脑化指数:修订间差异

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|[[宽吻海豚属]]||4.14<ref name=Marino>{{cite journal| last = Marino| first = Lori| title = Cetacean Brain Evolution: Multiplication Generates Complexity| journal = International Society for Comparative Psychology| issue = 17| pages = 1–16| publisher = The International Society for Comparative Psychology| year = 2004| url = http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/spackled/2005readings/CetaceanBrainEvolution.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 2010-08-29| author = | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916132752/http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/spackled/2005readings/CetaceanBrainEvolution.pdf| archive-date = 2018-09-16| dead-url = yes}}</ref>
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|[[虎鲸]]||2.57-3.3<ref name="Marino"/><ref name="Marino2006">{{cite journal |author= Marino, L. and Sol, D. and Toren, K. and Lefebvre, L. |year= 2006 |title= Does diving limit brain size in cetaceans? |journal= Marine Mammal Science |volume= 22 |issue= 2 |pages= 413–425 |url= http://biology.mcgill.ca/faculty/lefebvre/articles/Marinoetal_2006.pdf |doi= 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00042.x |access-date= 2011-05-18 |archive-date= 2011-10-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111001000214/http://biology.mcgill.ca/faculty/lefebvre/articles/Marinoetal_2006.pdf |dead-url= no }}</ref>
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|[[大象]]||1.13-2.36<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016 | last = Shoshani | first = Jeheskel | last2 = Kupsky | first2 = William J. | last3 = Marchant | first3 = Gary H.| title = Elephant brain Part I: Gross morphology, functions,comparative anatomy, and evolution | journal = Brain Research Bulletin | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 124–157 | date = 30 June | year = 2006 | pmid = 16782503}}</ref>
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'''脑化指数'''({{lang-en|Encephalization quotient, EQ}})是一个用来描述[[动物]][[大脑]]和[[身体]]比例关系的量,即真實[[腦容量]]和預期腦容量的[[比值]],可大致表示該動物的[[智力]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural Sciences 102: Lecture Notes: Emergence of Intelligence|author=G.Rieke|url=http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/intelligence.htm|accessdate=2011-02-12|archive-date=2014-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231070052/http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/intelligence.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 。
 
腦化指數和相似的[[腦部身體質量比]](脑容量與[[:en:Brain-to-body mass ratio|Brain-to-body mass ratio體重]],[[腦]]質量與身體質量的比值)比起來為較好的指標,因為它考慮了[[異速生長]]([[:en:Allometry|Allometry]])的因素。腦化指數的關係與公式只適用於[[哺乳類]],不適用於其他動物<ref name=Moore>Moore, J. (1999): [http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/courses/allometry/allometry.html Allometry] {{Wayback|url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/courses/allometry/allometry.html |date=20130807045627 }}, [[University of California]], San Diego</ref>。
'''脑化指数'''({{lang-en|Encephalization quotient, EQ}})是一个用来描述[[动物]][[大脑]]和[[身体]]比例关系的量,即真實[[腦容量]]和預期腦容量的[[比值]],可大致表示該動物的[[智力]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural Sciences 102: Lecture Notes: Emergence of Intelligence|author=G.Rieke|url=http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/intelligence.htm|accessdate=2011-02-12}}</ref> 。
 
腦化指數和相似的[[腦部身體質量比]]([[:en:Brain-to-body mass ratio|Brain-to-body mass ratio]],[[腦]]質量與身體質量的比值)比起來為較好的指標,因為它考慮了[[異速生長]]([[:en:Allometry|Allometry]])的因素。腦化指數的關係與公式只適用於[[哺乳類]],不適用於其他動物<ref name=Moore>Moore, J. (1999): [http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/courses/allometry/allometry.html Allometry], [[University of California]], San Diego</ref>。
 
==腦與身體的大小關係==
一般而言,動物[[腦]]的大小應隨身體變大而增大(呈[[正相關]]),體型較大的動物應有比小動物更大的腦部<ref name="brynmawr">{{Cite web |url=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/Int3.html |title=存档副本 |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67nOG8qPf?url=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/Int3.html |archive-date=2012-05-20 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。但這樣的關係不是[[線性]]的,小動物的腦部占身體的比例較大型動物為大,即擁有相對上較大的腦部,[[老鼠]]的腦部身體質量比為1/40(接近[[人類]]的比值),而[[大象]]雖智力甚高,其腦部身體質量比卻小的多,只有1/560.<ref name="brynmawr"/><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Hart
| first = B.L.
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| pages = 839–847
| publisher = Academic Press
| month = November | year = 2001
| url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/ar/2001/00000062/00000005/art01815
| accessdate = 2007-10-30
| doi = 10.1006/anbe.2001.1815 }}</ref> 。
| monthdate = November | year = 2001
| archive-date = 2010-01-07
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100107181503/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/ar/2001/00000062/00000005/art01815
| dead-url = no
}}</ref> 。
 
導致這種趨勢的原因有很多,其中之一可能是[[神經元]]的大小固定,當動物的腦部變大時,神經元的增加導致腦部增加的比例較身體其他部分的增加為少,這種現象引入了「頭部集中化指數」(cephalization factor);'''''E = CS<sup>2</sup>''''',其中E與S分別是身體與腦部的質量,而C是頭部集中化指數。但只考慮身體和腦部的關係是不夠的,應同時考慮動物全身的大小,
 
==参考资料==
{{reflist}}
 
{{動物認知}}
 
[[分类:神经科学]]
[[分类:质量]]
[[Category:脑]]
 
[[da:Encefaliseringskoefficient]]
[[de:Enzephalisationsquotient]]
[[en:Encephalization quotient]]
[[es:Cociente de encefalización]]
[[it:Quoziente di Encefalizzazione]]
[[nl:Encefalisatiequotiënt]]
[[ja:脳化指数]]
[[pl:Współczynnik encefalizacji]]
[[ru:Коэффициент энцефализации]]