Peranakan Chinese: Difference between revisions
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The '''Peranakans''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|ə|ˌ|k|ɑː|n|,_|-|k|ən}}) are an [[ethnic group]] used to refer to a person of mixed ancestry of native [[south east asian]] and foreigners <ref>https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=peranakan</ref>. The peranakans itself is a wide term and can consist of peranakan with Indian ancestry, [[Chitty]] Eurasian ancestry |
The '''Peranakans''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|ə|ˌ|k|ɑː|n|,_|-|k|ən}}) are an [[ethnic group]] used to refer to a person of mixed ancestry of native [[south east asian]] and foreigners <ref>https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=peranakan</ref>. The peranakans itself is a wide term and can consist of peranakan with Indian ancestry, ([[Chitty]]) Eurasian ancestry( [[Kristang]]) or Peranakan Muslims of Indian, Malay and Arab descent ([[Jawi Peranakan]]). |
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==Terms== |
==Terms== |
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===Chitty=== |
===Chitty=== |
Revision as of 03:11, 30 December 2023
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand< | |
Languages | |
Baba Malay, Chetty Malay, Papia Kristang and other varieties of Malay, Hokkien, Tamil , Indonesian, Sundanese, Javanese, Betawi, Southern Thai, English, Dutch,Portuguese | |
Religion | |
Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese folk religion (Mainly Baba and Nyonya),Hinduism (Mainly Chitty) Sunni Islam (Mainly Jawi Peranakan) and Christianity (Mainly Kristang) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Malay, Malaysian Chinese, Thai Chinese, Chinese Singaporeans, Chinese Indonesians, Malaysian Indians, Singapore Indians, Native Indonesians |
The Peranakans (/pəˈrɑːnəˌkɑːn, -kən/) are an ethnic group used to refer to a person of mixed ancestry of native south east asian and foreigners [1]. The peranakans itself is a wide term and can consist of peranakan with Indian ancestry, (Chitty) Eurasian ancestry( Kristang) or Peranakan Muslims of Indian, Malay and Arab descent (Jawi Peranakan).
Terms
Chitty
The Chitty, also known as the Chetty or Chetti Melaka, are a distinctive group of Tamil people found mainly and originally in Melaka, Malaysia, and in Singapore where they migrated to in the 18th and 19th centuries from Melaka, who are also known as the "Indian Peranakans" and have adopted Malay (mostly) and Chinese cultural practices whilst also retaining their Hindu faith and heritage.[2]
Jawi Peranakan
The Jawi Peranakan (Jawi: جاوي ڤرانقن) is an ethnic group found primarily within the Malaysian state of Penang and in Singapore, both regions were part of the historical Straits Settlements where their culture and history is centred around. The term "Jawi Peranakan" refers to locally born, Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Indian and Malay ancestry. Over time, this has grown to include people with Arab ancestry as well.[3] They were an elite group within the British Malayan community in mid-19th century Malaya. In addition to their substantial wealth and social standing, they are remembered for setting up the first Malay newspaper in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and China, the Jawi Peranakan and their influences on Malay culture.[4][5]
Kristang people
The Kristang (otherwise known as "Portuguese-Eurasians" or "Malacca Portuguese") or Serani are a creole ethnic group of people of predominantly mixed Portuguese and Malaccan descent, with substantial Dutch, British, Jewish, Malay, Chinese and Indian heritage. They are based in Malaysia and to some extent in Singapore. People of this ethnicity have, besides Portuguese, a strong Dutch heritage due to intermarriages, which is common among the Kristang. In addition, due to persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition in the region, a lot of the Jews of Malacca assimilated into the Kristang community.[6] The creole group arose in Malacca (part of present-day Malaysia) between the 16th and 17th centuries, when the city was a port and base of the Portuguese Empire. Some descendants speak a distinctive Kristang language or Malacca Portuguese, a creole based on Portuguese. Today the government classifies them as Portuguese Eurasians.
The Kristang language is formally called Malacca-Melayu Portuguese Creole, made up of elements of each.[7]
Peranakan Chinese
The Peranakan Chinese commonly refer to themselves as Baba-Nyonya. The term Baba is an honorific for Straits Chinese men. It originated as a Hindi (originally Persian) loan-word borrowed by Malay speakers as a term of affection for one's grandparents, and became part of the common vernacular. In Penang Hokkien, it is pronounced bā-bā (in Pe̍h-ōe-jī),[8] and sometimes written with the phonetic loan characters 峇峇. Female Straits-Chinese descendants were either called or styled themselves Nyonyas. Nyonya (also spelled nyonyah or nonya) is a Malay and Indonesian honorific used to refer to a foreign married lady. It is a loan word, borrowed from the old Portuguese word for lady donha (compare, for instance, Macanese creole nhonha spoken on Macau, which was a Portuguese colony for 464 years). Because Malays at that time had a tendency to address all foreign women (and perhaps those who appeared foreign) as nyonya, they used that term for Straits-Chinese women as well. It gradually became more exclusively associated with them.[9][10] In Penang Hokkien, it is pronounced nō͘-niâ (in Pe̍h-ōe-jī),[8] and sometimes written with the phonetic loan characters 娘惹.
References
- ^ https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=peranakan
- ^ "Meet the Chetti Melaka, or Peranakan Indians, striving to save their vanishing culture". CNA.
- ^ http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/46073 Malay: Malay
- ^ Sandhu, K. S.; Mani, A. (12 April 1993). Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint 2006). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812304186. Retrieved 12 April 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Singapore, National Library Board. "Jawi Peranakkan - Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ Humanistic & Secular Jews Build Communities and Congregations Worldwide: Malaysia "Worldwide". Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ Language Is the Soul of our Kristang Heritage Archived 28 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Joan Marbeck Website, accessed 12 June 2009.
- ^ a b Tan, Siew Imm (2016). Penang Hokkien-English dictionary: with an English-Penang Hokkien glossary. Sunway Education Group. ISBN 978-967-13697-1-5.
- ^ Joo Ee Khoo, The Straits Chinese: a cultural history, Pepin Press: 1996 ISBN 90-5496-008-6, 288 pages
- ^ Soeseno Kartomihardjo, Ethnography of Communicative Codes in East Java Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1981, ISBN 0-85883-255-0, page 96
- Chinese diaspora in Malaysia
- Chinese diaspora in Singapore
- Chinese diaspora
- Ethnic groups in Malaysia
- Chinese diaspora in Indonesia
- Peranakan people in Singapore
- Peranakan people in Malaysia
- Chinese Indonesian culture
- Ethnic groups in Indonesia
- Immigration to Malaysia
- Subgroups of the Han Chinese
- Malaysian people of Indian descent
- Hindu ethnic groups
- Malaysian people of Tamil descent
- Singaporean people of Tamil descent
- Tamil diaspora in Asia
- People from Malacca
- Chitty people
- Hinduism in Malaysia
- Indian diaspora in Singapore
- Ethnic groups in Singapore
- British Malaya
- Malaysian people of Pakistani descent
- Pakistani diaspora in Asia
- Kristang people
- European diaspora in Singapore
- Multiracial affairs in Asia
- Portuguese diaspora in Asia
- Malaysian people of Kristang descent