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become increasingly tight for large ''x'', and are often useful. |
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become increasingly tight for large ''x'', and are often useful. |
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Using the [[integration by substitution|substitution]] ''v'' = ''u''²/2 and defining <math>\phi(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} e^{-x^2/2}</math>, the upper bound is derived as follows: |
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Using the [[integration by substitution|substitution]] <math>v=u^2/2</math> and defining <math>\varphi(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} e^{-x^2/2}</math>, the upper bound is derived as follows: |
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:<math> |
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:<math> |
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Solving for <math>\scriptstyle 1\,{-}\,\Phi(x)\,</math> provides the lower bound. |
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Solving for <math>\scriptstyle 1\,{-}\,\Phi(x)\,</math> provides the lower bound. |
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== References == |
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== References == |
In statistics, the Q-function is the tail probability of the normalized Gaussian distribution.[1][2] In other words, is the probability that a normalized Gaussian random variable will obtain a value larger than . Other definitions of the Q-function, all of which are simple transformations of the normal cumulative distribution function, are also used occasionally.[3]
Formally, the Q-function is defined as
Thus, where is the cumulative distribution function of the normal Gaussian distribution.
The Q-function can be expressed in terms of the error function as
Bounds
The Q-function cannot be written using elementary functions. However, the bounds
become increasingly tight for large x, and are often useful.
Using the substitution and defining , the upper bound is derived as follows:
Similarly, using and the quotient rule,
Solving for provides the lower bound.
References