alcohol
English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Entered in the early 15th c. from Middle English alcofol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, derived from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol transmitted in medical or alchemical literature of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”), which in Andalusian Arabic also bore the form كُحُول (kuḥūl), قُحُول (quḥūl); bearing thus the meaning of stibnite first, then generalized in meaning to a powder obtained by triturating a material, then also to liquids obtained by boiling down, and specialized to mean spirit of wine, ethanol, in the 18th century, then the narrow chemical sense after 1850.
- Bartholomew Traheron in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo introduces the word as a term used by "barbarous" (Moorish) authors for "fine powder": the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre.
- William Johnson in his 1657 Lexicon Chymicum glosses the word as antimonium sive stibium. By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including "alcohol of wine", the distilled essence of wine.
- Libavius in Alchymia (1594) has vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum.
- Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.
- Some authorities, including Rachel Hajar, suggest that the ultimate etymon was the Arabic term اَلْغَوْل (al-ḡawl, “bad effect, evil result of headache”) (as used in Qur’an verse 37:47, but this word is rather poetical and could for topical reasons not have been picked up from Arabic by Medieval writers, and aside from that the relation to stibium is well documented.[1][2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (UK) IPA(key): /ˈæl.kə.hɒl/
- (US) IPA(key): /ˈæl.kə.hɔl/, /ˈæl.kə.hɑl/
- (US, nonstandard) IPA(key): /ˈɑl.kə.hɔl/, /ˈɑl.kə.hɑl/
Audio (US): (file) Audio (UK): (file)
Noun
[edit]alcohol (countable and uncountable, plural alcohols)
- (organic chemistry, countable) Any of a class of organic compounds (such as ethanol) containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH).
- (colloquial) Ethanol.
- (uncountable) Beverages containing ethanol, collectively.
- 2013 June 22, “Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 76:
- Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins.
- (obsolete) Any very fine powder.
Synonyms
[edit]- See also Thesaurus:alcoholic beverage
Derived terms
[edit]- absolute alcohol
- acetic alcohol
- alcohol abuse
- alcohol addiction
- alcoholaemia
- alcoholase
- alcoholate
- alcohol by volume
- alcohol dehydrogenase
- alcohol enema
- alcohol flush reaction
- alcohol-free
- alcoholic
- alcoholicity
- alcoholiday
- alcohol intoxication
- alcoholism
- alcoholization
- alcoholize
- alcoholless
- alcoholly
- alcoholmeter
- alcohologist
- alcohology
- alcohololysis
- alcoholomania
- alcoholometer
- alcoholometric
- alcoholometry
- alcoholophilia
- alcohol poisoning
- alcohol-related dementia
- alcohol use disorder
- alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- alcoholy
- alcoholysis
- alcolock
- alcopop
- alcotest
- alcotourism
- alkoxyalcohol
- alkyl
- allyl alcohol
- amino alcohol
- amyl alcohol
- antialcohol
- azidoalcohol
- benzyl alcohol
- bioalcohol
- butyl alcohol
- cetyl alcohol
- chloral
- coniferyl alcohol
- denatured alcohol
- deoxy sugar alcohol
- diesohol
- epoxyalcohol
- ethyl alcohol
- fatty alcohol
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- fluoroalcohol
- foetal alcohol syndrome
- fusel alcohol
- gasahol
- gasohol
- haloalcohol
- hold one's alcohol
- -holic
- -holism
- isoamyl alcohol
- isopropyl alcohol
- ketoalcohol
- lauryl alcohol
- low-alcohol
- methal
- methyl alcohol
- neopentyl alcohol
- no-alcohol
- nonalcohol
- nonalcoholic
- non-alcoholic
- -ol
- perillyl alcohol
- phenethyl alcohol
- polyalcohol
- polyhydric alcohol
- polyvinylalcohol
- polyvinyl alcohol
- prealcohol
- primary alcohol
- propargyl alcohol
- propyl alcohol
- rubbing alcohol
- secondary alcohol
- sugar alcohol
- sulfur alcohol
- sulphur alcohol
- tertiary alcohol
- thioalcohol
- unit of alcohol
- wood alcohol
- wood-alcohol
Descendants
[edit]- → Arabic: كُحُول (kuḥūl)
- → Korean: 알코올 (alkool), 알콜 (alkol)
- → Malay: alkohol
- → Swahili: alkoholi
- → Tok Pisin: alkohol
Translations
[edit]
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
References
[edit]- ^ “Etymology of Alcohol”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], 2008 December 31 (last accessed), archived from the original on 10 June 2011
- ^ Nicolae Sfetcu, Health & Drugs: Disease, Prescription & Medication (2014)
Asturian
[edit]Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcoholes)
Catalan
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): (Central) [əl.kuˈɔl]
- IPA(key): (Balearic) [əl.koˈɔl]
- IPA(key): (Valencia) [al.koˈɔl]
Audio: (file)
Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcohols)
Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “alcohol” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Dutch
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- alkohol (superseded)
Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin alcohol or Spanish alcohol, of Arabic origin.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcoholen)
- (countable, organic chemistry) alcohol (class of compounds)
- (uncountable) alcohol (ethanol specifically)
- De suikers worden omgezet in alcohol. ― The sugars are converted into alcohol.
- (uncountable) alcoholic beverages, collectively
- Synonym: drank
- Hyponym: sterke drank
- Hij zit iets te vaak aan de alcohol. ― He drinks alcoholic beverages a bit too often.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]French
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcohols)
Galician
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcohois)
Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “alcohol”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, since 2012
Interlingua
[edit]Noun
[edit]alcohol (uncountable)
- alcohol (ethanol)
Related terms
[edit]Latin
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥūl), اَلْقُحُول (al-quḥūl), earlier اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”). Ultimately from Akkadian.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈal.ko.hol/, [ˈäɫ̪ko(ɦ)ɔɫ̪]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈal.ko.ol/, [ˈälkoːl]
Noun
[edit]alcohol n (genitive alcoholis); third declension
- (Medieval Latin) kohl, collyrium, stibium
- (Medieval Latin) any other powder obtained from triturating a material
- alcohol ferrī ― rubbed file dust of iron
- (Medieval Latin) distilled essence, spirit
- (Medieval Latin) alcohol
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | alcohol | alcohola |
Genitive | alcoholis | alcoholum |
Dative | alcoholī | alcoholibus |
Accusative | alcohol | alcohola |
Ablative | alcohole | alcoholibus |
Vocative | alcohol | alcohola |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Albanian: alkool
- → Armenian: ալկոհոլ (alkohol)
- → Asturian: alcohol
- → Catalan: alcohol
- → Dutch: alcohol, alkohol
- → Esperanto: alkoholo
- → Ido: alkoholo
- → Old French: alcohol
- → Galician: alcohol
- → German: Alkohol (see there for further descendants)
- → Hebrew: אַלְכּוֹהוֹל
- → Interlingua: alcohol
- → Italian: alcool, alcol
- → Kazakh: алкоголь (alkogol)
- → Norwegian Bokmål: alkohol
- → Norwegian Nynorsk: alkohol
- → Portuguese: álcool
- → Romanian: alcool
- → Russian: алкоголь (alkogolʹ)
- → Serbo-Croatian: àlkohol/а̀лкохол
- → Slovak: alkohol
- → Slovene: alkohọ̑l
- → Ukrainian: алкоголь (alkoholʹ)
- → Spanish: alcohol
- → Basque: alkohol
References
[edit]- alcohol in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
Old French
[edit]Noun
[edit]alcohol oblique singular, m (oblique plural alcohous or alcohox or alcohols, nominative singular alcohous or alcohox or alcohols, nominative plural alcohol)
Descendants
[edit]- Middle French: alcohol
Romanian
[edit]Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcoholi)
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
nominative/accusative | (un) alcohol | alcoholul | (niște) alcoholi | alcoholii |
genitive/dative | (unui) alcohol | alcoholului | (unor) alcoholi | alcoholilor |
vocative | alcoholule | alcoholilor |
References
[edit]- alcohol in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN
Spanish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥū́l), from Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): (common) /alˈkol/ [alˈkol]
- IPA(key): (careful speech) /alkoˈol/ [al.koˈol]
- Rhymes: -ol
- Syllabification: al‧co‧hol
Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcoholes)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “alcohol”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From English alcohol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]alcohol m (plural alcoholau)
Derived terms
[edit]- alcoholaidd (“alcoholic”)
- alcoholig (“alcoholic”)
- alcoholiaeth (“alcoholism”)
- dialcohol (“alcohol-free”)
- heb alcohol (“alcohol-free”)
Related terms
[edit]- diod feddwol (“intoxicating drink”)
- diod gadarn (“strong drink”)
Mutation
[edit]Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
alcohol | unchanged | unchanged | halcohol |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “alcohol”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle French
- English terms derived from Spanish
- English terms derived from Medieval Latin
- English terms derived from Arabic
- English terms derived from Andalusian Arabic
- English terms derived from the Arabic root ك ح ل
- English doublets
- English 3-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- en:Organic compounds
- English colloquialisms
- English terms with quotations
- English terms with obsolete senses
- en:Alcoholic beverages
- en:Alcoholism
- Asturian lemmas
- Asturian nouns
- Asturian masculine nouns
- Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation
- Catalan terms with audio links
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan nouns
- Catalan countable nouns
- Catalan masculine nouns
- ca:Organic chemistry
- Catalan uncountable nouns
- Dutch terms borrowed from Latin
- Dutch terms derived from Latin
- Dutch terms borrowed from Spanish
- Dutch terms derived from Spanish
- Dutch terms derived from Arabic
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -en
- Dutch nouns with lengthened vowel in the plural
- Dutch masculine nouns
- Dutch countable nouns
- nl:Organic chemistry
- Dutch uncountable nouns
- Dutch terms with usage examples
- nl:Recreational drugs
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French nouns
- French countable nouns
- French masculine nouns
- French terms with rare senses
- Galician lemmas
- Galician nouns
- Galician countable nouns
- Galician masculine nouns
- Interlingua lemmas
- Interlingua nouns
- Latin terms borrowed from Andalusian Arabic
- Latin terms derived from Andalusian Arabic
- Latin terms derived from Akkadian
- Latin 3-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Latin nouns
- Latin third declension nouns
- Latin neuter nouns in the third declension
- Latin neuter nouns
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- Romanian lemmas
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- Spanish terms derived from Andalusian Arabic
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- Spanish 2-syllable words
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- Rhymes:Spanish/ol
- Rhymes:Spanish/ol/2 syllables
- Spanish 3-syllable words
- Rhymes:Spanish/ol/3 syllables
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish nouns
- Spanish countable nouns
- Spanish masculine nouns
- es:Minerals
- es:Cosmetics
- es:Alcoholism
- es:Organic chemistry
- es:Recreational drugs
- Welsh terms borrowed from English
- Welsh terms derived from English
- Welsh terms derived from Middle French
- Welsh terms derived from Spanish
- Welsh terms derived from Medieval Latin
- Welsh terms derived from Arabic
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh nouns
- Welsh countable nouns
- Welsh masculine nouns
- cy:Alcoholic beverages