大衛·勞合·喬治：修订间差异

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{{Multi-word family name|勞合·喬治|喬治}}

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劳合·乔治在[[第一次世界大战]]期间领导[[大英帝国]]击败[[德意志帝国]]及其盟友，这是他做过的事情当中，最为人所知的一件。他是[[巴黎和会 (1919年)|巴黎和会]]的主要与会者之一。劳合·乔治是20世纪的[[自由主义]]的标志，被认为是福利国家的创始人。历史学家认为他是20世纪的[[英国首相]]中，对英国公众生活影响最大的一位，因为他在一次大战期间领导英国，在一次大战后重塑欧洲，在一次大战前引入社会福利制度。<ref>Martin Pugh, "Lloyd George," in John Cannon, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to British History,'' (2002) 583–5</ref>

 

== 早年 ==

 

 

== 事務律師 ==

[[1885年英国大选|1885年大选]]期间，他受到[[约瑟夫·张伯伦]]的主张「未經批准計劃」(Unauthorised programme)吸引，为[[自由党 (英国)|自由党]]拉票助选。选举结果是，无论是自由党还是[[保守党 (英国)|保守党]]都没有取得多数席位，力量平衡取决于[[爱尔兰国会党]]（Irish Parliamentary Party）。[[威廉·格莱斯顿]]宣布支持爱尔兰自治，争取爱尔兰国会党支持，但遭到约瑟夫·张伯伦的反对，张伯伦最后退出自由党，另组[[自由统一党]]（Liberal Unionist Party）。劳合·乔治不太确定自己的意向，没有即时决定支持哪一派。在地方的自由党俱乐部上，他决定支持张伯伦。劳合·乔治前往[[伯明翰]]，参加张伯伦的集会，但他计错时间，过早抵达伯明翰。后来，他说张伯伦的计划在1866年是正确的，在今天也是正确的，比起自由党官方的、[[辉格党 (英国)|辉格党]]式的主张，他更喜欢张伯伦的“Unauthorised programme”。张伯伦的其他主张，如在威尔士进行土地改革，推行政教分离运动，化解民间怨气，也争取到劳合·乔治和其他威尔士政治家的支持。

 

 

1889年，劳合·乔治入选卡那封郡（Caernarfonshire）[[郡议会]]（County Council）。他企图效仿爱尔兰国会党，创办一个威尔士民族党，并联合南北威尔士的自由主义组织。

 

== 议员 ==

 

當時，下議院的後座議員并不受薪，所以，劳合·乔治要继续担任事務律師。他在伦敦开了一间律师行，叫Lloyd George and Co.，而他亦继续经营在Criccieth的律师行。1897年，Arthur Rhys Roberts（后为Official Solicitor）入伙劳合·乔治的律师行，律师行改名为Lloyd George, Roberts and Co.。

 

=== 法令 ===

 

=== 大戰 ===

 

== 首相 ==

=== 戰時 ===

随着阿斯奎斯倒台，自由党内部分成两派：一派仍然支持阿斯奎斯，另一派则支持组成联合政府。劳合·乔治因为受到保守党及联合统一党人支持，所以招来不少批评。他在回忆录“War Memoirs”里，把阿斯奎斯拿来和自己比较：

老人退休金被政府增加一倍。政府又促进退伍军人重新就业，建立委员会仲裁劳资纠纷。<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=k3o9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75&dq=Trades+Boards+Act+of+1918#v=onepage&q=Trades%20Boards%20Act%20of%201918&f=false | title = Women at Work: A Brief Introduction to Trade Unionism for Women | author1 = Hamilton | first1 = Mary Agnes | year = 1941}}</ref>1919年，政府建立卫生部（Ministry of Health），对公共卫生作出巨大贡献。<ref name="ReferenceB"/>1920年农业法令（Agricultural Act of 1920）保障佃农在租金方面的权益，<ref name="ReferenceA"/>而1921年失业工人家属法令（Unemployed Workers' Dependants Act of 1921）则向失业工人的家属提供资金援助。<ref>''Britain Between The Wars 1918–1940'' by Charles Loch Mowat</ref>女性、年轻人及儿童雇佣法令（Employment of Women, Young Persons and Children Act）禁止铁路、运输、建筑、制造、采矿行业雇佣还在接受强迫教育的年轻人。法令同时禁止船只雇佣儿童充当船员。<ref>Social Services: Made Simple by Tony Byrne, BA, BSc(Econ.), and Colin F. Padfield, LLB, DPA(Lond)</ref>

 

 

==== 爱尔兰 ====

== 来源 ==

{{refbegin|2}}

* Adams, R.J.Q. "Andrew Bonar Law and the Fall of the Asquith Coalition: the December 1916 Cabinet Crisis." ''Canadian Journal of History'' 1997 32(2): 185–200. Issn: 0008-4107 Fulltext: in Ebsco

* Adams, W.S. "Lloyd George and the Labour Movement," ''Past and Present'' No. 3 (Feb., 1953), pp.&nbsp;55–64 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28195302%290%3A3%3C55%3ALGATLM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]

* Lord Beaverbrook. ''The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George'' Collins, 1963

* Cregier, Don M. "The Murder of the British Liberal Party," ''The History Teacher'' Vol. 3, No. 4 (May, 1970), pp.&nbsp;27–36 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2745%28197005%293%3A4%3C27%3ATMOTBL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D online edition], blames Asquith, Lloyd George and the voters

* Creiger, Don M. ''Bounder from Wales: Lloyd George's Career Before the First World War''. U of Missouri Press, 1976.

* Ehrman, John. "Lloyd George and Churchill as War Ministers," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 5th Ser., Vol. 11 (1961), pp.&nbsp;101–115 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4401%281961%295%3A11%3C101%3ALGACAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]

* French, David. ''The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916–1918''. Oxford University Press, 1995

* Fry, Michael G. ''Lloyd George and Foreign Policy. Vol. 1: The Education of a Statesman: 1890–1916''. Montreal, 1977.

* Grigg, John. ''Lloyd George'' 4 vols. (1973–2002), Whitbread Award winner; the most detailed biography; ends Nov. 1918

* Hankey, Lord. ''The Supreme Command, 1914–1918''. 2 vols. 1961.

* Hazlehurst, Cameron. "Asquith as Prime Minister, 1908–1916," ''The English Historical Review'' Vol. 85, No. 336 (Jul., 1970), pp.&nbsp;502–531 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8266%28197007%2985%3A336%3C502%3AAAPM1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]

*Kernek, Sterling J. "Distractions of Peace during War: The Lloyd George Government's Reactions to Woodrow Wilson, December, 1916-November, 1918," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,'' New Ser., Vol. 65, No. 2 (1975), pp.&nbsp;1–117 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0065-9746(1975)2%3A65%3A2%3C1%3ADOPDWT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E online edition]

* MacMillan, Margaret. ''Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War'' (2003)

* Millman, Brock. "A Counsel of Despair: British Strategy and War Aims, 1917–18." ''Journal of Contemporary History''2001 36(2): 241–270. Issn: 0022-0094 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0094%28200104%2936%3A2%3C241%3AACODBS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X in Jstor]

* Morgan, Kenneth O. ''Lloyd George''. 1974.

* Morgan, Kenneth O. "Lloyd George's Premiership: A Study in 'Prime Ministerial Government.'" ''The Historical Journal'' 13 (March 1970). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637826 in JSTOR] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637826 |date=20210204070846 }}

* Murray, Bruce K. "The Politics of the 'People's Budget'", ''The Historical Journal'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1973), pp.&nbsp;555–570 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-246X%28197309%2916%3A3%3C555%3ATPOT%27B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]

* Owen, Frank. ''Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times'' 1955.

* Price, Emyr. ''David Lloyd George'' in the series Celtic Radicals, (University of Wales Press, 2006)

* Purcell, Hugh. ''Lloyd George'' in the series British prime ministers (Haus publications, 2006)

* Johnson, Matthew. "The Liberal War Committee and the Liberal Advocacy of Conscription in Britain, 1914–1916," ''Historical Journal,'' Vol. 51, No. 2 (Jun., 2008), pp.&nbsp;399–420 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20175167 in JSTOR] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20175167 |date=20220415201018 }}

* Jones, Thomas. ''Lloyd George'' 1951. short and well-regarded [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24159597 online edition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24159597 |date=20120627214813 }}

* Morgan, Kenneth O. "George, David Lloyd, first Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (1863–1945)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', 2004; [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34570, online]

* Murray, B. K. ''The People's Budget, 1909–1910: Lloyd George and Liberal politics'' (Oxford University Press 1980)

* Rowland, Peter. ''David Lloyd George: A Biography'' (1976), 872pp, detailed but lacking interpretation or synthesis

* Taylor, A. J. P. ''Lloyd George: rise and fall'' (1961)

{{refend}}

* Lloyd George, David, ''War Memoirs of David Lloyd George''. 2 vols. (1933). An unusually long, detailed and candid record.

* Lloyd George, David. ''The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered During the War'' (1918) 307 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=hQ4gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=inauthor:lloyd+inauthor:george&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=UCvnxTp6BIxRI5PEUT7NNxLGyPI online edition] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hQ4gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=inauthor:lloyd+inauthor:george&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=UCvnxTp6BIxRI5PEUT7NNxLGyPI |date=20160618233449 }}

* Morgan, Kenneth O. ed. ''Lloyd George Family Letters, 1885–1936''. 1973.

* Taylor, A. J. P. ed. ''My Darling Pussy: The Letters of Lloyd George and Frances Stevenson''. 1975.

{{英國首相}}

{{英國財政大臣}}

{{德威弗爾的勞合喬治伯爵}}

{{Authority control}}

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd George, David}}

[[Category:梅德洛克河畔乔尔顿人]]

[[Category:1919年巴黎和会出席者]]

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[[Category:英国战争大臣]]