捕食:修订间差异
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[[File:Hawk eating prey.jpg|thumb|300px|right|一隻捕食[[田鼠]]的[[紅尾
'''捕食'''({{lang-en|predation}}),或稱'''獵食'''或'''掠食''',是[[生態學]]中一種[[种间关系|生物互動]]方式。
[[弱肉强食]]是[[生态环境]]里的常见的[[物种]][[竞争 (生物学)|竞争]]方式,许多捕食者自己也会成为其它更大更强的生物所捕食的猎物,形成一条多环节相互依次捕食的[[食物链]]。而处于[[生态塔]]最顶端的捕食者称为'''[[顶级掠食者]]'''(apex predator)或'''超级掠食者'''(superpredator),通常是体型最大、体能最强、习性最凶猛的[[食肉动物]]。虽然捕食通常都是[[暴力]]的,但在進食或行動的過程裡,捕食者不一定會马上殺死牠們的獵物。
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==== 伏击捕食 ====
[[File:Sydney-brown-trapdoor-spider 002.jpg|thumb|一只悉尼棕色暗门蛛(''Arbanitis rapax'')隐藏在洞穴内等待猎物]]
伏击捕食者(ambush predator)通常利用[[伪装 (动物学)|伪装]]([[保护色|迷彩]]和[[拟态]])和隐蔽性(利用低光环境、或藏于周边的[[洞穴]]、[[植被]]和[[水体]]内)来缩短与猎物之间的距离(被动等待猎物靠近、用诱饵吸引猎物<ref name="MooreBiewener2015">{{cite journal | last1=Moore | first1=Talia Y. | last2=Biewener | first2=Andrew A. | title=Outrun or Outmaneuver: Predator–Prey Interactions as a Model System for Integrating Biomechanical Studies in a Broader Ecological and Evolutionary Context | journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology | date=2015 | doi=10.1093/icb/icv074 | url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/25858000/MooreICB2015_Preprint.pdf?sequence=1 | pmid=26117833 | volume=55 | issue=6 | pages=1188–97 | doi-access=free | access-date=2021-10-19 | archive-date=2021-10-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019064956/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/25858000/MooreICB2015_Preprint.pdf?sequence=1 | dead-url=no }}</ref>、或悄悄主动靠近猎物),然后出其不意的突然发动爆发式攻击在短时间内擒杀目标<ref name=deVries>{{cite journal |author=deVries, M. S. |author2=Murphy, E. A. K. |author3=Patek S. N. |title=Strike mechanics of an ambush predator: the spearing mantis shrimp |year=2012 |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=215 |issue=Pt 24 |pages=4374–4384 |doi=10.1242/jeb.075317 |pmid=23175528|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/>。绝大多数[[食肉动物|肉食性]]的[[无脊椎动物]](包括[[螳螂]]、[[蜘蛛]]、[[蝎子]]、[[有爪动物]]、[[虾蛄]]、[[博比特虫]]、[[水母]]等)都是伏击捕食者 <ref name=deVries/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Liphistius |title=Trapdoor spiders |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101004738/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Liphistius |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_trapdoor_spider.php |access-date=12 December 2014 |title=Trapdoor spider |publisher=Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum |year=2014 |archive-date=2021-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103111017/http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_trapdoor_spider.php |dead-url=no }}</ref>,而[[脊椎动物]]中部分[[鱼类]](比如[[扁鲨]]、[[狗鱼]]、[[梭鱼]]、[[鳗鱼]]、[[鮟鱇]]和[[拟蟾鱼]]等<ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/><ref name="WhosWho">{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?pid=1&id=87&cid=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518235841/http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?pid=1&id=87&cid=8 |archive-date=18 May 2007 |title=Cougar |website=Hinterland Who's Who |access-date=22 May 2007 |publisher=[[Canadian Wildlife Service]] and [[Canadian Wildlife Federation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pikes (Esocidae) |url=https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/fw-pikes.pdf |publisher=Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=2021-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317141157/https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/fw-pikes.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=fishes>{{cite web |last1=Bray |first1=Dianne |title=Eastern Frogfish, Batrachomoeus dubius |url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/2835 |website=Fishes of Australia |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914181407/http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/2835 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>)、[[蛙类]]、[[爬行动物]]([[鳄类]]、[[蛇类]]、一些[[蜥蜴]]等)以及一些陆生[[哺乳动物]](比如大部分[[猫科动物]]和[[熊]]类)也都采用伏击捕食。大部分伏击捕食者是单独行动的[[投機主義#生物机会主义|投机主义者]],其中一些有较强的[[领域 (动物)|领地]]意识。
==== 截击捕食 ====
[[File:Chameleon gab fbi.png|thumb|[[变色龙]]使用弹出的舌头攻击猎物]]
[[File:Archer fish shooting at prey.ogv|thumb|[[射水鱼]]喷击目标]]
截击捕食者(interception predator)与伏击捕食者有些相似,都喜欢静静等待猎物出现。但与伏击捕食者不同的是,截击捕食者会
[[晚期智人|晚期]]和[[现代人|现代人类]][[猎手]]通常使用[[远射武器]]([[枪械]]、[[弓]][[弩]]、[[弹弓]],[[机弦]]、[[标枪]]等)捕杀[[猎物]],因此也可以算是一种截击捕食者。
==== 追击捕食 ====
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[[File:Humpback lunge feeding.jpg|thumb|一对[[座头鲸]]惊醒冲刺式进食]]
有一种特殊的追击捕猎法是[[须鲸]]的冲刺式进食(lunge feeding)。这些大型海洋哺乳动物主要以[[浮游生物]](特别是[[磷虾]])为食,会根随浮游生物群的密度主动进行潜浮和游动,在追上目标后大张嘴连虾带水一同吞下,然后通过[[鲸须]]板将水滤出<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Goldbogen | first1=J. A. | last2=Calambokidis | first2=J. | last3=Shadwick | first3=R. E. | last4=Oleson | first4=E. M. | last5=McDonald | first5=M. A. | last6=Hildebrand | first6=J. A. | year=2006 | title=Kinematics of foraging dives and lunge-feeding in fin whales | url=http://cetus.ucsd.edu/Publications/Publications/GoldbogenJEB2006.pdf | journal=Journal of Experimental Biology | volume=209 | issue=7 | pages=1231–1244 | doi=10.1242/jeb.02135 | pmid=16547295 | s2cid=17923052 | doi-access=free | access-date=2021-10-19 | archive-date=2011-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092318/http://cetus.ucsd.edu/Publications/Publications/GoldbogenJEB2006.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jon G. |last1=Sanders |first2=Annabel C. |last2= Beichman |first3=Joe |last3=Roman |first4=Jarrod J. |last4=Scott |first5=David |last5=Emerson |first6=James J. |last6=McCarthy |first7=Peter R. |last7=Girguis |year=2015 |title=Baleen whales host a unique gut microbiome with similarities to both carnivores and herbivores |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |pages=8285 | doi=10.1038/ncomms9285 |pmid=26393325 |pmc=4595633 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.8285S}}</ref>。
===== 耐力捕
[[File:Wild Dog Kruger National Park South Africa.jpg|thumb|[[非洲野犬]]是一种用耐力追击的捕食者]]
另外一种比较特殊的追击捕猎方式是耐力捕猎(endurance
==== 蛋捕食 ====
蛋捕食(ovivory)或卵捕食即食蛋行为,指动物主动寻找并食用其它[[卵生动物]]尚未孵化的[[卵]]/[[蛋]]内[[胚胎]]的行为,通常形式是捕食者在目标的繁殖季趁着[[成体]]动物不在场的情况下盗食留在[[巢穴]]或[[产卵]]地范围内没有任何保护的卵。因为每个卵都是一个尚处无移动能力的特定[[生物生命周期|生命周期]]的动物个体,所以食卵可以算是一种乘虚而入的捕食行为。
食卵行为在动物界并不罕见,在[[节肢动物]]、[[鱼类]]、[[爬行类]](特别是[[蛇类]])、[[鸟类]]和[[哺乳类]]中都有存在,总体来说会降低受害物种的[[演化]][[适应度]]<ref name="Hanssen Erikstad 2012"/>。许多[[入侵物种]]造成的[[原生种|本地物种]][[濒危]]也是通过食卵造成的。
=== 依捕食機制分類 ===
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=== 特化程度 ===
許多捕食者特化成只獵捕單一物種的獵物,其他則可能會殺害並吃掉任何對象。特化的物種通常適應於獵取特定的獵物,而這些獵物也通常會特化成善於逃離這些捕食者,這種現象稱為
== 另见 ==
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{{feeding}}
{{生物相互作用}}
{{Death and related topics}}
{{模型化生态系统}}
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