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.

[:0-4] Creighton, Wilbur F., The Parthenon In Nashville: Athens of the South, From a personal viewpoint, JM Press, Brentwood, Tennessee, 1989, revised edition 1991

[:1-5] Creighton, Wilbur F., The Parthenon In Nashville: From a personal viewpoint, 1968, self published pp. 21–22

[6] "Nashville.gov – Parks and Recreation, Parthenon – Parthenon Timeline". November 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2023.

[:2-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Timeline at the Parthenon". Metro Parks and Recreation Department, Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2010.

[burdenoftime-8] Stewart, John Lincoln (1965). The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 3–34. ISBN 9781400876266. OCLC 859825119. Retrieved November 29, 2015.

[Ciaccia-9] Ciaccia, Olivia (2022-04-06). "Seeking Sekhmet: The veneration of Sekhmet Statues in contemporary museums". Pomegranate. 23 (1–2). doi:10.1558/pome.18653. ISSN 1743-1735.

[10] Stuart, Jan (2003). The Nashville Chronicles: The Making of Robert Altman's Masterpiece. New York, New York: Limelight. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-879-10981-3.

[11] "City Hopes To Build Madison Nature Center – Community News Story – WSMV Nashville". July 3, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
 {{Infobox NRHP
 | name = The Parthenon
 | image = Parthenon Nashville.png
 | caption = The Parthenon in Nashville's [[Centennial Park (Nashville)|Centennial Park]] is a full-scale copy of the original [[Parthenon]] in Athens.
-| location = [[Nashville, Tennessee]]
+| location = [[Nashville, Tennessee]], United States
 | coordinates = {{coord|36|8|59|N|86|48|48|W|display=inline,title}}
 | area =
 | locmapin = USA Tennessee Nashville#Tennessee#USA
 | built = 1897 (original structure)<br>1925–1931 (permanent version)
-| architect = [[William Crawford Smith]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Coleman |first=Christopher K. |title=From Monument to Museum: The Role of the Parthenon in the Culture of the New South |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |volume=49 |issue=3 |page=140 | date = Fall 1990 |jstor=42626877 }}</ref><ref name="valorsreward">{{cite news|title=Valor's Reward Paid His Memory. Tablet Unveiled to the Memory of Col. C. W. Smith. On Walls of the Parthenon. Rare Tribute Paid the Name of Soldier-Architect. Tully Brown and Lieut. Caruthers Deliver Addresses of Occasion Before Several Hundred People, Among Whom Were Comrades of Two Wars. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/118961875 |newspaper=The Nashville American |location=Nashville, Tennessee |date=July 6, 1903 |pages=5; 7 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = November 22, 2015 }} {{Open access}}</ref>
+| architect = [[William Crawford Smith]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Coleman |first=Christopher K. |title=From Monument to Museum: The Role of the Parthenon in the Culture of the New South |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |volume=49 |issue=3 |page=140 |date=Fall 1990 |jstor=42626877}}</ref><ref name="valorsreward">{{cite news |title=Valor's Reward Paid His Memory. Tablet Unveiled to the Memory of Col. C. W. Smith. On Walls of the Parthenon. Rare Tribute Paid the Name of Soldier-Architect. Tully Brown and Lieut. Caruthers Deliver Addresses of Occasion Before Several Hundred People, Among Whom Were Comrades of Two Wars. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/118961875 |newspaper=The Nashville American |location=Nashville, Tennessee |date=July 6, 1903 |pages=5; 7 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=November 22, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>
 | architecture = Classical
 | added = February 23, 1972
-| refnum = 72001236<ref name=nrhp>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TN/Davidson/state.html|title=National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee (TN), Davidson County|date=2007-03-03|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
+| refnum = 72001236<ref name=nrhp>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TN/Davidson/state.html|title=National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee (TN), Davidson County|date=March 3, 2007|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
 }}
 [[File:William Crawford Smith crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Architect and Confederate veteran William Crawford Smith, who drew up the Parthenon copy]]
 [[File:Tennessee Centennial Promotional Calendar.jpg|thumb|[http://teva.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/Centennial Tennessee Centennial Exposition TeVA Collection], Tennessee State Library and Archives ]]
-The '''Parthenon''' in [[Centennial Park (Nashville)|Centennial Park]], [[Nashville, Tennessee]], is a full-scale replica of the original [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]]. It was designed by architect [[William Crawford Smith]] and built in 1897 as part of the [[Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition|Tennessee Centennial Exposition]].
+The '''Parthenon''' in [[Centennial Park (Nashville)|Centennial Park]], [[Nashville, Tennessee]], United States, is a full-scale replica of the original [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]], Greece. It was designed by architect [[William Crawford Smith]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and built in 1897 as part of the [[Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition|Tennessee Centennial Exposition]].
-Today, the Parthenon, which functions as an art museum, stands as the centerpiece of [[Centennial Park (Nashville)|Centennial Park]], a large public park just west of downtown Nashville. [[Alan LeQuire]]'s 1990 re-creation of the [[Athena Parthenos]] statue in the [[Naos (architecture)|naos]] (the east room of the main hall) is the focus of the Parthenon just as it was in [[ancient Greece]]. Since the building is complete and its decorations were [[polychrome]]d (painted in colors) as close to the presumed original as possible, this replica of the original Parthenon in Athens serves as a monument to what is considered the pinnacle of [[classical architecture]]. The plaster replicas of the [[Parthenon Marbles]] found in the Treasury Room (the west room of the main hall) are direct casts of the original sculptures which adorned the [[Pediments of the Parthenon|pediments of the Athenian Parthenon]], dating back to 438&nbsp;BC. The surviving originals are housed in the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] and at the [[Acropolis Museum]] in Athens.
+Today, the Parthenon, which functions as an art museum, stands as the centerpiece of Centennial Park, a large public park just west of downtown Nashville. [[Alan LeQuire]]'s 1990 re-creation of the [[Athena Parthenos]] statue in the [[Naos (architecture)|naos]] (the east room of the main hall) is the focus of the Parthenon just as it was in [[ancient Greece]]. Since the building is complete and its decorations were [[polychrome]]d (painted in colors) as close to the presumed original as possible, this replica of the original Parthenon in Athens serves as a monument to what is considered the pinnacle of [[classical architecture]]. The plaster replicas of the [[Parthenon Marbles]] found in the Treasury Room (the west room of the main hall) are direct casts of the original sculptures which adorned the [[Pediments of the Parthenon|pediments of the Athenian Parthenon]], dating to 438&nbsp;BC. The surviving originals are housed in the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] and at the [[Acropolis Museum]] in Athens.
 ==History==
 [[File:Athena Parthenos LeQuire.jpg|thumb|right|The reproduction [[Athena Parthenos]] statue|274x274px]]
-Nashville's nickname, the "Athens of the South",<ref>Creighton, Wilbur F., ''The Parthenon In Nashville: Athens of the South, From a personal viewpoint'', JM Press, Brentwood, Tennessee, 1989, revised edition 1991</ref> influenced the choice of the building as the centerpiece of the 1897 Centennial Exposition. A number of buildings at the exposition were based on ancient originals. However, the Parthenon was the only one that was an exact reproduction. It was also the only one that was preserved by the city, although the [[Knights of Pythias Pavilion]] building was purchased and moved to nearby [[Franklin, Tennessee]].
+Nashville's nickname, the "Athens of the South",<ref name=":0">Creighton, Wilbur F., ''The Parthenon In Nashville: Athens of the South, From a personal viewpoint'', JM Press, Brentwood, Tennessee, 1989, revised edition 1991</ref> influenced the choice of the building as the centerpiece of the 1897 Centennial Exposition. A number of buildings at the exposition were based on ancient originals. However, the Parthenon was the only one that was an exact reproduction. It was also the only one that was preserved by the city, although the [[Knights of Pythias Pavilion]] building was purchased and moved to nearby [[Franklin, Tennessee]].
-Major [[Eugene Castner Lewis]] was the director of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition and it was at his suggestion that a reproduction of the Parthenon be built in Nashville to serve as the centerpiece of Tennessee's Centennial Celebration. Lewis also served as the chief civil engineer for the [[Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad]]. Originally built of plaster, wood, and brick, the Parthenon was not intended to be permanent, but the cost of demolishing the structure combined with its popularity with residents and visitors alike resulted in it being left standing after the Exposition.
+Major [[Eugene Castner Lewis]] was the director of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition and it was at his suggestion that a reproduction of the Parthenon be built in Nashville to serve as the centerpiece of Tennessee's Centennial Celebration. Lewis also served as the chief civil engineer for the [[Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad]]. Originally built of plaster, wood, and brick,<ref>{{cite web |date=November 20, 2012 |title=Nashville.gov – Parks and Recreation, Parthenon – Parthenon Timeline |url=http://nashville.gov/Parthenon/Historical/History-Timeline.asp |access-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120075200/http://nashville.gov/Parthenon/Historical/History-Timeline.asp |archive-date=November 20, 2012}}</ref> the Parthenon was not intended to be permanent, but the cost of demolishing the structure combined with its popularity with residents and visitors alike resulted in it being left standing after the Exposition.
+[[File:Centennial Park 1921.jpg|thumb|1921 Aerial Image of Centennial Park]]
+In 1895, [[George Julian Zolnay]] was "employed to make models for the ornamentation" for the building.<ref name=":1">Creighton, Wilbur F., ''The Parthenon In Nashville: From a personal viewpoint'', 1968, self published pp. 21–22</ref> Within the next 20 years, weather had caused deterioration of the landmark; it was then rebuilt on the same foundations, in [[concrete]], in a project that started in 1920; the exterior was completed in 1925 and the interior in 1931.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nashville.gov/Parthenon/Historical/History-Timeline.asp |title=Timeline at the Parthenon |publisher=Metro Parks and Recreation Department, Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee |access-date=December 13, 2010 |archive-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120075200/http://nashville.gov/Parthenon/Historical/History-Timeline.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Local architect Russell Hart was hired for the reconstruction.<ref name=":2" />
+Some of the most elaborate events that occurred at the Parthenon were the Spring Pageants of 1913 and 1914. These extravaganzas were theatrical productions. With casts of up to 500, the pageants attracted audiences from surrounding states and rail prices were lowered to encourage attendance. The city of Nashville celebrated the "Athens of the South". The 1913 performance was entitled ''The Fire Regained'', a play written by [[Sidney Mttron Hirsch]], and featured a mythological story line enhanced by theatrical spectacle popular in that era.<ref name="burdenoftime">{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=John Lincoln|title=The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians|date=1965|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx7WCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Sidney+Mttron+Hirsch%22&pg=PA3 |access-date=November 29, 2015|oclc=859825119|pages=3–34|isbn=9781400876266}}</ref> The 1914 production, "The Mystery at Thanatos", had a similarly mythological plot, but was shorter and better received. A copy of the script is on file at the Nashville Public Library. Both shows featured displays ranging from chariot races to large dance numbers to thousands of live birds to set pieces that shot flames, all set against the backdrop of the Nashville Parthenon.
-In 1895 [[George Julian Zolnay]] was "employed to make models for the ornamentation" for the building.<ref>Creighton, Wilbur F., ''The Parthenon In Nashville: From a personal viewpoint'', 1968, self published pp. 21-22</ref> Within the next 20 years, weather had caused deterioration of the landmark; it was then rebuilt on the same foundations, in [[concrete]], in a project that started in 1920; the exterior was completed in 1925 and the interior in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nashville.gov/Parthenon/Historical/History-Timeline.asp |title=Timeline at the Parthenon |publisher=Metro Parks and Recreation Department, Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee |access-date=2010-12-13 |archive-date=2012-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120075200/http://nashville.gov/Parthenon/Historical/History-Timeline.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Some of the most elaborate events that occurred at the Parthenon were the Spring Pageants of 1913 and 1914. These extravaganzas were theatrical productions. With casts of up to 500, the pageants attracted audiences from surrounding states and rail prices were lowered to encourage attendance.  The city of Nashville celebrated the "Athens of the South". The 1913 performance was entitled ''The Fire Regained'', a play written by [[Sidney Mttron Hirsch]], and featured a mythological story line enhanced by theatrical spectacle popular in that era.<ref name="burdenoftime">{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=John Lincoln|title=The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians|date=1965|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx7WCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Sidney+Mttron+Hirsch%22&pg=PA3 |access-date=November 29, 2015|oclc=859825119|pages=3–34|isbn=9781400876266}}</ref> The 1914 production, "The Mystery at Thanatos", had a similarly mythological plot, but was shorter and better received. A copy of the script is on file at the Nashville Public Library. Both shows featured displays ranging from chariot races to large dance numbers to thousands of live birds to set pieces that shot flames, all set against the backdrop of the Nashville Parthenon.
 ==Current use==
-As an art museum, the Parthenon's permanent collection on the lower level is a group of 63 paintings by 19th and 20th century American artists, donated by James M. Cowan. Additional gallery spaces provide a venue for temporary shows and exhibits. The main level contains a replica, completed in 1990, of the [[Athena Parthenos]] statue that was in the original Parthenon in Athens.
+As an art museum, the Parthenon's permanent collection on the lower level exhibits 63 paintings by 19th and 20th century American artists, donated by James M. Cowan in 1927–1929.<ref name=":2" /> Additional gallery spaces provide a venue for temporary shows and exhibits. The main level contains a replica, completed in 1990,<ref name=":2" /> of the [[Athena Parthenos]] statue that was in the original Parthenon in Athens.
-The statue of Athena Parthenos is a reconstruction, to careful scholarly standards, of the long-lost original: she is cuirassed and helmeted, carries a shield on her left arm, a 6-foot-high (1.8 m) statue of Nike (Victory) in her right palm, and stands 42 feet (13 m) high, gilt with more than 8 pounds (3.6&nbsp;kg) of gold leaf; an equally colossal serpent rears its head between her and her shield.
+In 1982, Alan LeQuire was commissioned to create the statue of Athena Parthenos<ref name=":2" /> as a reconstruction, to scholarly standards, of the long-lost original: she is cuirassed and helmeted, carries a shield on her left arm, a 6-foot-high (1.8 m) statue of Nike (Victory) in her right palm, and stands 42 feet (13 m) high, gilt (as of 2002)<ref name=":2" /> with more than 8 pounds (3.6&nbsp;kg) of gold leaf; an equally colossal serpent rears its head between her and her shield. Some followers of Goddess Spirituality practices have left ritual offerings near the statue.<ref name=Ciaccia>{{cite journal | last=Ciaccia | first=Olivia | title=Seeking Sekhmet: The veneration of Sekhmet Statues in contemporary museums | journal=Pomegranate | volume=23 | issue=1-2 | date=2022-04-06 | issn=1743-1735 | doi=10.1558/pome.18653}}</ref>
 In the summertime, local theater productions use the building as a backdrop for classic [[Ancient Greek theatre|Greek plays]] such as [[Euripides]]' ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' and [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Antigone (Sophocles)|Antigone]]'', performing (usually for free) on the steps of the Parthenon. Other performances, such as [[Mary Zimmerman]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses (play)|Metamorphoses]]'', have been held inside, at the foot of Athena's statue.
-In 2002, the Nashville Parthenon received much needed cleaning and restoration of the exterior. The exterior lighting was upgraded to allow the columns of the building to be illuminated with different colors than the facade, allowing a versatile display of effects for events.
+In 2001, the Nashville Parthenon received much needed cleaning and restoration of the exterior.<ref name=":2" /> The exterior lighting was upgraded to allow the columns of the building to be illuminated with different colors than the facade.
 ==In popular culture==
-The Parthenon served as the location for the political rally in the climactic scene of Robert Altman's 1975 film ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]''.
+The Parthenon served as the location for the political rally in the climactic scene of Robert Altman's 1975 film ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stuart |first=Jan |title=The Nashville Chronicles: The Making of Robert Altman's Masterpiece |publisher=Limelight |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-879-10981-3 |location=New York, New York |pages=258 |language=en-us}}</ref>
-It was used as a backdrop for the battle against the [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]] in the 2010 film ''[[Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief]]''.
+It was used as a backdrop for the battle against the [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]] in the 2010 film ''[[Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 3, 2009 |title=City Hopes To Build Madison Nature Center – Community News Story – WSMV Nashville |url=https://www.wsmv.com/community/19638346/detail.html |access-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703180537/https://www.wsmv.com/community/19638346/detail.html |archive-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref>
-It features in the title and lyrics of the song ''Nashville Parthenon'' from the album ''[[Etiquette (Casiotone for the Painfully Alone album)|Etiquette]]'', by [[Casiotone for the Painfully Alone]], as well as the song's 2011 sequel ''Goodbye Parthenon''.
+It features in the title and lyrics of the song "Nashville Parthenon" from the album ''[[Etiquette (Casiotone for the Painfully Alone album)|Etiquette]]'', by [[Casiotone for the Painfully Alone]], as well as the song's 2011 sequel "Goodbye Parthenon".
 It was used in the 2000 [[PBS]] series ''Greeks: Crucible of Civilization''.
-A poem titled "Ganymede" in [[Heather Ross Miller|Heather Ross Miller's]] ''Celestial Navigator: Writing Poems with Randall Jarrell'' features the Parthenon.
+A poem titled "Ganymede" in [[Heather Ross Miller]]'s ''Celestial Navigator: Writing Poems with Randall Jarrell'' features the Parthenon.
 The structure figures in the climax of the Hector Lassiter novel ''Three Chords and The Truth'', by [[Craig McDonald]].
 ==Gallery==
+[[File:Parthenon at night 2024.jpg|thumb|Parthenon at night]]
 <gallery class="left" mode="packed-hover">
 File:Statues at Parthenon, Nashville, TN, US.jpg|Statues
 File:Statues (center) at Parthenon, Nashville, TN, US.jpg|The center of the statues
 File:Athena's Shield Detailed.jpg|A closer look at the Shield of Athena Parthenos
-File:Mrs._McMillin_in_Greek_Play,_Nashville_LCCN2014700085.jpg|Greek play, probably 1913 or 1914
+File:Mrs. McMillin in Greek Play, Nashville LCCN2014700085.jpg|Greek play, circa 1913 or 1914
 </gallery>
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 [[Category:Temples of Athena]]
 [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee]]
-[[Category:Parthenon]]