Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|British Conservative politician (1893–1972)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| image = Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury.jpg |
| image = Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury.jpg |
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| imagesize = |
| imagesize = |
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| caption = The then |
| caption = The then-Viscount Cranborne in 1927 |
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{{Collapsed infobox section begin|div=yes|Ministerial offices}} |
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| order2 = [[Lord President of the Council]] |
| order2 = [[Lord President of the Council]] |
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| term_start2 = 25 November 1952 |
| term_start2 = 25 November 1952 |
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| term_end2 = 29 March 1957 |
| term_end2 = 29 March 1957 |
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| monarch2 = [[Elizabeth II]] |
| monarch2 = [[Elizabeth II]] |
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| primeminister2 = [[Winston Churchill]] |
| primeminister2 = {{ubl|[[Winston Churchill]]|[[Anthony Eden]]}} |
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| predecessor2 = [[Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton|The Lord Woolton]] |
| predecessor2 = [[Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton|The Lord Woolton]] |
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| successor2 = [[Alec Douglas-Home|The Earl of Home]] |
| successor2 = [[Alec Douglas-Home|The Earl of Home]] |
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| term_start = 28 October 1951 |
| term_start = 28 October 1951 |
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| term_end = 29 March 1957 |
| term_end = 29 March 1957 |
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| monarch = [[George VI]] |
| monarch = {{ubl|[[George VI]]|[[Elizabeth II]]}} |
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| primeminister = [[Winston Churchill]] |
| primeminister = {{ubl|[[Winston Churchill]]|[[Anthony Eden]]|[[Harold Macmillan]]}} |
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| predecessor = [[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|The Viscount Addison]] |
| predecessor = [[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|The Viscount Addison]] |
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| successor = [[Alec Douglas-Home|The Earl of Home]] |
| successor = [[Alec Douglas-Home|The Earl of Home]] |
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|term_end6 = 24 September 1943 |
|term_end6 = 24 September 1943 |
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|predecessor6 = [[Stafford Cripps]] |
|predecessor6 = [[Stafford Cripps]] |
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|successor6 = [[ |
|successor6 = [[The Lord Beaverbrook]] |
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| monarch5 = [[George VI]] |
| monarch5 = [[George VI]] |
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|primeminister5 = [[Winston Churchill]] |
|primeminister5 = [[Winston Churchill]] |
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|term_start5 = 28 October 1951 |
|term_start5 = 28 October 1951 |
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|term_end5 = 7 May 1952 |
|term_end5 = 7 May 1952 |
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|predecessor5 = [[Richard Stokes]] |
|predecessor5 = [[Richard Stokes (politician)|Richard Stokes]] |
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|successor5 = [[Harry Crookshank]] |
|successor5 = [[Harry Crookshank]] |
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|term_end10 = 3 October 1940 |
|term_end10 = 3 October 1940 |
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|predecessor10 = [[Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton|The Earl Winterton]] |
|predecessor10 = [[Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton|The Earl Winterton]] |
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|successor10 = [[ |
|successor10 = [[Maurice Hankey]] |
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|office11 = [[ |
|office11 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] |
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| monarch11 = [[George V]] |
| monarch11 = {{ubl|[[George V]]|[[Edward VIII]]|[[George VI]]}} |
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|primeminister11 = [[Stanley Baldwin]] |
|primeminister11 = {{ubl|[[Stanley Baldwin]]|[[Neville Chamberlain]]}} |
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|term_start11 = 18 June 1935 |
|term_start11 = 18 June 1935 |
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|term_end11 = 20 February 1938 |
|term_end11 = 20 February 1938 |
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|predecessor11 = [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]] |
|predecessor11 = [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]] |
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|successor11 = [[Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth|The Earl Plymouth]] |
|successor11 = [[Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth|The Earl Plymouth]] |
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{{Collapsed infobox section end}} |
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|office14 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[ |
|office14 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[South Dorset]] |
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|term_start14 = 30 May 1929 |
|term_start14 = 30 May 1929 |
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|term_end14 = 21 January 1941 |
|term_end14 = 21 January 1941 |
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|successor14 = [[Victor Montagu]] |
|successor14 = [[Victor Montagu]] |
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|office12 = [[Member of the House of Lords]]<br />[[ |
|office12 = [[Member of the House of Lords]]<br />[[Lord Temporal]] |
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|term_start12 = 4 April 1947 |
|term_start12 = 4 April 1947 |
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|term_end12 = 23 February 1972 <br />[[ |
|term_end12 = 23 February 1972 <br />[[Hereditary Peerage]] |
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|predecessor12 = [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury|The 4th Marquess of Salisbury]] |
|predecessor12 = [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury|The 4th Marquess of Salisbury]] |
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|successor12 = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury|The 6th Marquess of Salisbury]] |
|successor12 = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury|The 6th Marquess of Salisbury]] |
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| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] |
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] |
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| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]] |
| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]] |
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| spouse = Elizabeth Cavendish |
| spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Cavendish|1915}} |
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| children = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury]] |
| children = {{ubl|[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury]]|Michael Charles James Cecil|Richard Hugh Cecil}} |
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| father = [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Coat of arms of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, KG, PC, DL, FRS.png|thumb|262px|right|Coat of arms of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, KG, PC, DL, FRS]] |
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'''Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|PC|DL|FRS}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal|last1 = Todd|first1 = L. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1973.0022|title = Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury 1893-1972|journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume = 19 | pages = |
'''Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|PC|DL|FRS}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal|last1 = Todd|first1 = L. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1973.0022|title = Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury 1893-1972|journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume = 19 | pages = 621–627 | year = 1973|doi-access = free}}</ref> (27 August 1893 – 23 February 1972), known as '''Viscount Cranborne''' from 1903 to 1947, was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician.<ref name="hansard">{{Hansard-contribs|viscount-cranborne-1|the Marquess of Salisbury}}</ref><ref name="npg">{{npg name|id = 63175|name = Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury}}</ref><ref name="nra">{{UK National Archives ID}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Nicknamed "Bobbety", Salisbury was the eldest son of [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury]], by his wife Lady Cicely Gore, daughter of the [[Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran|5th Earl of Arran]], and the grandson of the [[ |
Nicknamed "Bobbety", Salisbury was the eldest son of [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury]], by his wife Lady Cicely Gore, daughter of the [[Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran|5th Earl of Arran]], and the grandson of the [[3rd Marquess of Salisbury]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] 1895–1902. He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]], receiving an [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctorate of Civil Law]]s in 1951. |
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==Military career== |
==Military career== |
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Salisbury served in the Army during the [[First World War]]. He was commissioned as a |
Salisbury served in [[British Army during World War I|the Army during]] the [[First World War]]. He was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant]] into the [[Grenadier Guards]] (SR) in 1915 and served until the [[Aftermath of World War I|war's end]]. He was awarded the [[Croix de Guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre]] and Chevalier [[Order of the Crown of Belgium]]. When the war ended, he worked at the [[Westminster Bank]]. In 1928, he was appointed a director and to the [[Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts]]; he was promoted to chairman of the commission in 1957. |
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==Political career== |
==Political career== |
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Salisbury, as Viscount Cranborne, was elected as a Conservative to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[ |
Salisbury, as Viscount Cranborne, was elected as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[South Dorset]] in [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929]]. As Parliamentary Secretary to the [[Lord Privy Seal]] in 1934 in [[Ramsay MacDonald]]'s [[National Government (1931–1935)|National Government]], he was promoted serving as Joint [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] from 1935 to 1938. He was made [[Paymaster General]] by [[Winston Churchill]] in May 1940 for the duration of the [[Battle of Britain]] but was appointed [[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]] from 1940 to 1942. |
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In 1941, he was summoned to the [[House of Lords]] through a [[writ of acceleration]] in one of his father's titles as Baron Cecil of Essendon. He was [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] in February–November 1942, [[Lord Privy Seal]] between 1942 and 1943, [[Leader of the House of Lords]] between 1942 and 1945 and again Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs between 1943 and 1945. As a friend of Churchill, in 1943, he was appointed President of the [[English-Speaking Union]] to promote the universality of the language throughout the [[British Empire]]. His final wartime appointment was as President of the [[University of Exeter|University College of the South West]] for a statutory ten years before it was converted to university status. |
In 1941, he was summoned to the [[House of Lords]] through a [[writ of acceleration]] in one of his father's titles as Baron Cecil of Essendon. He was [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] in February–November 1942, [[Lord Privy Seal]] between 1942 and 1943, [[Leader of the House of Lords]] between 1942 and 1945 and again Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs between 1943 and 1945. As a friend of Churchill, in 1943, he was appointed President of the [[English-Speaking Union]] to promote the universality of the language throughout the [[British Empire]]. His final wartime appointment was as President of the [[University of Exeter|University College of the South West]] for a statutory ten years before it was converted to university status. |
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In November 1951, he received an honorary doctorate of law from the [[University of Liverpool]].<ref>Other academic honorary awards: Doctor of Law: Toronto University, 1949; Birmingham University, 1950; Cambridge, 1954; Manchester University, 1954; London, 1955. He received as well an honorary Doctorate of Literature, Exeter University, 1956; Hon LLD St Andrews, 1953.</ref> |
In November 1951, he received an honorary doctorate of law from the [[University of Liverpool]].<ref>Other academic honorary awards: Doctor of Law: Toronto University, 1949; Birmingham University, 1950; Cambridge, 1954; Manchester University, 1954; London, 1955. He received as well an honorary Doctorate of Literature, Exeter University, 1956; Hon LLD St Andrews, 1953.</ref> |
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Lord Salisbury was known as a hardline [[imperialist]]. In 1952, as [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]], he tried to make permanent the exile of [[Seretse Khama]], ''kgosi'' (leader) of the [[Bamangwato]] people in [[Bechuanaland]], for marrying a white British woman. During the 1960s, Lord Salisbury continued to be a staunch defender of the white-dominated governments in [[South Africa]] and in [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) and was granted the Freedom of the City of [[Harare|Salisbury]] on a visit in 1956. He was also a fierce opponent of liberal-left attempts to reform the House of Lords, but he created what is known as the [[Salisbury Convention]], under which the House of Lords will not oppose the second or third reading of any government legislation promised in its election manifesto. |
Lord Salisbury was known as a hardline [[imperialist]]. In 1952, as [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]], he tried to make permanent the exile of [[Seretse Khama]], ''kgosi'' (leader) of the [[Bamangwato]] people in [[Bechuanaland]], for marrying a white British woman. During the 1960s, Lord Salisbury continued to be a staunch defender of the white-dominated governments in [[South Africa]] and in [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) and was granted the Freedom of the City of [[Harare|Salisbury]] (which had been named after his grandfather) on a visit in 1956. He was also a fierce opponent of liberal-left attempts to reform the House of Lords, but he created what is known as the [[Salisbury Convention]], under which the House of Lords will not oppose the second or third reading of any government legislation promised in its election manifesto. |
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In January 1957, Eden resigned as prime minister. The two candidates were [[Rab Butler]] and [[Harold Macmillan]]. The Queen took advice from [[Winston Churchill]] (who backed Macmillan), [[Edward Heath]] (who, as [[Chief Whip]], was aware of backbench opinion), and Salisbury, who interviewed the Cabinet one by one and with his famous speech impediment, asked each one whether he was for "Wab or Hawold" (it is thought that only between one and three were for "Wab"). To the surprise of the media, the advice was overwhelmingly to appoint Macmillan as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] instead of Butler. |
In January 1957, Eden resigned as prime minister. The two candidates were [[Rab Butler]] and [[Harold Macmillan]]. The Queen took advice from [[Winston Churchill]] (who backed Macmillan), [[Edward Heath]] (who, as [[Chief Whip]], was aware of backbench opinion), and Salisbury, who interviewed the Cabinet one by one and with his famous speech impediment, asked each one whether he was for "Wab or Hawold" (it is thought that only between one and three were for "Wab"). To the surprise of the media, the advice was overwhelmingly to appoint Macmillan as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] instead of Butler. |
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Lord Salisbury resigned from his position as [[Leader of the House of Lords]] in opposition to the Government's decision to release [[Archbishop Makarios]] from his detention in [[Seychelles]]. Makarios, the [[Archbishop of Cyprus]], had been arrested because the British perceived that he was encouraging inter-communal violence and terrorism in [[British Cyprus|Cyprus]] during the so-called 'Cyprus Question'. He became the first president of the Conservative [[Monday Club]] in January 1962, when he stated "there was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today".<ref>Copping, 1972, p. 5.</ref> He held the post until his death in 1972. |
Lord Salisbury resigned from his position as [[Leader of the House of Lords]] in opposition to the Government's decision to release [[Archbishop Makarios]] from his detention in [[Seychelles]]. Makarios, the [[Archbishop of Cyprus]], had been arrested because the British perceived that he was encouraging inter-communal violence and terrorism in [[British Cyprus|Cyprus]] during the so-called 'Cyprus Question'. He became the first president of the Conservative [[Monday Club]] in January 1962, when he stated "there was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today".<ref>Copping, 1972, p. 5.</ref> He held the post until his death in 1972. |
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Salisbury's cultural pursuits were recognised when he was made a [[Fellow of the Royal Academy]] that year.<ref>Burke's Peerage & Baronetage (106th ed.) (Salisbury)</ref> |
Salisbury's cultural pursuits were recognised when he was made a [[Royal Academy of Arts|Fellow of the Royal Academy of Arts]] that year.<ref>''Burke's Peerage & Baronetage'' (106th ed.) (Salisbury)</ref> These artistic credentials were enhanced as a Trustee of the National Gallery from 1960 to 1966. |
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These artistic credentials were enhanced as a Trustee of the National Gallery from 1960 to 1966. |
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Apart from his political career, Salisbury was Chancellor of the [[University of Liverpool]] from 1951 until 1971. In 1970, students at the university staged an occupation at Senate House to demand his removal over his support for [[apartheid]] and other |
Apart from his political career, Salisbury was Chancellor of the [[University of Liverpool]] from 1951 until 1971. In 1970, students at the university staged an occupation at Senate House to demand his removal over his support for [[apartheid]] and other views. |
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==Marriage and children== |
==Marriage and children== |
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Lord Salisbury married Elizabeth Vere Cavendish, daughter of [[Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946)|Lord Richard Cavendish]] and his wife Lady Moyra de Vere Beauclerk (a daughter of [[William Beauclerk, 10th Duke of St Albans|The 10th Duke of St Albans]]),{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} on 8 December 1915. They had three sons, two of whom predeceased their parents:{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
Lord Salisbury married Elizabeth Vere Cavendish, daughter of [[Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946)|Lord Richard Cavendish]] (grandson of the 7th Duke of Devonshire) and his wife Lady Moyra de Vere Beauclerk (a daughter of [[William Beauclerk, 10th Duke of St Albans|The 10th Duke of St Albans]]),{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} on 8 December 1915. They had three sons, two of whom predeceased their parents:{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
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* [[ |
* [[Robert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury]] (born 24 October 1916, died 11 July 2003) |
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* Michael Charles James Gascoyne-Cecil (born 27 October 1918, died 27 October 1934) |
* Michael Charles James Gascoyne-Cecil (born 27 October 1918, died 27 October 1934) |
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* Richard Hugh Vere Gascoyne-Cecil (born 31 January 1924, [[ |
* Richard Hugh Vere Gascoyne-Cecil (born 31 January 1924, a [[Sergeant Pilot]] in the [[RAF]] who was [[killed in action]] on 12 August 1944 during the [[Second World War]]. |
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Lord Salisbury died in February 1972, at 78, and was succeeded by his eldest and only surviving son, [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury|Robert]], who became the 6th Marquess. Lady Salisbury died on 5 June 1982.<ref>Burke's, ibid.</ref> |
Lord Salisbury died in February 1972, at 78, and was succeeded by his eldest and only surviving son, [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury|Robert]], who became the 6th Marquess. Lady Salisbury died on 5 June 1982.<ref>Burke's, ibid.</ref> |
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{{s-par|uk}} |
{{s-par|uk}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Robert Yerburgh, 1st Baron Alvingham|Robert Yerburgh]]}} |
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert Yerburgh, 1st Baron Alvingham|Robert Yerburgh]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[ |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[South Dorset]]|years=1929–1941}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Victor Montagu]]}} |
{{s-aft|after=[[Victor Montagu]]}} |
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{{s-off}} |
{{s-off}} |
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{{succession box | title = [[Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] | years = 1935–1938 <br /> <small> with [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]] 1935–1936 <br />[[Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth|The Earl of Plymouth]] 1936–1938 </small> | before = [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]] | after = [[Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth|The Earl of Plymouth]] <br /> [[Rab Butler]]}} |
{{succession box | title = [[Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] | years = 1935–1938 <br /> <small> with [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]] 1935–1936 <br />[[Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth|The Earl of Plymouth]] 1936–1938 </small> | before = [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]] | after = [[Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth|The Earl of Plymouth]] <br /> [[Rab Butler]]}} |
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{{s-vac|last=[[Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton|The Earl Winterton]]}} |
{{s-vac|last=[[Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton|The Earl Winterton]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Paymaster |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Paymaster General]]|years=1940}} |
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{{s-vac|next=[[Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey|The Lord Hankey]]}} |
{{s-vac|next=[[Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey|The Lord Hankey]]}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Stafford Cripps|Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps]]}} |
{{s-bef|before=[[Stafford Cripps|Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Privy Seal]]|years=1942–1943}} |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Privy Seal]]|years=1942–1943}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[ |
{{s-aft|after=[[The Lord Beaverbrook]]}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne|The Lord Moyne]]}} |
{{s-bef|before=[[Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne|The Lord Moyne]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House of Lords]]|years=1942–1945}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]]|years=1943–1945}} |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs]]|years=1943–1945}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|The Viscount Addison]]}} |
{{s-aft|after=[[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|The Viscount Addison]]}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Stokes]]}} |
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Stokes (politician)|Richard Stokes]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Privy Seal]]|years=1951–1952}} |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Privy Seal]]|years=1951–1952}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Harry Crookshank]]}} |
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[[Category:1972 deaths]] |
[[Category:1972 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]] |
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]] |
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[[Category:British anti-communists]] |
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[[Category:British Secretaries of State for Dominion Affairs|Cecil]] |
[[Category:British Secretaries of State for Dominion Affairs|Cecil]] |
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[[Category:British white supremacists]] |
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[[Category:Cecil family|Robert, Salisbury 5]] |
[[Category:Cecil family|Robert, Salisbury 5]] |
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[[Category:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter]] |
[[Category:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter]] |
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[[Category:Ministers in the Eden government, 1955–1957]] |
[[Category:Ministers in the Eden government, 1955–1957]] |
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[[Category:Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964]] |
[[Category:Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964]] |
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[[Category:20th-century English nobility]] |
Revision as of 00:36, 22 March 2024
The Marquess of Salisbury | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The then-Viscount Cranborne in 1927
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Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 4 April 1947 – 23 February 1972 Hereditary Peerage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | The 4th Marquess of Salisbury | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | The 6th Marquess of Salisbury | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 21 January 1941 – 4 April 1947 as Baron Cecil of Essendon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | James Gascoyne-Cecil (by writ of acceleration) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | himself | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Member of Parliament for South Dorset | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 30 May 1929 – 21 January 1941 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Robert Yerburgh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Victor Montagu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | 27 August 1893 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 23 February 1972 | (aged 78)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nationality | British | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Conservative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse |
Elizabeth Cavendish (m. 1915) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children |
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Parent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, KG, PC, DL, FRS[1] (27 August 1893 – 23 February 1972), known as Viscount Cranborne from 1903 to 1947, was a British Conservative politician.[2][3][4]
Background
Nicknamed "Bobbety", Salisbury was the eldest son of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, by his wife Lady Cicely Gore, daughter of the 5th Earl of Arran, and the grandson of the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister 1895–1902. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, receiving an honorary Doctorate of Civil Laws in 1951.
Military career
Salisbury served in the Army during the First World War. He was commissioned as a Lieutenant into the Grenadier Guards (SR) in 1915 and served until the war's end. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre and Chevalier Order of the Crown of Belgium. When the war ended, he worked at the Westminster Bank. In 1928, he was appointed a director and to the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts; he was promoted to chairman of the commission in 1957.
Political career
Salisbury, as Viscount Cranborne, was elected as a Conservative to the House of Commons as MP for South Dorset in 1929. As Parliamentary Secretary to the Lord Privy Seal in 1934 in Ramsay MacDonald's National Government, he was promoted serving as Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1935 to 1938. He was made Paymaster General by Winston Churchill in May 1940 for the duration of the Battle of Britain but was appointed Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs from 1940 to 1942.
In 1941, he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in one of his father's titles as Baron Cecil of Essendon. He was Secretary of State for the Colonies in February–November 1942, Lord Privy Seal between 1942 and 1943, Leader of the House of Lords between 1942 and 1945 and again Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs between 1943 and 1945. As a friend of Churchill, in 1943, he was appointed President of the English-Speaking Union to promote the universality of the language throughout the British Empire. His final wartime appointment was as President of the University College of the South West for a statutory ten years before it was converted to university status.
In 1947, King George VI made Salisbury a Knight of the Order of the Garter, and he succeeded his father in the marquessate shortly afterwards. He became High Steward of Hertfordshire, where he lived, in 1947, shortly before the office was abolished.
During the 1950s, when his party returned to office, successively, he served Churchill, Anthony Eden, and Harold Macmillan as Lord Privy Seal from 1951 to 1952; Leader of the House of Lords from 1951 to 1957; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations in 1952 and Lord President of the Council from December 1952 to 1957. During the period of the coronation of Elizabeth II, he was appointed Acting Foreign Secretary, as Eden was then seriously ill after a series of botched operations on his bile duct.
In November 1951, he received an honorary doctorate of law from the University of Liverpool.[5]
Lord Salisbury was known as a hardline imperialist. In 1952, as Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, he tried to make permanent the exile of Seretse Khama, kgosi (leader) of the Bamangwato people in Bechuanaland, for marrying a white British woman. During the 1960s, Lord Salisbury continued to be a staunch defender of the white-dominated governments in South Africa and in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and was granted the Freedom of the City of Salisbury (which had been named after his grandfather) on a visit in 1956. He was also a fierce opponent of liberal-left attempts to reform the House of Lords, but he created what is known as the Salisbury Convention, under which the House of Lords will not oppose the second or third reading of any government legislation promised in its election manifesto.
In January 1957, Eden resigned as prime minister. The two candidates were Rab Butler and Harold Macmillan. The Queen took advice from Winston Churchill (who backed Macmillan), Edward Heath (who, as Chief Whip, was aware of backbench opinion), and Salisbury, who interviewed the Cabinet one by one and with his famous speech impediment, asked each one whether he was for "Wab or Hawold" (it is thought that only between one and three were for "Wab"). To the surprise of the media, the advice was overwhelmingly to appoint Macmillan as Prime Minister instead of Butler.
Lord Salisbury resigned from his position as Leader of the House of Lords in opposition to the Government's decision to release Archbishop Makarios from his detention in Seychelles. Makarios, the Archbishop of Cyprus, had been arrested because the British perceived that he was encouraging inter-communal violence and terrorism in Cyprus during the so-called 'Cyprus Question'. He became the first president of the Conservative Monday Club in January 1962, when he stated "there was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today".[6] He held the post until his death in 1972.
Salisbury's cultural pursuits were recognised when he was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Arts that year.[7] These artistic credentials were enhanced as a Trustee of the National Gallery from 1960 to 1966.
Apart from his political career, Salisbury was Chancellor of the University of Liverpool from 1951 until 1971. In 1970, students at the university staged an occupation at Senate House to demand his removal over his support for apartheid and other views.
Marriage and children
Lord Salisbury married Elizabeth Vere Cavendish, daughter of Lord Richard Cavendish (grandson of the 7th Duke of Devonshire) and his wife Lady Moyra de Vere Beauclerk (a daughter of The 10th Duke of St Albans),[citation needed] on 8 December 1915. They had three sons, two of whom predeceased their parents:[citation needed]
- Robert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury (born 24 October 1916, died 11 July 2003)
- Michael Charles James Gascoyne-Cecil (born 27 October 1918, died 27 October 1934)
- Richard Hugh Vere Gascoyne-Cecil (born 31 January 1924, a Sergeant Pilot in the RAF who was killed in action on 12 August 1944 during the Second World War.
Lord Salisbury died in February 1972, at 78, and was succeeded by his eldest and only surviving son, Robert, who became the 6th Marquess. Lady Salisbury died on 5 June 1982.[8]
Media portrayal
He is portrayed by Clive Francis in the Netflix series The Crown.
References
- ^ Todd, L. (1973). "Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury 1893-1972". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 621–627. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0022.
- ^ Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Salisbury
- ^ Portraits of Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- ^ "Archival material relating to Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury". UK National Archives.
- ^ Other academic honorary awards: Doctor of Law: Toronto University, 1949; Birmingham University, 1950; Cambridge, 1954; Manchester University, 1954; London, 1955. He received as well an honorary Doctorate of Literature, Exeter University, 1956; Hon LLD St Andrews, 1953.
- ^ Copping, 1972, p. 5.
- ^ Burke's Peerage & Baronetage (106th ed.) (Salisbury)
- ^ Burke's, ibid.
Further reading
- Simon Ball: The Guardsmen: Harold Macmillan, Three Friends and the World They Made. Harper Perennial, London 2005, ISBN 978-0-00-653163-0.
External links
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