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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}



* Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [ [[Jien]], c. 1220], ''[[Gukanshō]]; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida.'' Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
* Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [ [[Jien]], c. 1220], ''[[Gukanshō]]; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida.'' Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
* Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). ''[[The Tale of the Heike]].'' Tokyo: [[University of Tokyo]] Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1
* Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). ''[[The Tale of the Heike]].'' Tokyo: [[University of Tokyo]] Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1
* [[Isaac Titsingh |Titsingh]], Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/[[Hayashi Gahō]], 1652], ''[[Nipon o daï itsi ran]]; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. [[Julius Klaproth |Klaproth]].'' Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society |Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]].[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh]], Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/[[Hayashi Gahō]], 1652], ''[[Nipon o daï itsi ran]]; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. [[Julius Klaproth|Klaproth]].'' Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]].[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)]
* Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ [[Kitabatake Chikafusa]], 1359], ''[[Jinnō Shōtōki]] ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]]. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
* Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ [[Kitabatake Chikafusa]], 1359], ''[[Jinnō Shōtōki]] ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]]. ISBN 0-231-04940-4


====External links====
====External links====
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]



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Preceded by:<br>''[[Jishō]]''
Preceded by:<br>''[[Jishō]]''
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'''[[Japanese era name| Era or ''nengō'']]:<br>'''[[Yōwa]]
'''[[Japanese era name|Era or ''nengō'']]:<br>'''Yōwa
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Succeeded by:<br>''[[Juei]]''
Succeeded by:<br>''[[Juei]]''
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{{Japan-era-stub}}
{{Japan-era-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yowa}}


[[ko:요와]]
[[ko:요와]]

Revision as of 16:41, 25 September 2010

Yōwa (養和) was a Japanese era name (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Jishō and before Juei. This period spanned the years from 1181 through 1182. The reigning emperor was Antoku-tennō (安徳天皇).[1]

Change of era

  • Yōwa gannen (養和元年); 1181: The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Jishō 5, on the 14th day of the 7th month of 1181.[2]

Events of the Yōwa era

  • Yōwa 1, 25th day of the 11th month (1181): Tokuko, former consort of the late Emperor Takakura, adopts the name of Kenreimon-in.[3]
  • Yōwa 1 (1181): A famine that lasting two years blights this era.[4]

References

  1. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 200-207; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 333-334; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 214-215.
  2. ^ Brown, p. 333.
  3. ^ Kitagawa, H. (1975). The Tale of the Heike, p. 783.
  4. ^ Kamo no Chōmei. (1212). Hōjōki.
Yōwa 1st 2nd
Gregorian 1181 1182

Preceded by:
Jishō

Era or nengō:
Yōwa

Succeeded by:
Juei