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机器人:转换英文日期
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倫敦附近的斯旺斯孔布(Swanscombe)曾經發現四十萬年前的舊石器時期人類化石。考古界稱為斯旺斯孔布人(Swanscombe Man)。
 
最近的两项发现表明在泰晤士河伦敦地区非常早便有人定居。1999年,一座[[青铜时代]]桥梁的遗迹在[[沃克斯霍尔桥]]北部河滩上被发现<ref name="Denison">{{cite journal |last=Denison |first=Simon |title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall |journal=British Archaeology |date=July 1999-07 |issue=46 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html |accessdate=2011-04-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。这一桥梁可能跨越泰晤士河,亦可能连接一座至今已不存在的河中岛屿。树木学研究可将其木料追溯至公元前1500年<ref name="Denison"/>。2010年,一座大型木质结构的地基在沃克斯霍尔桥南部的泰晤士河河滩上被发现,可追溯至公元前4500年<ref name="Milne">{{cite web |last=Milne |first=Gustav |title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure! |url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall |work=Frog Blog |publisher=Thames Discovery Programme |accessdate=2011-04-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。这一中石器时代结构的功能至今尚不明确。两个建筑都位于南岸的一个天然跨河点,在此{{le|埃夫拉河|River Effra}}注入泰晤士河<ref name="Milne"/>。
 
===罗马伦敦===
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{{Main|伦敦地方政府|伦敦地方政府历史|伦敦政府首长列表}}
伦敦的行政管理分为两个级别——全市范围的战略性级别和地方级别。全市范围的行政由[[大伦敦政府]]进行协调,而地方行政则由33个较小的政府执行<ref name=london_032>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/ |title=About the Greater London Authority |publisher=London Government |accessdate=2008-09-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。大伦敦政府包括两个选举产生的机构:[[伦敦市长 (大伦敦)|伦敦市长]],拥有行政权力;[[伦敦议会]](London Assembly),负责监督市长的决策并有权批准或否决每年市长的预算提案。
大伦敦政府的总部位于[[萨瑟克]]的[[倫敦市政廳 (南華克)|市政厅]],伦敦市长为[[萨迪克·汗]]。市长的法定规划方案称《[[伦敦规划]]》(London Plan),最新的一份伦敦计划于2016年3月制定,2017年1月出版<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/london-plan/current-london-plan |title=The current London Plan |website=London Assembly |date=January 2017-01 |author=Mayor of London |accessdate=2017-04-22 |archive-date=2020-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210230903/https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/london-plan/current-london-plan |dead-url=no }} [https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2016_jan_2017_fix.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2016_jan_2017_fix.pdf |date=20170423062539 }}</ref>。伦敦的地方政府为32个[[伦敦自治市]]的议会以及[[伦敦市法团]](City of London Corporation)<ref name=london_035>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp |title=Links to other websites&nbsp;— London boroughs |publisher=London Government |accessdate=2008-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp |archivedate=2007-10-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>,负责大多数地方服务機構,例如地方规划、学校、[[社会工作|社会服务]]、地方道路和垃圾收集。诸如{{le|伦敦废品处理机构|Waste disposal authorities in London|废品处理}}这类的功能则时常联合执行。2009年–2010年,伦敦各地方政府及大伦敦政府的总支出略多于£220亿(地方政府:£147亿;大伦敦政府:£74亿)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-05-21 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114050414/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
 
大伦敦的执法机构(除[[伦敦城]]外)为[[伦敦警察厅]],由市长通过{{le|市长警务和犯罪问题办公室|Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime}}(Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime;MOPAC)进行监督<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title=About MOPAC |publisher=Greater London Authority |accessdate=2013-05-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411075040/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |archivedate=2013-04-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title= MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date= 2012-05-22 |accessdate= 2013-05-04 |archive-date= 2020-09-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200925132310/http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |dead-url= no }}</ref>。伦敦城拥有自己的警隊,即[[伦敦市警察]]<ref name="Policing">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater London Authority |accessdate=2009-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。{{le|英国交通警察|British Transport Police}}(British Transport Police)负责为[[英国全国铁路|全国铁路]]和[[伦敦地铁]]提供警务<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title=Areas |publisher=British Transport Police |accessdate=2009-08-25 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
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在伦敦内,[[伦敦城]]和[[西敏市|威斯敏斯特市]]具有[[英国城市地位|城市地位]],同时伦敦城和大伦敦的剩余地区都为[[英格兰的名誉郡|名誉郡]]<ref name=london_049>{{cite web |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1 |title=Lieutenancies Act 1997 |publisher=OPSI |accessdate=2008-06-07 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。[[英格兰的都会郡和非都会郡#大倫敦|大伦敦]]如今囊括过去属于[[米德塞克斯]]、[[肯特郡|肯特]]、[[萨里郡|萨里]]、[[埃塞克斯郡|埃塞克斯]]及[[赫特福德郡|赫特福德]]{{le|英格兰的历史郡|Historic counties of England|历史郡}}的一些地区<ref name=london_050>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl/page/n363 346]|ref=harv}}</ref>。伦敦作为英格兰及后来英国首都的地位从未得到[[法规|法令]]或其他书面形式上的正式确认{{refn|根据《柯林斯英语词典》对“政府所在地”(the seat of government)的定义<ref name=london_061>(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.</ref>,由于英格兰没有自己的政府,因此伦敦不是英格兰的首都。根据《牛津英文参考词典》对“最重要城镇”(the most important town)的定义<ref name=london_062>''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.</ref>和其他机构的定义<ref name=london_063>"HC 501 0304.PDF" (PDF). Parliament Publications</ref>则是如此。|group=注}}
 
伦敦的地位是根据[[宪法惯例]]形成的,由此使其成为不成文[[英国宪法]]之下的实际首都。英格兰的首都原位于[[温彻斯特]],而在12世纪和13世纪[[威斯敏斯特宫]]逐渐发展成为[[朝廷|宫廷]]的永久所在地,由此首都也迁移至伦敦,使之成为全国的政治首都<ref name=london_060>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999-06 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=2008-05-06 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no |journal= }}</ref>。近年大伦敦亦定义为一个[[區域 (英格蘭)|英格蘭大区]],在这一语境之下亦可直称为“伦敦”<ref name=region/>。
 
===地形===
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===气候===
{{main|倫敦氣候}}
与全英国南部相似,伦敦为温和的[[海洋性气候]]([[柯本气候分类法]]:Cfb)。虽有多雨之名,伦敦本身的年降雨量({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}})却要小于[[罗马]]、[[波尔多]]、[[图卢兹]]、[[那不勒斯]]甚至[[悉尼]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au|accessdate=2015-05-22|archive-date=2014-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015135126/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=2006-10-05 |accessdate=2013-05-04 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145214/http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013-05}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ |date=20170711210930 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm |date=20161107131628 }} 18 November 2011</ref>。全伦敦的极端气温高至2003年8月邱园的{{convert|38.1|°C|°F|1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1256/wea.10.04B/pdf|title=August 2003 weather|accessdate=2012-09-18|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104050856/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1256/wea.10.04B/pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>,低至1962年1月诺索尔特的{{convert|-16.1|°C|°F|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm |title=January 1962 weather |accessdate=2012-09-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm |archivedate=2015-09-03 }}</ref>。
[[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|left|夏季平均日间气温在22°C至26°C之间。高达38°C的气温历史上曾有记载,但不常见]]
伦敦夏季通常温暖,时而炎热,七月平均最高温度为{{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}。每年平均有31日最高气温高于{{convert|25|°C|°F|1}},4.2日最高气温高于{{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}}。[[2003年欧洲热浪]]期间有连续14日最高气温高于{{convert|30|°C|°F|1}},连续两日气温达{{convert|38|°C|°F|1}},导致数百人因相关原因丧生<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=2005-07-01|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558|access-date=2015-05-22|archive-date=2017-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703142637/http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558|dead-url=no}}</ref>。冬季通常湿冷,气温变化较小。降雪时有发生,对交通会产生一定影响。春季和夏季气候相近,较为怡人。作为大城市,伦敦受[[热岛效应]]影响显著<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf |title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers |publisher=Greater London Authority |date=October 2006-10 |accessdate=2015-04-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf |archivedate=2012-08-16 }}</ref>,市中心气温有时比郊区要高出{{convert|5|C-change|0|}}。在下表中,这一效应可由伦敦希思罗机场(伦敦以西15英里)同伦敦气候中心(伦敦中部)的比较中看出<ref>{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=2015-05-16|accessdate=2015-05-22|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128082055/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
 
{{Weather box
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随着工业化的进程,伦敦的人口在19世纪至20世纪初迅速增长;在19世纪末和20世纪初的一段时间内,伦敦是世界上人口最多的城市,直至1925年被[[纽约]]超越。1939年第二次世界大战爆发前伦敦的人口为8,615,245,而到2001年人口普查时则下跌至7,192,091。然而在此后伦敦人口再次增长,至2011年人口普查时这一数字为8,173,941。
 
若将大伦敦边界外的市区计算在内,伦敦的人口在2011年则为9,787,426<ref name="urbanpopulation"/>,而[[倫敦通勤帶|都会区]]的人口根据计算方式不同则在1200万至1400万之间<ref name=metro_area_1>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=The Principal Agglomerations of the World |work=City Population |accessdate=2009-03-03 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archivedate=2010-07-24 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref name=metro2>{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=2010-02-22 |date=March 2007-03 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |archivedate=2015-09-24 }}</ref>。根据[[欧洲统计局]]数据,伦敦是欧盟人口最多的城市和都会区,在全欧洲则排名第二(若将[[伊斯坦布尔]]计算在内则为第三)。1991年至2001年间,伦敦的净移民数量为726,000<ref name="Immigration">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=2005-04-10 |work=The Times |accessdate=2009-08-08 |location=London |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718193104/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |dead-url=no }}{{subscription required}}</ref>。
 
这一区域的总面积为{{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}},人口密度为{{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=2010-05-03 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |archivedate=2011-04-27 }}</ref>,是任何[[英国NUTS|英国大区]]的至少十倍<ref name=london_087>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-24 |title=Population density of London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher=UK Statistics Authority |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2015-05-23 }}</ref>。从人口总量来看,伦敦是世界第19大城市和[[大都会区列表 (依人口排列)|第18大都会区]]。截至2014年,居住于伦敦的亿万富翁(英镑为单位)的数量为世界第一,共72人<ref name=Billionaires>{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=2014-05-11|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=2014-05-11|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126103834/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|dead-url=no}}</ref>。伦敦亦同东京和莫斯科并列为世界上最昂贵的城市之一<ref name=london_089>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2007-08-16 |date=2004-06-11 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。
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[[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[伦敦城]]是全球最大金融中心之一<ref name="Mastercard" /><ref name="forbes.com" />]]
 
伦敦贡献了英国大约20%的[[英国经济|GDP]]<ref name="London's place in economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City of London |accessdate=2008-03-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |archivedate=2006-05-25 }}</ref>(2005年合$4460亿);而[[倫敦通勤帶|伦敦都会区]]([[世界城市国内生产总值列表|欧洲最大]])则贡献了英国大约30%的GDP(2005年约合$6690亿)<ref name=london_109>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-24 |title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe |date=December 2002-12 |publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris Île-de-France Region |accessdate=2008-08-27 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。伦敦是全球最为显赫的金融中心之一,与纽约并列为国际金融最为重要之地<ref name="economist1">{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=2007-11-29 |location=London |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=2009-05-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=2007-09-13 |work=The Economist |location=London |accessdate=2009-05-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。
 
伦敦最大的产业为金融业,其金融出口对于英国的[[国际收支]]有很多影响。在2007年年中之前,有325,000人从业于金融服务业。伦敦有超过480家海外银行,为世界上最多。大伦敦超过85%(320万)的受雇佣人口在服务业中工作。由于其国际地位,[[2007年–2008年环球金融危机|2000年代末的金融危机]]对伦敦经济影响颇大,但至2010年其已恢复,新的监管措施开始实施,伦敦也收复了其经济上的失地,重新与纽约并驾齐驱<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2015-05-23 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926031303/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。伦敦城亦是[[英格兰银行]]、[[伦敦证券交易所]]和[[劳合社]]的所在地。
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[[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[金丝雀码头]]是欧洲最大的金融中心之一,亦是一些{{le|英国最高建筑列表|List of tallest buildings in the United Kingdom|英国最高的建筑}}的所在地]]
 
媒体企业多集中于伦敦,媒体发行行业则是伦敦第二具竞争力的产业<ref name=london_114>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005-11 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London |page=19 |accessdate=2006-06-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |archivedate=2006-05-25 }}</ref>。[[英国广播公司]]提供大量就业,而其他广播公司亦在伦敦设有总部。许多[[英国报刊列表|全国性报纸]]在伦敦进行编辑。伦敦还是重要的零售业中心,2010年其非食品零售量在全球居首,总支出近£642亿<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217 |title=London tops world cities spending league |accessdate=2011-04-29 |agency=Reuters |date=2011-02-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no |first=Mark |last=Potter }}</ref>。[[伦敦港]]为全英国第二大港,年吞吐量达4500万[[吨]]<ref name=handling/>。
 
伦敦有五个主要商业区:伦敦城、威斯敏斯特、金丝雀码头、卡姆登-伊斯灵顿和兰贝斯-萨瑟克。其重要性可由办公面积反映出来:2001年大伦敦的总办公面积为2700万平方米,而伦敦城的办公面积即达到800万平方米。伦敦一些地区的地价亦为世界最高<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=2008-02-19 | accessdate=2015-05-23 | archive-date=2016-03-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193540/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=2007-12-12 | accessdate=2015-05-23 | archive-date=2012-09-18 | archive-url=https://archive.is/20120918104419/http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>。
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[[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[伦敦希思罗机场]]是全英国乃至全欧洲最为繁忙的机场,亦是全世界国际客流量第二高的机场(图为{{le|伦敦希思罗机场5号航站楼|London Heathrow Terminal 5|5号航站楼}})]]
 
伦敦是重要的国际空中交通枢纽,亦拥有全世界范围最大的城市领空{{Citation needed|date=November 2014-11}}。八座机场在其名称中使用“伦敦”一词,但大多数交通量都经由其中六座。位于西伦敦[[希灵登区]]的[[伦敦希思罗机场]]是全球[[全球城市机场系统列表|国际交通量最高的机场]],亦是英国国家航空公司[[英国航空]]的重要枢纽机场<ref name=london_135>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=2008-04-27|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。2008年3月其第五个航站楼正式投入使用<ref name=london_137>{{cite web |url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm |title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 |publisher=TMC Ltd |accessdate=2008-04-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。原先有计划建造第三条跑道及第六座航站楼,但2010年5月12日这一计划为[[第一任卡梅伦政府|联合政府]]所取消<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=2010-05-12 |accessdate=2011-01-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。
 
一些[[低成本航空公司|廉价]]短程航班亦在伦敦南部[[西萨塞克斯郡]]的[[盖特威克机场]]起降<ref name=london_139>{{cite web |url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/ |title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport |publisher=BAA |accessdate=2008-04-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。
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[[西区 (伦敦)|西区]]是伦敦的娱乐中心,位于威斯敏斯特市内。其中心之一是[[莱斯特广场]],伦敦及全球电影首映时常在此举行,而另一中心则为[[皮卡迪利圆环]],大型电子广告牌遍布其中<ref name=london_160>{{cite web |url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/ |title=Piccadilly Lights |publisher=Land Securities |accessdate=2008-11-03 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。伦敦的许多[[西区剧院|剧院]]、电影院、酒吧、俱乐部和餐馆都在此处,其中西區劇院更與美國紐約百老匯戲院區齊名。此外此區还有[[伦敦唐人街|唐人街]](位于[[伦敦苏活区|苏活区]])以及东侧遍布特色商店的[[科文特花园]]。伦敦亦是[[安德鲁·劳埃德·韦伯]]的故乡,他的作品自20世纪末以来基本统治西区剧院的剧目<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=20170402203933 }} ''The New York Times''.. referred to Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the most commercially successful composer in history"</ref>。英国的[[皇家芭蕾舞团]]、{{le|英格兰国家芭蕾舞团|English National Ballet}}、{{le|皇家歌剧团|The Royal Opera}}和{{le|英格兰国家歌剧团|English National Opera}}都位于伦敦,在[[皇家歌剧院]]、[[伦敦大剧院]]、{{le|沙德勒之井剧院|}}和[[皇家阿尔伯特音乐厅]]进行演出,并在全国巡演<ref name="London's Concerts">{{cite web |url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls |title=Theatres and concert halls. |publisher=Your London |accessdate=2008-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls |archivedate=2008-01-24 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。
 
[[伊斯灵顿]]长{{convert|1|mi|km}}的上街由[[天使区 (伦敦)|天使区]]向北延伸,其中的酒吧和餐馆数量比英国任何一条街道都多<ref name=london_161>{{Cite journal |title=2001: Public houses |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses |accessdate=2008-06-04 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses |archivedate=2011-05-20 |deadurl=no |journal= }}</ref>。[[牛津街]]是全欧洲最繁忙的购物区,全长{{convert|1|mi|km}},是全英国最长的购物街,街中有诸多零售和[[百货商店]],包括世界闻名的[[Selfridges]][[旗舰|旗舰店]]<ref name=london_162>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp |publisher=[[The Londoner]] |title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team |date=September 2006-09 |accessdate=2007-06-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp |archivedate=2007-09-30 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |journal= }}</ref>。[[骑士桥]]位于西南部,其中的[[哈洛德百货公司|哈洛德]][[百货公司]]亦举世闻名。
[[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[莎士比亚环球剧场]]仿造原先的环球剧场,位于泰晤士河南岸]]
伦敦亦是[[薇薇安·魏斯伍德]]、[[约翰·加利亚诺]]、[[斯特拉·麦卡特尼]]、{{le|莫罗·伯拉尼克|Manolo Blahnik}}和[[周仰杰]]等设计师的根据地;其著名的艺术和时尚学院使之与[[巴黎]]、[[米兰]]、[[纽约]]一并成为国际时尚中心。伦敦多元的人口使其食物亦相当多样。[[红砖巷]](孟加拉餐馆)和唐人街(中国餐馆)均是重要的美食去处<ref name=london_163>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/ |title=Chinatown&nbsp;— Official website |publisher=Chinatown London |accessdate=2008-04-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>。