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{{Short description|Retail store offering merchandise at wholesale prices}}
{{Hatnote|This article refers to retail stores. For the famous Chicago nightclub, see [[Warehouse (nightclub)]].}}
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{{Refimprove|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Sam's Club store.jpg|thumb|225px|Exterior of a [[Sam's Club]] warehouse club store (with the old logo) in [[Maplewood, Missouri]], a suburb of St. Louis]]
[[File:Sam's Club store.jpg|thumb|225px|Exterior of a [[Sam's Club]] warehouse club store (with the old logo) in [[Maplewood, Missouri]], a suburb of St. Louis]]
[[File:Costco 1 2018-06-02.jpg|thumb|Consumers pick most items directly off pallets in [[Shelf-ready packaging|retail-ready packaging]] ([[Costco]])]]

A '''warehouse club''' (or '''wholesale club''') is a [[retailing|retail]] store, usually selling a wide variety of [[merchandising|merchandise]], in which customers may buy large, [[wholesale]] quantities of the store's products, which makes these clubs attractive to both [[bargaining|bargain]] hunters and small business owners. The clubs are able to keep prices low{{cn|date=April 2017}} due to the [[no frills|no-frills]] format of the stores. In addition, customers may be required to pay annual membership fees in order to shop.
A '''warehouse club''' (or '''wholesale club''') is a [[retailing|retail]] store, usually selling a wide variety of [[merchandising|merchandise]], in which customers may buy large, [[wholesale]] quantities of the store's products, which makes these clubs attractive to both [[bargaining|bargain]] hunters and small business owners. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the [[no frills|no-frills]] format of the stores. They are distinguished from traditional [[cash and carry (wholesale)|cash-and-carry wholesale businesses]] in that their warehouses are substantially larger in size, and they do not cater purely to businesses but also allow some or all types of consumers to obtain memberships. They are also distinguished from [[warehouse store]]s in that they usually charge annual membership fees, and require presentation of proof of membership at the warehouse entrance and again at the [[point of sale]].


Membership in a warehouse club superficially resembles that in a [[consumers' cooperative]], but lacks [[Rochdale Principles|key elements]] including [[cooperative]] ownership and democratic member control. The use of members' prices without cooperative ownership is also sometimes used in bars and casinos.
Membership in a warehouse club superficially resembles that in a [[consumers' cooperative]], but lacks [[Rochdale Principles|key elements]] including [[cooperative]] ownership and democratic member control. The use of members' prices without cooperative ownership is also sometimes used in bars and casinos.
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[[Image:BJs Wholesale Club VA.jpg|thumb|A BJ's Wholesale club in Virginia]]
[[Image:BJs Wholesale Club VA.jpg|thumb|A BJ's Wholesale club in Virginia]]


In 1976, [[Sol Price]] (who in 1954 founded [[FedMart]], an early US discount store) and his son Robert Price founded [[Price Club]] in [[San Diego]], as their first warehouse club. In a 1988 article, ''The New York Times Magazine'' credited Price Club as the "pioneer" of the warehouse club retail format.<ref name="Jakobson">{{cite news |last1=Jakobson |first1=Cathryn |author1-link=Cathryn Jakobson Ramin |title=They Can Get It For You Wholesale: Sol Price and his warehouse clubs have sparked a revolution in the retail trade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/magazine/they-can-get-it-for-you-wholesale.html |access-date=July 24, 2023 |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=December 4, 1988 |pages=24-25, 54-57|url-access=subscription}}</ref> After his departure from FedMart, Sol Price noticed that small businesses in San Diego either ordered directly from four or five large wholesalers or they bought locally from relatively small cash-and-carry wholesalers.<ref name="Jakobson" /> Therefore, Price Club was originally positioned as a much larger, volume-oriented version of the cash-and-carry wholesale format, meaning that prospective members were required to present [[Sales taxes in the United States|resale certificates]] or [[Professional licensure in the United States|professional licenses]].<ref name="Jakobson" /> Based on a customer's suggestion, Price Club subsequently allowed government employees to apply for memberships.<ref name="Jakobson" /> This privilege was later extended to employees of utility companies and hospitals, followed by members of certain credit unions and savings deposit clubs.<ref name="Jakobson" />
In 1971, the [[Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company]] (A&P) opened their very first [[Warehouse Economy Outlet]] (WEO), a warehouse format that only lasted a few years.<ref>http://www.groceteria.com/store/national-chains/ap/ap-history/ A&P History</ref> [[Sol Price]] founded [[FedMart]] in 1954, an early US discount store. Sol and his son Robert Price founded [[Price Club]] in [[San Diego]] in 1976 as their first warehouse club. In 1982, discount pioneer [[John Geisse]] founded The Wholesale Club of Indianapolis, which he sold to [[Sam's Club]] in 1991.<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n6_v31/ai_12054329# News article detailing John F. Geisse's retailing career]</ref>


In 1982, the discount pioneer [[John Geisse]] founded The Wholesale Club of Indianapolis, which he sold to [[Sam's Club]] (a division of [[Walmart]]) in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findarticles.com/?noadc=1|title=FindArticles.com - CBSi|website=Findarticles.com|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>
In 1983, [[Costco|Costco Wholesale]], Kmart's [[Pace Membership Warehouse]] (later sold to Sam's Club), and Sam's Club started operations. [[BJ's Wholesale Club]] was started in 1984 by former The Wholesale Club executives and owned by [[Zayre]].


In 1983, [[James Sinegal|James (Jim) Sinegal]] and [[Jeffrey Brotman|Jeffrey H. Brotman]] opened the first [[Costco]] warehouse in Seattle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chesley|first=Frank |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8172 |title=Biography of Jeffrey Brotman|website=Historylink.org|date=June 6, 2007 |access-date=February 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name="membership">{{cite web|url= http://www.costco.com/membership-information.html|title=Why Become a Member|publisher=Costco Wholesale|access-date=May 17, 2015}}</ref> Sinegal had started in wholesale distribution by working for Sol Price at [[FedMart]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-costco/costco-ceos-legacy-continues-as-he-steps-down-idUSTRE7805VW20110901|title=Costco CEO's legacy continues as he steps down|date=September 1, 2011|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref>
{{As of|2010|df=US}}, three warehouse club chains operate in the United States. Costco and Sam's Club are the largest chains. Sam's Club, a division of [[Walmart]], claims a membership base of 47 million persons and 602 stores across the United States.<ref>[http://walmartstores.com/sites/sustainabilityreport/2009/b_overview.html# Wal-Mart 2009 Sustainability Report]</ref> Costco has locations in seven other nations including Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Australia. BJ's Wholesale Club is one of the smaller competitor with stores located primarily in the Eastern United States.


In 1983, [[Kmart]]'s Pace Membership Warehouse (later sold to [[Sam%27s_Club#History|Sam's Club]]) started operations. That same year, [[Sam Walton]] opened the first Sam's Club on April 7, in [[Midwest City, Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www3.samsclub.com/newsroom/Press/515|title=Sam's Club celebrates 25th anniversary with nationwide open house|date=April 10, 2007|publisher=Sam's Club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615235717/http://www3.samsclub.com/newsroom/Press/515|archive-date=June 15, 2011}}</ref>
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==Examples==


In 1984, former The Wholesale Club executives founded [[BJ's Wholesale Club]], owned by [[Zayre]].
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* [[Costco]], operates in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the UK, Australia, Spain and other countries

⚫
* [[Sam's Club]], operates in the U.S., Mexico and other countries
As of 1988, Price Club was the leader of the warehouse club industry, with over 40 warehouses operating across the United States and Canada.<ref name="Jakobson" /> [[Stephen Mandel (hedge fund manager)|Stephen F. Mandel, Jr.]], then a Goldman Sachs analyst, called the warehouse club "the greatest revolution in retailing in the last 10 years."<ref name="Jakobson" />

By 1992, Sam's Club had surged past both Price Club and Costco to become the industry leader with 222 warehouse clubs.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite magazine |last1=O'Brien |first1=Maura K. |title=Sales Booming at Warehouse Clubs: Bare-Bones Prices the Main Attraction |magazine=Billboard |date=July 18, 1992 |volume=104 |issue=29 |pages=44, 52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44 |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> The four other major players were Pace (95 clubs), Costco (87 clubs), Price Club (80 clubs) and BJ's (31 clubs).<ref name="O'Brien" /> Analysts were already seeing signs of [[market saturation]] along the [[West Coast of the United States]], the first region in which warehouse clubs were developed.<ref name="O'Brien" />

In 1993, Costco and Price Club agreed to merge operations, after Price declined an offer from [[Sam Walton]] and [[Walmart]] to merge Price Club with [[Sam's Club]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/11/24/353756/index.htm|title=Sol Price On Off-Price|date=November 24, 2003|journal=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|author1=Price, Sol |author2=Helyar, John |author3=Harrington, Ann }}</ref> Costco's business model and size were similar to those of Price Club, which made the merger more natural for both companies.<ref name=highlights>{{cite web|url=http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/83/83830/H_highlights2.pdf |title=Costco Wholesale Historical Highlights|publisher=Costco Wholesale |date=February 12, 2009|access-date=November 27, 2009}}</ref> The combined company took the name PriceCostco, and memberships became universal, meaning that a Price Club member could use their membership to shop at Costco and vice versa. PriceCostco boasted 206 locations generating $16{{nbsp}}billion in annual sales.<ref name=membership/> PriceCostco was initially led by executives from both companies, but in 1994, the Price brothers left the company to form [[PriceSmart|Price Enterprises]],<ref name=highlights /><ref name="Costco-Nov-1994-SC-13E4">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2674/91205794003984/filing-main.htm |title=Costco, Form SC 13E4, Filing Date Nov 21, 1994 |website=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 29, 2013}}</ref> a warehouse club chain in Central America and the Caribbean unrelated to the current Costco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/PriceCostco-Inc-Company-History.html |title=PriceCostco Company History|website= FundingUniverse}}</ref>

In 1997, Costco changed its name to Costco Wholesale Corporation, and all remaining Price Club locations were rebranded {{nowrap|as Costco.<ref name=membership/><ref name=highlights />}}

{{As of|2009|df=US}}, the three largest warehouse club chains operating in the United States are BJs, Costco, and Sam's Club.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hometextilestoday.com/article/CA6672296.html |title=BJ's Smaller in Store Size but Mightier in SKU Count |journal=Home Textiles Today |publisher=[[Reed Elsevier]] |date=July 20, 2009 |access-date=October 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101015803/http://www.hometextilestoday.com/article/CA6672296.html |archive-date=November 1, 2009 }}</ref> BJ's Wholesale Club is one of the smaller competitors, with stores located primarily in the Eastern United States. Costco and Sam's Club are the largest chains. Costco has locations in seven other nations and regions including Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. Sam's Club, a division of [[Walmart]], claims a membership base of 47 million persons and 602 stores across the United States (as of June 2019).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporate.walmart.com/|title=Walmart Corporate|website=Corporate.walmart.com|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>

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==Examples==
* [[BJ's Wholesale Club]], operates in the U.S. only
* [[BJ's Wholesale Club]], operates in the U.S. only
* [[Makro]], operates in Europe, South Africa, Pakistan and other places; previously operated in the U.S., Venezuela & the Philippines.
⚫
* [[PriceSmart]], operates in Central America and Caribbean; previously operated in Asia-Pacific region
* [[City Club (wholesale club)|City Club]], operates in Mexico only
* [[City Club (wholesale club)|City Club]], operates in Mexico only
* [[Costco]], operates in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the UK, Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Spain, France, South Korea, Mainland China, Japan and Taiwan
*[[Wholesale Club]], operates in Canada only
* [[Metro AG]] (branded as [[Makro]] in some countries), headquartered in Germany, majority control in different regions by multiple third parties, Metro AG has 674 wholesale stores in 24 countries.
⚫
* [[PriceSmart]], operates in Central America and Caribbean; previously operated in Asia-Pacific region
⚫
* [[Sam's Club]], operates in the U.S., Mexico and other countries
* [[Selgros]], operates in Germany, Poland, Romania and Russia
⚫
* [[Wholesale Club]], operates in Canada and Jamaica


===Defunct===
===Defunct===
* American Wholesale Club (1986–1989)
* American Wholesale Club (1986–1989){{cn|date=September 2019}}
* Buyers Club, a [[Denver]]-based independently owned chain
* Buyers Club, a [[Denver]]-based independently owned chain{{cn|date=September 2019}}
* Club Wholesale, turned into [[office supplies]] stores, then folded
* Club Wholesale, turned into [[office supplies]] stores, then folded{{cn|date=September 2019}}
* [[Fedco]], bankruptcy in 1999 (most stores bought up by [[Target Stores]])
* [[Fedco]], bankruptcy in 1999 (most stores were bought by [[Target Stores]])
* GEM & GEX Membership Department Stores (required Membership like a Warehouse Club)
* GEM & GEX Membership Department Stores (required membership like a warehouse club){{cn|date=September 2019}}
* [[Gemco]], 1959–1986, owned by [[Lucky Stores]]
* [[Gemco]], 1959–1986, owned by [[Lucky Stores]]
* HomeClub, a home improvement warehouse, later became [[HomeBase]] and then folded in 2000
* HomeClub, a home improvement warehouse, later became [[HomeBase]] and then folded in 2000
* Max-Club, owned by [[SuperValu (United States)]]
* Max-Club, owned by [[SuperValu (United States)]]
* PACE Membership Warehouse, owned by [[Kmart]], merged with Sam's Club
* PACE Membership Warehouse, owned by [[Kmart (United States)|Kmart]], merged with Sam's Club
* [[Price Club]], merged with Costco in 1993
* [[Price Club]], merged with Costco in 1993
* Price Savers Wholesale Club, merged with PACE Warehouse Club, then merged with Sam's Club
* Price Savers Wholesale Club, merged with PACE Warehouse Club, then merged with Sam's Club
* [[Sam's Club]] in Canada 2003–2009
* [[Sam's Club]], in Canada 2003–2009
* SourceClub, owned by [[Meijer]], from 1992 to 1994. Only had seven locations, all in [[Michigan]], but helped loosen restrictions on who can become members industry-wide.
* SourceClub, owned by [[Meijer]]
* Super Saver, merged with Sam's Club (Southeast US)
* Super Saver, merged with Sam's Club (Southeast US){{cn|date=September 2019}}
* The Wholesale Club, merged with Sam's Club
* The Wholesale Club, merged with Sam's Club{{cn|date=September 2019}}
* Titan Warehouse Club Inc., an early warehouse concept in Canada based in [[Calgary]] with locations in Toronto/Kitchener/Stoney Creek areas in the 1985–1994
* Titan Warehouse Club Inc., an early warehouse concept in Canada based in [[Calgary]] with locations in Toronto/Kitchener/Stoney Creek areas in the 1985–1994{{cn|date=September 2019}}
* Warehouse Club, was a [[public company]]
* Warehouse Club, was a [[public company]]{{cn|date=September 2019}}

==Alcohol sales without a membership in the U.S.==
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{{Refimprove section |date=August 2014}}
Many jurisdictions prohibit the discounting of liquor for promotional reasons, meaning that even in warehouse clubstores, members and non-members will pay the same price. Several examples in the United States are included below:
{{div col|colwidth=8em}}
*[[Arkansas]]
*[[Arizona]]
*[[California]]
*[[Connecticut]]
*[[Delaware]]
*[[Hawaii]]
*[[Idaho]]
*[[Indiana]]
*[[Iowa]]
*[[Massachusetts]]<ref>http://www.mass.gov/abcc/pdf/faqfinal_2013.pdf</ref>
*[[Michigan]]
*[[Minnesota]]
*[[Missouri]]
*[[Nebraska]]
*[[New Hampshire]]
*[[New York (state)|New York]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Texas]]
*[[Utah]]
*[[Vermont]]
*[[Virginia]]
{{div col end}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Companies|Supermarkets}}
*[[Bulk foods]]
*[[Bulk foods]]
*[[Cash and carry (wholesale)]]
*[[Cash and carry (wholesale)]]
*[[Hypermarket]]
*[[Hypermarket]]
*[[Shelf-ready packaging]]


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{commons category inline|Wholesale clubs}}
*{{commons category inline|Warehouse clubs}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Warehouse Club}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Warehouse Club}}
[[Category:Retailing]]
[[Category:Retail formats]]
[[Category:Warehouses]]
[[Category:Warehouses]]
[[Category:Warehouse clubs|*]]

Latest revision as of 05:19, 28 May 2024

This article refers to retail stores. For the famous Chicago nightclub, see Warehouse (nightclub).
Exterior of a Sam's Club warehouse club store (with the old logo) in Maplewood, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis
Consumers pick most items directly off pallets in retail-ready packaging (Costco)

A warehouse club (or wholesale club) is a retail store, usually selling a wide variety of merchandise, in which customers may buy large, wholesale quantities of the store's products, which makes these clubs attractive to both bargain hunters and small business owners. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores. They are distinguished from traditional cash-and-carry wholesale businesses in that their warehouses are substantially larger in size, and they do not cater purely to businesses but also allow some or all types of consumers to obtain memberships. They are also distinguished from warehouse stores in that they usually charge annual membership fees, and require presentation of proof of membership at the warehouse entrance and again at the point of sale.

Membership in a warehouse club superficially resembles that in a consumers' cooperative, but lacks key elements including cooperative ownership and democratic member control. The use of members' prices without cooperative ownership is also sometimes used in bars and casinos.

History

[edit]
A BJ's Wholesale club in Virginia

In 1976, Sol Price (who in 1954 founded FedMart, an early US discount store) and his son Robert Price founded Price Club in San Diego, as their first warehouse club. In a 1988 article, The New York Times Magazine credited Price Club as the "pioneer" of the warehouse club retail format.[1] After his departure from FedMart, Sol Price noticed that small businesses in San Diego either ordered directly from four or five large wholesalers or they bought locally from relatively small cash-and-carry wholesalers.[1] Therefore, Price Club was originally positioned as a much larger, volume-oriented version of the cash-and-carry wholesale format, meaning that prospective members were required to present resale certificates or professional licenses.[1] Based on a customer's suggestion, Price Club subsequently allowed government employees to apply for memberships.[1] This privilege was later extended to employees of utility companies and hospitals, followed by members of certain credit unions and savings deposit clubs.[1]

In 1982, the discount pioneer John Geisse founded The Wholesale Club of Indianapolis, which he sold to Sam's Club (a division of Walmart) in 1991.[2]

In 1983, James (Jim) Sinegal and Jeffrey H. Brotman opened the first Costco warehouse in Seattle.[3][4] Sinegal had started in wholesale distribution by working for Sol Price at FedMart.[5]

In 1983, Kmart's Pace Membership Warehouse (later sold to Sam's Club) started operations. That same year, Sam Walton opened the first Sam's Club on April 7, in Midwest City, Oklahoma.[6]

In 1984, former The Wholesale Club executives founded BJ's Wholesale Club, owned by Zayre.

As of 1988, Price Club was the leader of the warehouse club industry, with over 40 warehouses operating across the United States and Canada.[1] Stephen F. Mandel, Jr., then a Goldman Sachs analyst, called the warehouse club "the greatest revolution in retailing in the last 10 years."[1]

By 1992, Sam's Club had surged past both Price Club and Costco to become the industry leader with 222 warehouse clubs.[7] The four other major players were Pace (95 clubs), Costco (87 clubs), Price Club (80 clubs) and BJ's (31 clubs).[7] Analysts were already seeing signs of market saturation along the West Coast of the United States, the first region in which warehouse clubs were developed.[7]

In 1993, Costco and Price Club agreed to merge operations, after Price declined an offer from Sam Walton and Walmart to merge Price Club with Sam's Club.[8] Costco's business model and size were similar to those of Price Club, which made the merger more natural for both companies.[9] The combined company took the name PriceCostco, and memberships became universal, meaning that a Price Club member could use their membership to shop at Costco and vice versa. PriceCostco boasted 206 locations generating $16 billion in annual sales.[4] PriceCostco was initially led by executives from both companies, but in 1994, the Price brothers left the company to form Price Enterprises,[9][10] a warehouse club chain in Central America and the Caribbean unrelated to the current Costco.[11]

In 1997, Costco changed its name to Costco Wholesale Corporation, and all remaining Price Club locations were rebranded as Costco.[4][9]

As of 2009, the three largest warehouse club chains operating in the United States are BJs, Costco, and Sam's Club.[12] BJ's Wholesale Club is one of the smaller competitors, with stores located primarily in the Eastern United States. Costco and Sam's Club are the largest chains. Costco has locations in seven other nations and regions including Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. Sam's Club, a division of Walmart, claims a membership base of 47 million persons and 602 stores across the United States (as of June 2019).[13]

Examples

[edit]
  • BJ's Wholesale Club, operates in the U.S. only
  • City Club, operates in Mexico only
  • Costco, operates in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the UK, Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Spain, France, South Korea, Mainland China, Japan and Taiwan
  • Metro AG (branded as Makro in some countries), headquartered in Germany, majority control in different regions by multiple third parties, Metro AG has 674 wholesale stores in 24 countries.
  • PriceSmart, operates in Central America and Caribbean; previously operated in Asia-Pacific region
  • Sam's Club, operates in the U.S., Mexico and other countries
  • Selgros, operates in Germany, Poland, Romania and Russia
  • Wholesale Club, operates in Canada and Jamaica

Defunct

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Jakobson, Cathryn (December 4, 1988). "They Can Get It For You Wholesale: Sol Price and his warehouse clubs have sparked a revolution in the retail trade". The New York Times Magazine. pp. 24–25, 54–57. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  2. ^ "FindArticles.com - CBSi". Findarticles.com. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  3. ^ Chesley, Frank (June 6, 2007). "Biography of Jeffrey Brotman". Historylink.org. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "Why Become a Member". Costco Wholesale. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  5. ^ "Costco CEO's legacy continues as he steps down". Reuters. September 1, 2011. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
  6. ^ "Sam's Club celebrates 25th anniversary with nationwide open house" (Press release). Sam's Club. April 10, 2007. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c O'Brien, Maura K. (July 18, 1992). "Sales Booming at Warehouse Clubs: Bare-Bones Prices the Main Attraction". Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 29. pp. 44, 52. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  8. ^ Price, Sol; Helyar, John; Harrington, Ann (November 24, 2003). "Sol Price On Off-Price". Fortune.
  9. ^ a b c "Costco Wholesale Historical Highlights" (PDF). Costco Wholesale. February 12, 2009. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
  10. ^ "Costco, Form SC 13E4, Filing Date Nov 21, 1994". secdatabase.com. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  11. ^ "PriceCostco Company History". FundingUniverse.
  12. ^ "BJ's Smaller in Store Size but Mightier in SKU Count". Home Textiles Today. Reed Elsevier. July 20, 2009. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  13. ^ "Walmart Corporate". Corporate.walmart.com. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
[edit]
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