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List of potentially habitable exoplanets

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This is a list of potential habitable exoplanets candidates ranked by similarity with Earth using the Earth Similarity Index. The list is based on methodology and estimations provided by the Habitable Exoplanets Catalog, which is maintained by the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at UPR-Arecibo.

Artist's impression of Kepler-22b, a "Super-Earth" within its star's habitable zone.
Artist's impression of Gliese 581 d, which is one of a few potential habitable exoplanets confirmed so far

Methodology

The planets listed below are evaluated on seven different criteria:

  • Earth Similarity Index (ESI) — Similarity to Earth on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being the most Earth-like. ESI depends on the planet's radius, density, escape velocity, and surface temperature.
  • Standard Primary Habitability (SPH) — Suitability for vegetation on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being best-suited for growth. SPH depends on surface temperature (and relative humidity if known).
  • Habitable Zone Distance (HZD) — Distance from the center of the star's habitable zone, scaled so that –1 represents the inner edge of the zone, and +1 represents the outer edge. HZD depends on the star's luminosity and temperature and the size of the planet's orbit.
  • Habitable Zone Composition (HZC) — Measure of bulk composition, where values close to zero are likely iron–rock–water mixtures. Values below –1 represent bodies likely composed mainly of iron, and values greater than +1 represent bodies likely composed mainly of gas. HZC depends on the planet's mass and radius.
  • Habitable Zone Atmosphere (HZA) — Potential for the planet to hold a habitable atmosphere, where values below –1 represent bodies likely with little or no atmosphere, and values above +1 represent bodies likely with thick hydrogen atmospheres (e.g. gas giants). Values between –1 and +1 are more likely to have atmospheres suitable for life, though zero is not necessarily ideal. HZA depends on the planet's mass, radius, orbit size, and the star's luminosity.
  • Planetary Class (pClass) — Classifies objects based on thermal zone (hot, warm, or cold, where warm is in the habitable zone) and mass (asteroidan, mercurian, subterran, terran, superterran, neptunian, and jovian).
  • Habitable Class (hClass) — Classifies habitable planets based on temperature: hypopsychroplanets (hP) = very cold (< −50°C); psychroplanets (P) = cold; mesoplanets (M) = medium-temperature (0–50°C; not to be confused with the other definition of mesoplanets); thermoplanets (T) = hot; hyperthermoplanets (hT) = very hot (> 100°C). Mesoplanets would be ideal for complex life, whereas class hP or hT would only support extremophilic life. Non-habitable planets are simply given the class NH.

List

The data is from the Habitable Exoplanets Catalog.[1] For comparison purposes, four solar terrestrial planets are included in the list. Most of the confirmed exoplanets in the data still rank very low as compared to the NASA Kepler candidates.

This habitability index does not take into account the differences in the habitability of certain types of stars and star systems, such as red dwarfs and binary star systems. See habitability of red dwarf systems for more information.

Rank Name ESI SPH HZD HZC HZA pClass hClass Distance (ly) Status Year of
discovery
— Earth Template:HabPlanetScore warm terran mesoplanet 0 non-exoplanet
1 KOI-1686.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1033.8 Kepler candidate 2012
2 KOI-3010.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1218.0 Kepler candidate 2012
3 KOI-701.03 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 741.7 Kepler candidate 2011
4 KOI-463.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran thermoplanet 564.3 Kepler candidate 2011
5 Kepler-62e Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1200.0 Confirmed 2013
6 Gliese 581 g Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 20.2 Unconfirmed 2010
7 Gliese 667C c Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 23.6 Confirmed 2011
8 KOI-172.02 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran thermoplanet 1683.6 Kepler candidate 2013
9 KOI-812.03 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1474.1 Kepler candidate 2011
10 KOI-2474.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran thermoplanet 1605.7 Kepler candidate 2012
11 KOI-2418.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 996.9 Kepler candidate 2012
12 KOI-2469.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1556.8 Kepler candidate 2012
13 KOI-1361.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 917.1 Kepler candidate 2011
14 Kepler-22 b Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 535.9 Confirmed 2011
15 KOI-1298.02 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1496.7 Kepler candidate 2011
16 Tau Ceti e Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran thermoplanet 11.9 Unconfirmed 2012
17 KOI-854.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1077.7 Kepler candidate 2011
18 KOI-2762.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1169.5 Kepler candidate 2012
19 KOI-2834.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 2150.0 Kepler candidate 2012
20 KOI-1871.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 1176.7 Kepler candidate 2012
21 Kepler-62f Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran psychroplanet 1200.0 Confirmed 2013
22 Gliese 163 c Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran thermoplanet 48.9 Confirmed 2012
23 HD 40307 g Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran mesoplanet 41.7 Unconfirmed 2012
24 KOI-2770.01 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran psychroplanet 1470.3 Kepler candidate 2012
25 KOI-518.03 Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran psychroplanet 878.3 Kepler candidate 2011
26 Gliese 581 d Template:HabPlanetScore warm superterran psychroplanet 20.2 Confirmed 2007
— Mars Template:HabPlanetScore warm subterran psychroplanet 0 non-exoplanet
— Mercury Template:HabPlanetScore hot mercurian non-habitable 0 non-exoplanet
— Venus Template:HabPlanetScore warm terran thermoplanet 0 non-exoplanet

References

  1. ^ HEC: Data of Potential Habitable Exoplanets and Exomoons - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo

See also

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