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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae}}
{{Redirect|Common buttercup|the Australian plant|Ranunculus lappaceus}}
{{Redirect|Common buttercup|the Australian plant|Ranunculus lappaceus|the African plant|Ranunculus multifidus}}
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'''''Ranunculus acris''''' is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Ranunculaceae, and is one of the more common buttercups across [[Europe]] and temperate Eurasia. Common names include '''meadow buttercup''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> '''tall buttercup''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=RAAC3|taxon=Ranunculus acris|accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref> '''common buttercup''' and '''giant buttercup'''.
'''''Ranunculus acris''''' is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Ranunculaceae]], and is one of the more common buttercups across [[Europe]] and temperate Eurasia. Common names include '''meadow buttercup''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''tall buttercup''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=RAAC3|taxon=Ranunculus acris|accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref> '''common buttercup''' and '''giant buttercup'''.


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Ranunculus acris.svg|thumb|Floral diagram of ''Ranunculus acris''. The light green ovals denote nectaries.]]
'''''Ranunculus acris''''' is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] that grows to a height of 30&nbsp; - 70&nbsp;cm, with ungrooved flowing stems bearing glossy yellow [[flowers]] about 25&nbsp;mm across. There are five overlapping [[petal]]s borne above five green [[sepal]]s that soon turn yellow as the flower matures. It has numerous [[stamen]]s inserted below the ovary. The leaves are compound, with three lobed leaflets. Unlike ''Ranunculus repens'', the terminal leaflet is sessile. As with other members of the genus, the numerous seeds are borne as [[achene]]s. This and other buttercups contain [[ranunculin]], which breaks down to the toxin [[protoanemonin]], a chemical that can cause [[dermatitis]] and [[vomiting]].
''Ranunculus acris'' is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] that grows to a height of 30 to 100&nbsp;cm, with ungrooved flowing stems bearing glossy yellow [[flowers]] about 25&nbsp;mm across. There are five overlapping [[petal]]s borne above five green [[sepal]]s held upwards against the petals, that turn yellow as the flower matures. It has numerous [[stamen]]s inserted below the ovary. The leaves are compound, with finely cut, hairy, leaflets.<ref name="Stace2019">{{cite book |last1=Stace |first1=Clive A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |date=2019 |publisher=C & M Floristics |isbn=9781527226302 |page=120 |edition=4th}}</ref> Unlike ''[[Ranunculus repens]]'', the terminal leaflet is [[Glossary of botanical terms#sessile|sessile]]. As with other members of the genus, the numerous seeds are borne as [[achene]]s.


The rare [[Ranunculus aestivalis|autumn buttercup]] (''R. aestivalis'') is sometimes treated as a [[Variety (botany)|variety]] of this species.<ref name=aest>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RAAE USDA Plants Profile: ''R. aestivalis''.]</ref>
The rare [[Ranunculus aestivalis|autumn buttercup]] (''R. aestivalis'') is sometimes treated as a [[Variety (botany)|variety]] of this species.<ref name=aest>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RAAE USDA Plants Profile: ''R. aestivalis''.]</ref>

The juice of the plant is semi-poisonous to livestock, causing blistering.<ref>{{cite book |title=Common Weeds of the United States |date=1971 |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=0-486-20504-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/commonweedsofuni00unit/page/186 186] |url=https://archive.org/details/commonweedsofuni00unit/page/186 }}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The plant is an [[introduced species]] across much of the world. It is a naturalized species and often a weed in parts of North America,<ref>[http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/animalsAndPlants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/tall-buttercup.aspx Invasive Weeds of King County, Washington]</ref> but it is probably native in [[Alaska]] and [[Greenland]].<ref name=fna>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501104 Flora of North America]</ref> In [[New Zealand]] it is a serious pasture weed costing the dairy industry hundreds of millions of dollars.<ref>{{Cite journal| pages = 355–359| last = Bourdôt | first = GW |author2=Saville DJ | title = Giant buttercup - a threat to sustainable dairy farming in New Zealand| journal = Proceedings of the Australasian Dairy Science Symposium| date = 2010-08-31}}</ref> It has become one of the few pasture weeds that has developed a resistance to herbicides.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profit-strangling weed immune to hebicides |last=Cronshaw|first=Tim |date=18 May 2012 |work=The Press }}</ref>
The plant is native to Eurasia, but has been [[introduced species|introduced]] across much of the world so that it now has a [[circumpolar distribution]].<ref name=BRC>{{cite web |title=''Ranunculus acris'' |work=Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.cfz |access-date=27 April 2020 }}</ref> It is a naturalized species and often a weed in parts of North America,<ref>[http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/animalsAndPlants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/tall-buttercup.aspx Invasive Weeds of King County, Washington]</ref> but it is probably native in [[Alaska]] and [[Greenland]].<ref name=fna>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501104 Flora of North America]</ref> In [[New Zealand]] it is a serious pasture weed costing the dairy industry hundreds of millions of dollars.<ref>{{Cite journal| pages = 355–359| last = Bourdôt | first = GW |author2=Saville DJ | title = Giant buttercup - a threat to sustainable dairy farming in New Zealand| journal = Proceedings of the Australasian Dairy Science Symposium| date = 2010-08-31}}</ref> It has become one of the few pasture weeds that has developed a resistance to herbicides.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profit-strangling weed immune to hebicides |last=Cronshaw|first=Tim |date=18 May 2012 |work=The Press }}</ref>

==Ecology==
''R. acris'' is a species characteristic of grazed or mown neutral [[grassland]] communities, tending to occupy areas where drainage conditions are intermediate between those favoured by ''[[Ranunculus bulbosus|R. bulbosus]]'' in drier soils, and ''[[Ranunculus repens|R. repens]]'' in wetter soils.<ref name= "Harper">Harper JL. 1957. ''Ranunculus acris'' L. ''Journal of Ecology'' 45(1): 289 – 342.</ref> Its abundance is said to be an indicator of grassland age and continuity but does not appear to be a good competitor in species-rich communities dominated by tall grasses.<ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs J. Graves M, Mangold J. 2010. Ecology and management of tall buttercup (''Ranunculus acris'' L.). Bozeman, Montana: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service</ref>

The flower buds begin developing in late summer in the year before flowering. Floral development is promoted by low winter temperatures, and the plant passes the winter in a [[rosette (botany)|rosette]] form with small green leaves that appear to resist the ravages of frost.<ref name= "Harper"/> Reproduction occurs from seeds and short thick rhizomes that can split to form daughter plants<ref name= "Jacobs"/>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
In horticulture the species may be regarded as a troublesome weed, colonising lawns and paths. However, it may be a welcome feature of wildflower meadows. The double-flowered [[cultivar]] ''R. acris'' 'Flore Pleno' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Ranunculus acris'' 'Flore Pleno'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1591|accessdate=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 84
In horticulture the species may be regarded as a troublesome weed, colonising lawns and paths. However, it may be a welcome feature of wildflower meadows. The double-flowered [[cultivar]] ''R. acris'' 'Flore Pleno' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Ranunculus acris'' 'Flore Pleno'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/64389/Ranunculus-acris-Flore-Pleno-(d)/Details | access-date = 17 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 84
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 23 September 2018}}</ref>
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 23 September 2018}}</ref>

==Toxicity==
Oils in the plant, probably present in the leaves and stems, contain the [[glycoside]] [[ranunculin]], which when ingested can cause abdominal pains and intestinal disorders.<ref name="Jacobs"/> When eaten by animals, the buttercups have caused blistering of the tongue and lips, diarrhea and blindness.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elias|first=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=262|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982}}</ref> Other symptoms of poisoning include [[ventricular fibrillation]] and [[respiratory failure]].<ref name="Jacobs"/>


==Uses by Native Americans==
==Uses by Native Americans==
Line 28: Line 40:
The [[Cherokee]] use it as a poultice for [[abscesses]], use an infusion for [[oral thrush]], and use the juice as a sedative.<ref name="Hamel, Paul B p. 31">Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 31)</ref> They also cook the leaves and eat them as greens.<ref name="Hamel, Paul B p. 31"/>
The [[Cherokee]] use it as a poultice for [[abscesses]], use an infusion for [[oral thrush]], and use the juice as a sedative.<ref name="Hamel, Paul B p. 31">Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 31)</ref> They also cook the leaves and eat them as greens.<ref name="Hamel, Paul B p. 31"/>


The [[Iroquois]] apply a poultice of the smashed plant to the chest for pains and for colds, take an infusion of the roots for [[diarrhea]],<ref>Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 320)</ref> and apply a poultice of plant fragments with another plant to the skin for excess water in the blood.<ref>Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72 (p. 42)</ref>
The [[Iroquois]] apply a poultice of the smashed plant to the chest for pains and for colds, take an infusion of the roots for [[diarrhea]],<ref>Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 320)</ref> and apply a poultice of plant fragments with another plant to the skin for excess water in the blood.<ref>Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72 (p. 42)</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Ranunculus acris}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6527,6528 Jepson Manual Treatment]
*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6527,6528 Jepson Manual Treatment]
*[http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Ranunculus&Species=acris Washington Burke Museum]
*[http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Ranunculus&Species=acris Washington Burke Museum]
Line 41: Line 52:


{{Taxonbar|from=Q157563}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q157563}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Ranunculus|acris]]
[[Category:Ranunculus|acris]]
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[[Category:Flora of Norway]]
[[Category:Flora of Norway]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 04:29, 30 May 2024

"Common buttercup" redirects here. For the Australian plant, see Ranunculus lappaceus. For the African plant, see Ranunculus multifidus.

Ranunculus acris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Ranunculus
Species:
R. acris
Binomial name
Ranunculus acris
Synonyms
  • R. acer auct.
  • R. stevenii Beck

Ranunculus acris is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, and is one of the more common buttercups across Europe and temperate Eurasia. Common names include meadow buttercup,[1] tall buttercup,[2] common buttercup and giant buttercup.

Description

[edit]
Floral diagram of Ranunculus acris. The light green ovals denote nectaries.

Ranunculus acris is a herbaceous perennial plant that grows to a height of 30 to 100 cm, with ungrooved flowing stems bearing glossy yellow flowers about 25 mm across. There are five overlapping petals borne above five green sepals held upwards against the petals, that turn yellow as the flower matures. It has numerous stamens inserted below the ovary. The leaves are compound, with finely cut, hairy, leaflets.[3] Unlike Ranunculus repens, the terminal leaflet is sessile. As with other members of the genus, the numerous seeds are borne as achenes.

The rare autumn buttercup (R. aestivalis) is sometimes treated as a variety of this species.[4]

The juice of the plant is semi-poisonous to livestock, causing blistering.[5]

Distribution

[edit]

The plant is native to Eurasia, but has been introduced across much of the world so that it now has a circumpolar distribution.[6] It is a naturalized species and often a weed in parts of North America,[7] but it is probably native in Alaska and Greenland.[8] In New Zealand it is a serious pasture weed costing the dairy industry hundreds of millions of dollars.[9] It has become one of the few pasture weeds that has developed a resistance to herbicides.[10]

Ecology

[edit]

R. acris is a species characteristic of grazed or mown neutral grassland communities, tending to occupy areas where drainage conditions are intermediate between those favoured by R. bulbosus in drier soils, and R. repens in wetter soils.[11] Its abundance is said to be an indicator of grassland age and continuity but does not appear to be a good competitor in species-rich communities dominated by tall grasses.[12]

The flower buds begin developing in late summer in the year before flowering. Floral development is promoted by low winter temperatures, and the plant passes the winter in a rosette form with small green leaves that appear to resist the ravages of frost.[11] Reproduction occurs from seeds and short thick rhizomes that can split to form daughter plants[12]

Cultivation

[edit]

In horticulture the species may be regarded as a troublesome weed, colonising lawns and paths. However, it may be a welcome feature of wildflower meadows. The double-flowered cultivar R. acris 'Flore Pleno' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[13][14]

Toxicity

[edit]

Oils in the plant, probably present in the leaves and stems, contain the glycoside ranunculin, which when ingested can cause abdominal pains and intestinal disorders.[12] When eaten by animals, the buttercups have caused blistering of the tongue and lips, diarrhea and blindness.[15] Other symptoms of poisoning include ventricular fibrillation and respiratory failure.[12]

Uses by Native Americans

[edit]

The Abenaki smash the flowers and leaves and sniff them for headaches.[16] The Bella Coola apply a poultice of pounded roots to boils.[17] The Micmac use the leaves for headaches.[18] The Montagnais inhale the crushed leaves for headaches.[19]

The Cherokee use it as a poultice for abscesses, use an infusion for oral thrush, and use the juice as a sedative.[20] They also cook the leaves and eat them as greens.[20]

The Iroquois apply a poultice of the smashed plant to the chest for pains and for colds, take an infusion of the roots for diarrhea,[21] and apply a poultice of plant fragments with another plant to the skin for excess water in the blood.[22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ranunculus acris". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  3. ^ Stace, Clive A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (4th ed.). C & M Floristics. p. 120. ISBN 9781527226302.
  4. ^ USDA Plants Profile: R. aestivalis.
  5. ^ Common Weeds of the United States. New York: Dover. 1971. p. 186. ISBN 0-486-20504-5.
  6. ^ "Ranunculus acris". Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  7. ^ Invasive Weeds of King County, Washington
  8. ^ Flora of North America
  9. ^ Bourdôt, GW; Saville DJ (2010-08-31). "Giant buttercup - a threat to sustainable dairy farming in New Zealand". Proceedings of the Australasian Dairy Science Symposium: 355–359.
  10. ^ Cronshaw, Tim (18 May 2012). "Profit-strangling weed immune to hebicides". The Press.
  11. ^ a b Harper JL. 1957. Ranunculus acris L. Journal of Ecology 45(1): 289 – 342.
  12. ^ a b c d Jacobs J. Graves M, Mangold J. 2010. Ecology and management of tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris L.). Bozeman, Montana: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
  13. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Ranunculus acris 'Flore Pleno'". Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  14. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 84. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  15. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  16. ^ Rousseau, Jacques 1947 Ethnobotanique Abenakise. Archives de Folklore 11:145-182 (p. 166)
  17. ^ Smith, Harlan I. 1929 Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68 (p. 57)
  18. ^ Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper 1979 Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68 (p. 60)
  19. ^ Speck, Frank G. 1917 Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321 (p. 315)
  20. ^ a b Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 31)
  21. ^ Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 320)
  22. ^ Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72 (p. 42)
[edit]
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