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{{Short description|Loss of motor function}}
{{Redirect|Paralysed|other uses|Paralysed (disambiguation)|and|Paralysis (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Paralysed|other uses|Paralysed (disambiguation)|and|Paralysis (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Paralytic|the gene|Paralytic (gene)}}
{{Redirect|Paralytic|the gene|Paralytic (gene)}}
{{Distinguish|Spasticity|Sensory loss|Numbness|Hemiparesis|Spastic hemiplegia}}
{{Distinguish|Spasticity|Sensory loss|Hypoesthesia|Hemiparesis|Spastic hemiplegia}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Paralysis
| name = Paralysis
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
| caption = [[Christopher Reeve]] who was paralysed in an accident.
| caption = [[Christopher Reeve]] who was paralysed in an accident.
| pronounce =
| pronounce =
| field = [[Neurology]], [[neurosurgery]], [[psychiatry]]
| field = [[Neurology]], [[neurosurgery]], [[psychiatry]]
| symptoms =
| symptoms =
| complications =
| complications =
| onset =
| onset =
| duration =
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'''Paralysis''' (also known as '''plegia''') is a loss of [[Motor skill|motor]] function in one or more [[muscle|muscles]]. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. In the [[United States]], roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.5184189/k.5587/Paralysis_Facts__Figures.htm |title=Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center |publisher=Christopherreeve.org |access-date=2013-02-19}}</ref> The word comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] παράλυσις, "disabling of the nerves",<ref>{{cite book |chapter=παράλυσις |chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2Flusis |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1940 |first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell |first2=Robert |last2=Scott}} on Perseus</ref> itself from παρά (''para''), "beside, by"<ref>{{harvnb|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2F παρά]}}</ref> and λύσις (''lysis''), "making loose".<ref>{{harvnb|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlu%2Fsis λύσις]}}</ref> A paralysis accompanied by involuntary tremors is usually called "[[palsy]]".<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/palsy |title=Palsy|publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]]| access-date =27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary | url =http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/palsy|title=Palsy|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]| access-date =27 May 2015}}</ref>
'''Paralysis''' ({{plural form}}: '''paralyses'''; also known as '''plegia''') is a loss of [[Motor skill|motor]] function in one or more [[Skeletal muscle|muscles]]. Paralysis can also be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage. In the [[United States]], roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.5184189/k.5587/Paralysis_Facts__Figures.htm |title=Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center |publisher=Christopherreeve.org |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2016-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324021033/http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.5184189/k.5587/Paralysis_Facts__Figures.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The word "paralysis" derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] παράλυσις, meaning "disabling of the nerves"<ref>{{cite book |chapter=παράλυσις |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2Flusis |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1940 |first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell |first2=Robert |last2=Scott}} on Perseus</ref> from παρά (''para'') meaning "beside, by"<ref>{{harvnb|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2F παρά]}}</ref> and λύσις (''lysis'') meaning "making loose".<ref>{{harvnb|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlu%2Fsis λύσις]}}</ref> A paralysis accompanied by involuntary tremors is usually called "[[palsy]]".<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/palsy | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120724030627/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/palsy | url-status =dead | archive-date =July 24, 2012 |title=Palsy|publisher=[[Lexico]]| access-date =27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url =http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/palsy|title=Palsy|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]| access-date =27 May 2015}}</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the [[nervous system]], especially the [[spinal cord]]. Other major causes are [[stroke]], [[Physical trauma|trauma]] with [[nerve injury]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[ALS]], [[botulism]], [[spina bifida]], [[multiple sclerosis]], and [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]. Temporary paralysis occurs during [[REM sleep]], and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of [[sleep paralysis|waking paralysis]]. Drugs that interfere with [[action potential|nerve function]], such as [[curare]], can also cause paralysis.
Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the [[nervous system]], especially the [[spinal cord]]. Other major causes are [[stroke]], [[Physical trauma|trauma]] with [[nerve injury]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[ALS]], [[botulism]], [[spina bifida]], [[multiple sclerosis]], and [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]. Temporary paralysis occurs during [[REM sleep]], and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of [[sleep paralysis|waking paralysis]]. Drugs that interfere with [[action potential|nerve function]], such as [[curare]], can also cause paralysis.


''Pseudoparalysis'' (''pseudo-'' meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος<ref>{{harvnb|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dyeu%3Ddos ψεῦδος]}}</ref>) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, orgasm, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis.<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pseudoparalysis TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis], in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004</ref> In an infant, it may be a symptom of [[congenital syphilis]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Berman SM |title=Sexually transmitted diseases tretment guidelines, 2006 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=55 |issue=RR–11 |pages=1–94 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16888612 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm |quote=... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity).}}</ref> Pseudoparalysis can be caused by extreme mental stresses, and is a common feature of mental disorders such as [[panic anxiety|panic anxiety disorder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anxiety-panic.com/dictionary/en-dictp.htm|title=anxiety-panic.com|website=anxiety-panic.com}}</ref>
''Pseudoparalysis'' (''pseudo-'' meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος<ref>{{harvnb|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dyeu%3Ddos ψεῦδος]}}</ref>) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, orgasm, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis.<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pseudoparalysis TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis], in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004</ref> In an infant, it may be a symptom of [[congenital syphilis]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Berman SM |title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=55 |issue=RR–11 |pages=1–94 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16888612 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm |quote=... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity).}}</ref> Pseudoparalysis can be caused by extreme mental stresses, and is a common feature of mental disorders such as [[panic anxiety|panic anxiety disorder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anxiety-panic.com/dictionary/en-dictp.htm|title=anxiety-panic.com|website=anxiety-panic.com|access-date=2017-06-06|archive-date=2018-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202939/http://anxiety-panic.com/dictionary/en-dictp.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Variations==
==Variations==
Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (e.g., [[spinal cord injuries]]) are constant in nature; however, some forms of [[periodic paralysis]], including [[sleep paralysis]], are caused by other factors.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Jonathan|title=Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters|journal=The British Medical Journal|date=1877|volume=1|issue=830|pages=767–768|jstor=25244879|pmc=2220916|pmid=20748563}}</ref>
Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (e.g., [[spinal cord injuries]]) are constant in nature; however, some forms of [[periodic paralysis]], including [[sleep paralysis]], are caused by other factors.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Jonathan|title=Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters|journal=The British Medical Journal|date=1877|volume=1|issue=830|pages=767–768|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.860.767|jstor=25244879|pmc=2220916|pmid=20748563}}</ref>
<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth|title=Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function|date=2012|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-337825-1}}</ref>
<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth|title=Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function|date=2012|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-337825-1}}</ref>


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'''Ascending paralysis''' presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:
'''Ascending paralysis''' presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:
⚫
* [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]] (another name for this condition is ''Landry's ascending paralysis'')

⚫
* [[Tick paralysis]]<ref>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|001359|Tick paralysis}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Guillain–Barré syndrome]] (another name for this condition is ''Landry's ascending paralysis'')
⚫
*[[Tick paralysis]]<ref>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|001359|Tick paralysis}}</ref>


Ascending paralysis contrasts with '''descending paralysis''', which occurs in conditions such as [[botulism]].
Ascending paralysis contrasts with '''descending paralysis''', which occurs in conditions such as [[botulism]].


==Other animals==
==Other animals==
Many animal species use paralysing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both. It was shown that in stimulated muscles the decrease in frequency of the miniature potentials runs parallel to the decrease in postsynaptic potential as well as to the decrease in muscle contraction. In invertebrates, this clearly indicates that, e.g., ''[[Microbracon]]'' (wasp genus) venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site. ''[[Philanthus]]'' venom inhibits the fast as well as the slow neuromuscular system at identical concentrations. It causes a decrease in the frequency of the miniature potentials without affecting their amplitude significantly.
Many animal species use paralyzing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both. In stimulated muscles, the decrease in frequency of the miniature potentials runs parallel to the decrease in postsynaptic potential, and to the decrease in muscle contraction. In invertebrates, this clearly indicates that, e.g., ''[[Microbracon]]'' (wasp genus) venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site. ''[[Philanthus]]'' venom inhibits both the fast and slow neuromuscular system at identical concentrations. It causes a decrease in the frequency of the miniature potentials without affecting their amplitude significantly.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}


===Invertebrates===
===Invertebrates===
Some species of [[wasp]], to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyses a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. In the species ''[[Philanthus gibbosus]]'', the paralysed insect (most often a bee species) is coated in a thick layer of pollen. The adult ''P. gibbosus'' then lays eggs in the paralysed insect, which is devoured by the [[larva]]e when they hatch.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Do diet and taxonomy influence insect gut bacterial communities?|journal = Molecular Ecology|date = 2012-10-01|issn = 1365-294X|pages = 5124–5137|volume = 21|issue = 20|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05752.x|pmid = 22978555|first = D. R.|last = Colman|first2 = E. C.|last2 = Toolson|first3 = C. D.|last3 = Takacs-Vesbach}}</ref>
In some species of [[wasp]], to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyses a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. In the species ''[[Philanthus gibbosus]]'', the paralysed insect (most often a bee species) is coated in a thick layer of pollen. The adult ''P. gibbosus'' then lays eggs in the paralysed insect, which is devoured by the [[larva]]e when they hatch.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Do diet and taxonomy influence insect gut bacterial communities?|journal = Molecular Ecology|date = 2012-10-01|issn = 1365-294X|pages = 5124–5137|volume = 21|issue = 20|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05752.x|pmid = 22978555|first1 = D. R.|last1 = Colman|first2 = E. C.|last2 = Toolson|first3 = C. D.|last3 = Takacs-Vesbach|s2cid = 23740875}}</ref>


===Vertebrates===
===Vertebrates===
A well-known example is the [[tetrodotoxin]] of fish species such as ''[[Takifugu rubripes]]'', the famously lethal [[pufferfish]] of Japanese [[fugu]]. This toxin works by binding to [[sodium channels]] in nerve cells, preventing the cells' proper function. A non-lethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to [[nemertea]]ns.
A well-known example of a vertebrate-produced paralyzing toxin is the [[tetrodotoxin]] of fish species such as ''[[Takifugu rubripes]]'', the famously lethal [[pufferfish]] of Japanese [[fugu]]. This toxin works by binding to [[sodium channels]] in nerve cells, inhibiting the cells' proper function. A non-lethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to [[nemertea]]ns.


Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are [[chondrodysplastic]]. These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in [[paresis]], but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24&nbsp;hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the [[spinal cord]]. After 24&nbsp;hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.
Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are [[chondrodysplastic]]. These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in [[paresis]], but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24&nbsp;hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the [[spinal cord]]. After 24&nbsp;hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.
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Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.
Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.


The [[German Shepherd Dog]] is especially prone to developing degenerative [[myelopathy]]. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Dogs so affected will become gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually their hind legs become useless. They often also exhibit faecal and urinary incontinence. As the disease progresses, the paresis and paralysis gradually move forward. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs. It is suspected to be an autoimmune problem.
The [[German Shepherd Dog]] is especially prone to developing degenerative [[myelopathy]]. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Affected dogs will become gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually, their hind legs become useless. They often also exhibit faecal and urinary incontinence. As the disease progresses, the paresis and paralysis gradually move forward. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs. It is suspected to be an autoimmune problem.


Cats with a [[heart murmur]] may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.
Cats with a [[heart murmur]] may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.
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==See also==
==See also==
{{Colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
{{Colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Spinal cord injuries]]
* [[Spinal cord injuries]]
*[[Paraplegia]]
* [[Paraplegia]]
*[[Quadriplegia]]
* [[Quadriplegia]]
*[[Hemiparesis]]
* [[Hemiparesis]]
*[[Monoplegia]]
* [[Monoplegia]]
*[[Muscle relaxant]]
* [[Muscle relaxant]]
*[[Sleep paralysis]]
* [[Beriberi]]
*[[Beriberi]]
* [[Neuroprosthetics]]
⚫
* [[Brain–computer interface]]
*[[Neuroprosthetics]]
* [[Tonic immobility]]
⚫
*[[Brain-computer interface]]
*[[Tonic immobility]]
* [[Cerebral palsy]]
*[[Cerebral palsy]]
* [[Cobratoxin]]
*[[Cobra Toxin]]
* [[Obdormition]]
*[[Obdormition]]
* [[Narcolepsy]]
*[[Narcolepsy]]
* [[Cataplexy]]
*[[Cataplexy]]
{{colend}}
{{colend}}


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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{wiktionary}}

{{Medical resources
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB =
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|359.3}}
| ICD11 = {{ICD11|MB5Z}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|G83.9}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|G83.9}}
| ICDO =
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|359.3}}
| OMIM =
| ICDO =
| MedlinePlus =
| OMIM =
| eMedicineSubj =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D010243
| MeshID = D010243
}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nervous system]]
[[Category:Motor control]]
[[Category:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes]]
[[Category:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Latest revision as of 14:50, 18 May 2024

"Paralysed" redirects here. For other uses, see Paralysed (disambiguation) and Paralysis (disambiguation).
"Paralytic" redirects here. For the gene, see Paralytic (gene).
Not to be confused with Spasticity, Sensory loss, Hypoesthesia, Hemiparesis, or Spastic hemiplegia.
Paralysis
SpecialtyNeurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry

Paralysis (pl.: paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles. Paralysis can also be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage. In the United States, roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis.[1] The word "paralysis" derives from the Greek παράλυσις, meaning "disabling of the nerves"[2] from παρά (para) meaning "beside, by"[3] and λύσις (lysis) meaning "making loose".[4] A paralysis accompanied by involuntary tremors is usually called "palsy".[5][6]

Causes

[edit]

Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other major causes are stroke, trauma with nerve injury, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, ALS, botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Temporary paralysis occurs during REM sleep, and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of waking paralysis. Drugs that interfere with nerve function, such as curare, can also cause paralysis.

Pseudoparalysis (pseudo- meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος[7]) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, orgasm, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis.[8] In an infant, it may be a symptom of congenital syphilis.[9] Pseudoparalysis can be caused by extreme mental stresses, and is a common feature of mental disorders such as panic anxiety disorder.[10]

Variations

[edit]

Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (e.g., spinal cord injuries) are constant in nature; however, some forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, are caused by other factors.[11] [12]

Paralysis can occur in newborns due to a congenital defect known as spina bifida. Spina bifida causes one or more of the vertebrae to fail to form vertebral arches within the infant, which allows the spinal cord to protrude from the rest of the spine. In extreme cases, this can cause spinal cord function inferior to the missing vertebral arches to cease.[12] This cessation of spinal cord function can result in paralysis of lower extremities. Documented cases of paralysis of the anal sphincter in newborns have been observed when spina bifida has gone untreated.[11] While life-threatening, many cases of spina bifida can be corrected surgically if operated on within 72 hours of birth.

Ascending paralysis presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:

Ascending paralysis contrasts with descending paralysis, which occurs in conditions such as botulism.

Other animals

[edit]

Many animal species use paralyzing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both. In stimulated muscles, the decrease in frequency of the miniature potentials runs parallel to the decrease in postsynaptic potential, and to the decrease in muscle contraction. In invertebrates, this clearly indicates that, e.g., Microbracon (wasp genus) venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site. Philanthus venom inhibits both the fast and slow neuromuscular system at identical concentrations. It causes a decrease in the frequency of the miniature potentials without affecting their amplitude significantly.[citation needed]

Invertebrates

[edit]

In some species of wasp, to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyses a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. In the species Philanthus gibbosus, the paralysed insect (most often a bee species) is coated in a thick layer of pollen. The adult P. gibbosus then lays eggs in the paralysed insect, which is devoured by the larvae when they hatch.[14]

Vertebrates

[edit]

A well-known example of a vertebrate-produced paralyzing toxin is the tetrodotoxin of fish species such as Takifugu rubripes, the famously lethal pufferfish of Japanese fugu. This toxin works by binding to sodium channels in nerve cells, inhibiting the cells' proper function. A non-lethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to nemerteans.

Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are chondrodysplastic. These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in paresis, but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24 hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. After 24 hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.

Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.

The German Shepherd Dog is especially prone to developing degenerative myelopathy. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Affected dogs will become gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually, their hind legs become useless. They often also exhibit faecal and urinary incontinence. As the disease progresses, the paresis and paralysis gradually move forward. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs. It is suspected to be an autoimmune problem.

Cats with a heart murmur may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.

Many snakes exhibit powerful neurotoxins that can cause non-permanent paralysis or death. Also, many trees contain neurotoxins.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center". Christopherreeve.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "παράλυσις". A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. on Perseus
  3. ^ Liddell & Scott 1940, παρά
  4. ^ Liddell & Scott 1940, λύσις
  5. ^ "Palsy". Lexico. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  6. ^ "Palsy". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  7. ^ Liddell & Scott 1940, ψεῦδος
  8. ^ TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis, in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004
  9. ^ Workowski KA, Berman SM (August 2006). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006". MMWR Recomm Rep. 55 (RR–11): 1–94. PMID 16888612. ... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity).
  10. ^ "anxiety-panic.com". anxiety-panic.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-30. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
  11. ^ a b Hutchinson, Jonathan (1877). "Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters". The British Medical Journal. 1 (830): 767–768. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.860.767. JSTOR 25244879. PMC 2220916. PMID 20748563.
  12. ^ a b Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.
  13. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Tick paralysis
  14. ^ Colman, D. R.; Toolson, E. C.; Takacs-Vesbach, C. D. (2012-10-01). "Do diet and taxonomy influence insect gut bacterial communities?". Molecular Ecology. 21 (20): 5124–5137. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05752.x. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 22978555. S2CID 23740875.
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