Rabeprazole: Difference between revisions
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In a study on rabeprazole's [[pharmacokinetics]], the AUC was elevated by approximately 50-60% in |
In a study on rabeprazole's [[pharmacokinetics]], the AUC was elevated by approximately 50-60% in men of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] ancestry compared to men in the United States.<ref name="Rabeprazole Drug Approval" /> See the [[Rabeprazole#Pharmacogenetics|pharmacogenetics section]] below for a pharmacogenetic explanation of these findings. |
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====Kidney or liver problems==== |
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Revision as of 22:42, 13 January 2018
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /ˌræ.ˈbɛp.ræ.zɔːl/ |
| Trade names | AcipHex, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a699060 |
| License data |
|
| Routes of administration | by mouth |
| Drug class | proton pump inhibitor[1] |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 52%[1] |
| Protein binding | 96.3%[2] |
| Metabolism | CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in the liver[1] |
| Metabolites | thioether carboyxlic acid metabolite, thioether glucuronide metabolite, sulfone metabolite[2] |
| Elimination half-life | ~1 hour[1] |
| Excretion | 90% via kidney as metabolites[3] |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| PDB ligand | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.123.408 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C18H21N3O3S |
| Molar mass | 359.444 g/mol g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Chirality | Racemic mixture[1] |
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Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to suppress gastric acid production for a number of medical uses. Rabeprazole is used in the management of conditions that involve excess gastric acid production (e.g. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), conditions that are worsened by gastric acid (e.g. ulcerations of the gastrointestinal tract), and conditions involving prolonged exposure to gastric acid (e.g. symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease).
Rabeprazole's adverse effects tend to be mild but can be serious, including deficiencies in essential nutrients, rare incidences of liver and bone damage, and dangerous rashes. Rabeprazole can theoretically contribute to numerous drug interactions, mediated both through its metabolic properties and its direct effect on acid in the stomach, though its potential for clinically meaningful drug interactions is low.
Like other medications in the proton pump inhibitor class, rabeprazole's mechanism of action involves the permanent inhibition of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for stomach acid production. Rabeprazole has a number of chemical metabolites, though it is primarily degraded by non-enzymatic metabolism and excreted in the urine. Genetic differences in a person's drug-metabolizing enzymes may affect a person's response to rabeprazole therapy, though this is unlikely in comparison to other proton pump inhibitors.
Rabeprazole is marketed around in the world in a variety of combinations and brand name products.
Medical uses
Rabeprazole, like other proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole, is used for the purposes of gastric acid suppression.[4] This effect is beneficial for the treatment and prevention of conditions in which gastric acid directly worsens symptoms, such as duodenal and gastric ulcers.[4] In the setting of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), whose pathophysiology is characterized by prolonged exposure to gastric acid in the esophagus (often due to changes in stomach and/or esophagus anatomy, such as those induced by abdominal obesity),[5] acid suppression can provide symptomatic relief.[4] Acid suppression is also useful when gastric production of acid is increased, including conditions with excess gastric acid secretion (hypersecretory conditions) like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomas, and systemic mastocytosis.[4] Rabeprazole is also useful alongside antibiotic therapy for the treatment of the pathogen Helicobacter pylori, which otherwise thrives in acidic environments.[4]
Thus, rabeprazole is FDA approved for the treatment of symptomatic GERD in adolescents and adults, healing duodenal ulcers in adults, eradication of Helicobacter pylori, and pathologic hypersecretory conditions.[6]
Available forms
The only available formulation of rabeprazole is in 20 mg, delayed-release tablets (pictured below).[6] Rabeprazole-based products, like other proton pump inhibitor products, have to be formulated in delayed-release tablets to protect the active medication from being degraded by the acid of the stomach before being absorbed.[1]
Specific populations
Pediatrics
Rabeprazole's only pediatric indication is for the treatment of symptomatic GERD in adolescents (12 years-old and up).[6]
Pregnancy
Studies using animals models to investigate the likelihood for rabeprazole to cause harm to fetuses have not yet shown evidence of harm, though avoidance of rabeprazole during pregnancy (especially during the critical development period of the first trimester) is considered to be the safest possible route until human studies clarify the exact risk.[4]
Lactation
It is expected that rabeprazole will be secreted into human breast milk, though the clinical impact of this is still unknown. Avoiding rabeprazole during breastfeeding confers to lowest possible risk.[4]
Geriatrics
Advanced age does not appear to clinically impact rabeprazole's metabolism.[2] However, elevations in the maximum plasma concentration and the total drug exposure (area under the curve, AUC) have occurred.[4]
Japanese ancestry
In a study on rabeprazole's pharmacokinetics, the AUC was elevated by approximately 50-60% in men of Japanese ancestry compared to men in the United States.[7] See the pharmacogenetics section below for a pharmacogenetic explanation of these findings.
Kidney or liver problems
In people that have kidney or liver problems, these problems do not appear to affect rabeprazole's metabolism in a clinically meaningful way. This includes individuals on dialysis for kidney problems. Severe liver problems like cirrhosis of the liver do affect rabeprazole's elimination half-life, but not to a degree of dangerous accumulation.[2] In a review of patients taking rabeprazole while having end-stage kidney disease and mild-to-moderate severity, chronic compensated cirrhosis of the liver, the alteration in rabeprazole's metabolism was not clinically meaningful.[1]
Contraindications
Rabeprazole is contraindicated in the following populations and situations:[6]
- people with a known hypersensitivity to rabeprazole, substituted benzimidazoles (which are chemically similar to rabeprazole, like omeprazole), or any other component of the capsule formulation (e.g. certain dyes)
- concurrent use of rilpivirine, a medication used to treat HIV infection
Adverse effects
In general, rabeprazole is fairly well tolerated, even up to 5 years after clinical trial follow-up.[1] The side effect profile is similar to that of omeprazole.[2] The most common side effects include headache, nausea, and diarrhea.[1] Rare side effects include rashes, flu-like symptoms, and infections (including by the gastrointestinal pathogen Clostridium difficile[8]).[2] Rare instances of rabeprazole-induced liver injury (also known as hepatotoxicity) have been reported. Characteristic proton-pump inhibitor hepatoxicity usually occurs within the first 4 weeks of starting the medication.[9]
Rabeprazole is associated with elevated serum gastrin levels, which are thought to be dependent upon the degree of CYP2C19 metabolism the drug undergoes. In comparison, rabeprazole is not as significantly metabolized by this enzyme compared to other medications in the same class, like omeprazole.[1] Elevated serum gastrin may be associated with gastric cancer.[10]
Acid suppression via rabeprazole can decrease the absorption of vitamin B12 and magnesium, leading to deficiency.[6]
Very serious side effects have been reported in people taking rabeprazole, but these effects have not been "correlated directly" with the use of rabeprazole.[4] These include Stevens-Johnson syndrome, serious hematological abnormalities, coma, and death.[4] Other possible side effects, common to other PPIs medications in the same class, include bone fractures due to osteoporosis and serious infections with Clostridium difficile.[6]
Overdose
No signs and symptoms have been reported in overdoses of rabeprazole up to 80 mg, but case examples are limited.[11] Notably, rabeprazole has been used in higher doses for the treatment of hypersecretory conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (up to 120 mg daily).[11]
Animal experiments with ultra-high doses of rabeprazole have demonstrated lethality through unknown mechanisms. The lethal overdose syndrome in animals is characterized by convulsion and coma.[7]
Interactions
Drug-drug interactions
Rabeprazole does not interfere with the plasma concentration of drugs that are also metabolized by the same enzymes (i.e. CYP2C19) that it is metabolized by. Therefore, it is not expected to react with CYP2C19 substrates like theophylline, warfarin, diazepam, and phenytoin.[2] However, the acid-suppression effects of rabeprazole, like other PPIs, may interfere with the absorption of drugs that require acid, such as ketoconazole and digoxin.[4]
There is some evidence that omeprazole and esomeprazole, two medications in the same class as rabeprazole, can disturb the conversion of an anticoagulant medication called clopidogrel to its active metabolite. However, because this is thought to be mediated by the effect of omeprazole and esomeprazole on CYP2C19, the enzyme that activates clopidogrel, this drug interaction is not expected to occur as strongly with rabeprazole. However, whether the effect of omeprazole and esomeprazole on clopidogrel's metabolism actually leads to poor clinical outcomes is still a matter of intense debate among healthcare professionals.[1]
Clinically serious drug-drug interactions may involve the acid-suppression effects of rabeprazole. For example, rabeprazole should not be used concomitantly with rilpivirine, an anti-HIV therapy, which requires acid for absorption. Lowered plasma concentrations of rilpivirine could lead to progression of HIV infection. Other drugs that require acid for absorption include antifungal drugs like ketoconazole and itraconazole, digoxin, iron, mycophenolate, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors like erlotinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib.[6] There is no clinically relevant drug interaction between rabeprazole and antacids.[1][7]
Food-drug interactions
Food does not affect the amount of rabeprazole that enters the body,[1] but it does delay its onset of effect by about 1.7 hours.[2]
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Rabeprazole's mechanism of action first involves getting absorbed into the parietal cells of the stomach, which are the cells that are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl).[4] At this point, rabeprazole is inactive.[4] However, rabeprazole is then secreted into the secretory canaliculus of the parietal cells, which is the space from which acid secretion occurs.[4] Here, acid secretion is mediated by the energy-dependent acid pumps, called hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase) pumps.[4] These enzymatic pumps have cysteine amino acid residues.[4] After being activated by gastric (stomach) acid to a reactive sulfenamide intermediate,[12] rabeprazole permanently binds the cysteine residues, forming covalent, disulfide bonds.[4] This action fundamentally alters the configuration of the acid pump, thereby inhibiting its activity. Thus, acid can no longer be secreted into the gastric lumen (the empty space of the stomach), and the pH of the stomach increases (decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+).[4] Due to the permanent inhibition of the individual proton pump that each molecule of rabeprazole has bound to, acid secretion is effectively suppressed until new proton pumps are produced by the parietal cells.[9]
Rabeprazole, like other medications in the same class, cannot inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase pumps found in lysosomes, a cellular organelle that degrades biological molecules, because the pumps found in these organelles lack the cysteine residues involved in rabeprazole's mechanism of action.[1]
A unique feature of rabeprazole's mechanism of action in inhibiting acid secretion involves its activation. The pKa (the pH at which 50% of the drug becomes positively charged) of rabeprazole is around 5.0, meaning that it doesn't take a lot of acid to activate it. While this theoretically translates into a faster onset of action for rabeprazole's acid-inhibiting effect, the clinical implications of this fact have yet to be elucidated.[4]
Pharmacokinetics
Rabeprazole's bioavailability is approximately 52%, meaning that 52% of orally administered dose is expected to enter systemic circulation (the bloodstream).[4] Once in the blood, rabeprazole is approximately 96.3%[2]-97%[1] bound to plasma proteins. The biological half-life of rabeprazole in humans is approximately 1 hour.[1] It takes about 3.5 hours for rabeprazole to reach the maximum concentration in human plasma after a single orally administered dose. Oral absorption is independent of the dose administered.[1]
Rabeprazole is extensively metabolized by the liver.[2] 90% of the drug is rendered into metabolites by the liver, which are then excreted by the kidneys.[3] 10% of the dose is excreted in the feces.[1] The drug metabolizing enzymes primarily responsible for rabeprazole's metabolism are CYP2C19 and CYP3A4.[2] However, rabeprazole is mainly metabolized through non-enzymatic reduction to a thioether metabolite.[1] Some of rabeprazole's metabolites include the following: a thioether carboxylic acid metabolite, a thioether glucuronide metabolite, and a sulfone metabolite.[2] The most common metabolites excreted in the urine are the mercaptouric acid conjugate and carboxylic acid.[1] A diagram of rabeprazole's phase I metabolism is shown below.[7]
Pharmacogenetics
The effect of rabeprazole may vary based upon the genetics of the individual taking the medication. People may have differences in their capacity to metabolize rabeprazole to an inactive metabolite. This may be mediated through genetic differences in the gene that encodes for the metabolic enzyme CYP2C19. For example, people that are poor CYP2C19 metabolizers (i.e. their version of CYP2C19 is less effective than average) will have trouble metabolizing rabeprazole, allowing the active rabeprazole to stay in the body, where it can exert its effect, longer than intended. Conversely, extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers (i.e. the average metabolic capacity of CYP2C19) will extensively metabolize rabeprazole, as expected. The poor metabolizing CYP2C19 phenotype is found in roughly 3-5% of Caucasian people, and in 17-20% of people of Asian ancestry.[13] In people of Japanese ancestry, this has translated to an average increase of total drug exposure by 50-60%.[7]
However, rabeprazole's metabolism is primarily non-enzymatic (it is often inactivated chemically, without the participation of the body's natural drug metabolizing enzymes). Therefore, while a person's CYP2C19 phenotype will affect rabeprazole's metabolism, it is not expected to dramatically affect the efficacy of the medication.[1]
Chemistry
Rabeprazole is classified as a substituted benzimidazole, like omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.[12] Rabeprazole possess properties of both acids and bases, making it an amphotere.[12] The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of the pyridine nitrogen is about equal to 4.[12]
Synthesis
The above synthesis pathway begins with 2,3-dimethypyridine N-oxide (1). Nitration of 2,3-dimethylpyridine N-oxide affords the nitro derivative (the addition of NO2) (2) The newly introduced nitro group is then displaced by the alkoxide from 3-methoxypropanol to yield the corresponding ether (3). Treatment with acetic anhydride results in the Polonovski reaction. Saponification followed by treatment with thionyl chloride then chlorinates the primary alcohol (5). Reaction with benzimidazole-2-thiol (6) followed by oxidation of the resulting thioether to the sulfoxide yields the final product: rabeprazole (8).[14][15]
Physiochemical properties
Rabeprazole is characterized as a white to yellowish-white solid in its pure form. It is soluble in a number of solvents. Rabeprazole is very soluble in water and methanol, freely soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, and is insoluble in ether and n-hexane.[7] It is unstable under humid conditions.[1]
History
Rabeprazole was first marketed in Europe in 1998.[1] In 1999, one year later, rabeprazole was approved for use in the United States.[8]
Development
Developed by Eisai Medical Research by the research names E3810 and LY307640, the pre-investigational new drug application was submitted on October 28, 1998. The final investigational new drug application was submitted August 6, 1999. On August 19, 1999, rabeprazole was approved in the US for multiple gastrointestinal indications. The approval for the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease was on February 12, 2002.[16]
Society and culture
Legal status
Rabeprazole is approved in the United States[17] and the United Kingdom[18] for prescription use only. Rabeprazole was approved in India in December 2001.[19] It was approved in Japan in 1997, and in all European Union member countries since.[20]
Brand names
Rabeprazole has been sold in a number of brand names:[21]
| Alphabet | Brand Name |
|---|---|
| A | Acera, Acifix, Acilesol, AcipHex, Acistal, Akirab, Algibra, An Si Fei, Anslag, Antuc, Apt, Aurizol-R |
| B | Bacanero, Barole, Bauzole, Bepra, Bepraz, Berazol, Berizar, Beryx |
| C | Cyra |
| D | Dexicool, Dexpure, Dirab, Domol |
| E | Eurorapi |
| F | Finix, Fodren |
| G | Gastech, Gastrazole, Gastrodine, Gelbra |
| H | Happi, Helirab, Heptadin |
| I | Idizole |
| J | Jelgrad, Ji Nuo |
| K | |
| L | |
| M | Mergium, Monrab |
| N | Neutracaine, Newrabell, Noflux |
| O | Olrite, Ontime, Oppi-R |
| P | Paliell, Paramet, Paricel, Pariet, Pepcia, Pepraz, Ppbest, Praber, Prabex, Prabexol, Prabez, Promto, Puloros |
| Q | |
| R | R-Bit, R-Cid, R-PPI, R-Safe, R.P.Zole, Rabby, Rabe, Rabe-G, Rabeact-20, Rabec, Rabeca, Rabecell, Rabecis, Rabecole, Rabecom, Rabecon, Rabee, Rabefine, Rabegen, Rabekind, Rabelex, Rabelinz, Rabelis, Rabeloc, Rabeman, Rabemed, Rabeol, Rabeone, Rabep, Rabepazole, Rabephex, Rabeprazol, Rabeprazole, Rabeprazolo, Rabeprazolum, Rabesec, Rabestad, Rabetac, Rabetome, Rabetra, Rabetune, Rabeum, Rabex, Rabez, Rabez-FR, Rabezol, Rabezole, Rabibit, Rabicent, Rabicid, Rabicip, Rabifar, Rabifast, Rabilect, Rabip, Rabipot, Rabirol, Rabitab, Rabium, Rabiza, Rabizol, Rablet, Rablet-B, Rabon, Raboz, Rabroz, Rabyprex, Ragi, Ralic, Ramprozole, Raneks, Rap, Rapeed, Rapespes, Rapo, Rapoxol, Rasonix, Razid, Razit, Razo, Razodent, Razogard, Rebacip, Redura, Reorab, Reward, Rifcid, Rodesa, Rolant, Roll, Rowet, Rpraz, Rui Bo te, Rulcer |
| S | Setright, Staycool, Stom, Stomeck |
| T | |
| U | Ulceprazol, Ulcerostate |
| V | Value, Veloz |
| W | Wowrab |
| X | Xin Wei An |
| Y | Yu Tian Qing |
| Z | Zibepar, Zolpras, Zulbex |
| Generic Combination | Brand Name |
|---|---|
| rabeprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin | Rabecure, Pylocure |
| rabeprazole, amoxicillin, metronidazole | Rabefine |
| rabeprazole, diclofenac | Drab, Rabin-DFX, Rclonac, Safediclo, Samurai |
| rabeprazole, domperidone | Acera-D, Acistal-D, Adec-R, Algibra-D, Anslag-D, Antuc-DSR, Biorab-DSR, Catrab-DSR, Comvine, Cyclochek, Cyra-D, Dirab-D, Domol-R, Esoga-RD, Gasonil-D, Gastrazole-D, Happi-D, Helirab-D, Kurab-DSR, Lorab-DSR, Neutraflux, Nuloc-D, Olrite-DSR, Parisec-DSR, Pepchek, Pepcia-D, Peraz-D, Ppbest-D, Prazim-RD, Prorab-D, R-Bit-DM, R-Bit-DSR, R-Cid Plus, R-DSR, R-Safe DSR, Rabby-DSR, Rabecis-DSR, Rabecom-D, Rabecon-DSR, Rabee-D, Rabefine-DSR, Rabelex-D, Rabemac-DSR, Rabep-DSR, Rabephex-D, Rabetome-DM, Rabetome-DSR, Rabetune-D, Rabex-D, Rabez-D, Rabi-DSR, Rabibit-D, Rabicent-D, Rabicip-D, Rabifast-DSR, Rabilect-DSR, Rabipot-D, Rabiprime-DSR, Rablet-D, Rabon-D, Rabon-DSR, Rabroz-DSR, Rabter-SR, Raizol-DSR, Rap-D, Rapeed-D, Rapo-DSR, Raz-DSR, Rebilex-DSR, Redoxid, Redura-D, Redura-DSR, Reorab-D, Reorab-DSR, Reward-D, Reward-DSR, Rifcid-D, Rifcid-DSR, Rifkool-DSR, Robilink-D, Rolant-D, Roll-D, Rpraz-D, Rugbi-DM, Rulcer-DSR, Setright-DSR, Sharaz-D, Staycool-DXR, Stomeck-D SR, Ulgo-DSR, Xenorab-DSR, Zolorab-D, Zomitac-DSR, Zorab-D |
| rabeprazole, itopride | Acera-IT, Antuc-IT, Cool Rab-IT, Happi-IT, Itopraz, Itorab, Jeprab-ITO, Pepraz-I, Rabee-ISR, Rabemac-ITR, Rabetome-ISR, Rabez-IT, Rabibit-ISR, Rablet-I, Rablet-IT, Rebilex-ISR, Reorab-IT, Rex-ISR, Rulcer-IT, Veloz-IT, and Zorite |
| rabeprazole, lafutidine | Lafumac Plus |
| rabeprazole, levosulpiride | Happi-L, Lorab-L, Rabekind Plus, Rabicent-L, Rabifast-XL, Rabin-LXR, Rabinta-L, Rabitem-LS, Robiwel-L, Roll-LS, Wokride |
| rabeprazole, ondansetron | Ond-R, Rulcer-ON |
| rabeprazole, polaprezinc | Happi-XT, Rabez-Z |
| rabeprazole, sodium bicarbonate | Pepcia-FF, Raizol |
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Marelli, Silvia; Pace, Fabio (10 January 2014). "Rabeprazole for the treatment of acid-related disorders". Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 6 (4): 423–435. doi:10.1586/egh.12.18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Langtry, HD; Markham, A (October 1999). "Rabeprazole: a review of its use in acid-related gastrointestinal disorders". Drugs. 58 (4): 725–42. PMID 10551440.
- ^ a b "rabeprazole". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. NCBI. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Dadabhai, Alia; Friedenberg, Frank K (17 January 2009). "Rabeprazole: a pharmacologic and clinical review for acid-related disorders". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 8 (1): 119–126. doi:10.1517/14740330802622892.
- ^ Chang, Paul; Friedenberg, Frank (March 2014). "Obesity and GERD". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 43 (1): 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2013.11.009.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Rabeprazole - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". drugs.com. Drugs.com. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Application Number 20-973/S-009" (PDF). Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
- ^ a b "ACIPHEX Package Insert" (PDF). Eisai Inc. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Rabeprazole". livertox.nih.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
- ^ Ahn, Jeong Soo; Eom, Chun-Sick; Jeon, Christie Y; Park, Sang Min (28 April 2013). "Acid suppressive drugs and gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 19 (16): 2560–2568. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i16.2560. ISSN 1007-9327. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Rabeprazole - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database". toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d Pilbrant, Ake (1999). "Pharmaceutical considerations". In Olbe, L (ed.). Proton Pump Inhibitors. Proto: Birkhauser. p. 161.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Annotation of FDA Label for rabeprazole and CYP2C19". pharmgkb.org. NIH/NIGMS. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^ a b Tagami, K.; Chiku, S.; Sohda, S. (1993). "Synthesis of 14C-labelled sodium pariprazole (E3810)". Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. 33 (9): 849. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580330908.
- ^ a b S. Souda et al., EP 268956; eidem, U.S. patent 5,045,552 (1988, 1991 both to Eisai).
- ^ "Medical Review and Statistical Review: NDA #21-456" (PDF). www.accessdata.fda.gov. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ "Drugs@FDA". accessdata.fda.gov. US FDA. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^ "Rabeprazole SPC" (PDF). MHRA. 15 January 2013.
- ^ "LIST OF DRUGS APPROVED DURING 1999". www.cdsco.nic.in. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ "ACIPHEX® (rabeprazole sodium) Approved For Treatment Of Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Evaluate". www.evaluategroup.com. Evaluate Ltd. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ a b c "Rabeprazole international brands". Drugs.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.