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囊虫病：修订间差异

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{{underconstruction}}
{{Infobox disease
{{Infobox disease
| Name = 囊虫病
| Name = 囊虫病
| Image = Neurocysticercosis.gif
| Image = Neurocysticercosis.gif
| Caption = Magnetic resonance image in a person with neurocysticercosis showing many cysts within the brain.
| Caption = Magnetic resonance image in a person with {{tsl|en|neurocysticercosis||neurocysticercosis}} showing many cysts within the brain.
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|69||b|65}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|69||b|65}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|123.1}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|123.1}}
第14行： 第15行：
| MeshID = D003551
| MeshID = D003551
}}
}}

'''Cysticercosis''' is a tissue [[感染]] caused by the [[幼体]] of the [[猪肉绦虫]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Larry S.|last2=Janovy Jr.|first2=John|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology|date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-07-302827-9|pages=348–351|edition=8th}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs376/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> People may have few or no symptoms for years.<ref name=Gar2002/><ref name=Garcia03/> In some cases, particularly in Asia, solid lumps of between one and two centimetres may develop under the skin.<ref name=WHO2013/> After months or years these lumps can become painful and swollen and then resolve.<ref name=Gar2002>{{cite journal |vauthors=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364377 |pmc=126865 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364377}}</ref><ref name=Garcia03/> A specific form called {{tsl|en|neurocysticercosis||neurocysticercosis}}, which affects the [[人腦]], can cause [[神經內科]] symptoms.<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> In [[发展中国家]] this is one of the most common causes of {{tsl|en|seizure||seizure}}s.<ref name=Garcia03/>


'''囊虫病'''（Cysticercosis）是由 [[猪肉绦虫]]（''Taenia solium''）的[[幼虫|幼体]]（囊尾幼虫）引起的组织[[感染]]。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Larry S.|last2=Janovy, Jr.|first2=John|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology|date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-07-302827-9|pages=348-351|edition=8}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs376/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> 病者可能会长时间无症状或症状很少，有些会在皮肤和肌肉形成1到2厘米的无痛硬结，如果脑部受到感染则会出现[[脑囊虫病|神经症状]]。<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=Gar2002>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364377 |pmc=126865 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364377}}</ref> 在数年或数月后这些结节可能会出现先疼痛及肿胀而随后消退的症状。<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> 在发展中国家里，囊虫病是最常见的[[抽搐发作]]病因之一。<ref name=Garcia03/>
'''囊虫病'''（Cysticercosis）是由 [[猪肉绦虫]]（''Taenia solium''）的[[幼虫|幼体]]（囊尾幼虫）引起的组织[[感染]]。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Larry S.|last2=Janovy, Jr.|first2=John|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology|date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-07-302827-9|pages=348-351|edition=8}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs376/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> 病者可能会长时间无症状或症状很少，有些会在皮肤和肌肉形成1到2厘米的无痛硬结，如果脑部受到感染则会出现[[脑囊虫病|神经症状]]。<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=Gar2002>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364377 |pmc=126865 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364377}}</ref> 在数年或数月后这些结节可能会出现先疼痛及肿胀而随后消退的症状。<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> 在发展中国家里，囊虫病是最常见的[[抽搐发作]]病因之一。<ref name=Garcia03/>


== 病因与诊断 ==
<!-- 病因与诊断 Cause and Diagnosis -->
Cysticercosis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water that has tapeworm eggs in it.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Among foods, uncooked vegetables are the major source.<ref name=WHO2013/> The tapeworm eggs are present in the [[糞便]] of a person infected with the adult worms, a condition known as {{tsl|en|taeniasis||taeniasis}}.<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/ |title=CDC - Cysticercosis}}</ref> Taeniasis, in the strict sense, is a different disease and is due to eating {{tsl|en|microbial cyst||cyst}}s in poorly cooked pork.<ref name=WHO2013/> People who live with someone with the tapeworm have a greater risk of getting cysticercosis.<ref name=CDC/> The diagnosis can be made by {{tsl|en|fine needle aspiration||aspiration}} of a cyst.<ref name=Garcia03/> Taking pictures of the brain with [[X射线计算机断层成像]] (CT) or [[核磁共振成像]] (MRI) are most useful for the diagnosis of disease in the brain.<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> An increased number of a type of [[白血球]], called [[嗜酸性粒細胞]], in the [[腦脊液]] and blood is also an indicator.<ref name=Garcia03/>
囊虫病通常由进食含有绦虫虫卵的食物或水引起，<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 最常见为未煮食过的菜蔬。<ref name=WHO2013/> 绦虫卵来自感染了成虫的病人，即[[绦虫病]]患者的[[粪便]]。<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/ |title=CDC - Cysticercosis}}</ref> 绦虫病区别于囊虫病，病因为进食了煮食不当的猪肉中的囊包。<ref name=WHO2013/> 与绦虫病患者共同生活者感染上囊虫病的几率会增高。<ref name=CDC/> 囊虫病可由 [[细针吸取|吸取]]包囊组织确诊。<ref name=Garcia03/> 通过[[计算机断层扫描]] (CT) 或 [[核磁共振影像]] (MRI) 为大脑造影是诊断脑部疾病的最有用的方式。<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> [[脑脊髓液]] 及血液中一种叫[[嗜酸性粒细胞]]的[[白细胞]] 计数增高也是指征之一。<ref name=Garcia03/>
囊虫病通常由进食含有绦虫虫卵的食物或水引起，<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 最常见为未煮食过的菜蔬。<ref name=WHO2013/> 绦虫卵来自感染了成虫的病人，即[[绦虫病]]患者的[[粪便]]。<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/ |title=CDC - Cysticercosis}}</ref> 绦虫病区别于囊虫病，病因为进食了煮食不当的猪肉中的囊包。<ref name=WHO2013/> 与绦虫病患者共同生活者感染上囊虫病的几率会增高。<ref name=CDC/> 囊虫病可由 [[细针吸取|吸取]]包囊组织确诊。<ref name=Garcia03/> 通过[[计算机断层扫描]] (CT) 或 [[核磁共振影像]] (MRI) 为大脑造影是诊断脑部疾病的最有用的方式。<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> [[脑脊髓液]] 及血液中一种叫[[嗜酸性粒细胞]]的[[白细胞]] 计数增高也是指征之一。<ref name=Garcia03/>


== 预防与治疗 ==
<!-- 预防与治疗 Prevention and Treatment -->
Infection can be effectively prevented by personal hygiene and {{tsl|en|sanitation||sanitation}}:<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> this includes cooking pork well, proper [[馬桶]]s and sanitary practices, and improved access to clean water.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Treating those with taeniasis is important to prevent spread.<ref name=WHO2013/> Treating the disease when it does not involve the nervous system may not be required.<ref name=Garcia03/> Treatment of those with neurocysticercosis may be with the medications [[吡喹酮]] or [[阿苯达唑]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> These may be required for long periods of time.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> [[甾體]]s, for anti-inflammation during treatment, and {{tsl|en|anti-seizure medications||anti-seizure medications}} may also be required.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Surgery is sometimes done to remove the cysts.<ref name=WHO2013/>
改善个人卫生及[[环境卫生]]可以有效地预防囊虫病。 <!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 这些措施包括将猪肉煮透、配备恰当的[[厕所]]，及干净的水源。<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 治疗绦虫病患者对预防囊虫病播散非常重要。<ref name=WHO2013/> 对没有神经系统症状者不一定要展开治疗，<ref name=Garcia03/> 脑囊虫病患者可以用[[吡硅酮]] 或 [[阿苯达挫]]等药物治疗，<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 疗程可能会较长。<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> 疗程中可能会用到[[类固醇]]以抗炎,也有可能会用到 [[抗癫痫药物]]，<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 有时也会手术切除包囊。<ref name=WHO2013/>
改善个人卫生及[[环境卫生]]可以有效地预防囊虫病。 <!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 这些措施包括将猪肉煮透、配备恰当的[[厕所]]，及干净的水源。<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 治疗绦虫病患者对预防囊虫病播散非常重要。<ref name=WHO2013/> 对没有神经系统症状者不一定要展开治疗，<ref name=Garcia03/> 脑囊虫病患者可以用[[吡硅酮]] 或 [[阿苯达挫]]等药物治疗，<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 疗程可能会较长。<!--<ref name=WHO2013/> --> 疗程中可能会用到[[类固醇]]以抗炎,也有可能会用到 [[抗癫痫药物]]，<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> 有时也会手术切除包囊。<ref name=WHO2013/>



== 流行病学 ==
<!-- 流行病学 Epidemiology -->
猪肉绦虫在亚洲、撒哈拉以南非洲及拉丁美洲尤为常见，<ref name=Garcia03>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH |title=''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9383 |pages=547–56 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12932389 |pmc=3103219 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)14117-7}}</ref> 据信感染率在某些区域高达25%，<ref name=Garcia03/> 但在发达国家很罕见。<ref name=Bob2014/> 猪肉绦虫在全世界引起的死亡病例从1990年的700例升高到2010年的约1200例。<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, ''et al.'' |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> 囊虫病在猪及牛群中也有发病但因为猪牛群的寿命不长，极少引起症状。<ref name=WHO2013/>人类囊虫病历史悠久，<ref name=Bob2014>{{cite journal |author=Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A, ''et al.'' |title=Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on ''Taenia solium'' |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=23 |pages=150–60 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24560729 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.be/retrieve/pii/S1567-1348(14)00053-7}}</ref> 是[[被忽略的热带疾病]]之一。<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref>
猪肉绦虫在亚洲、撒哈拉以南非洲及拉丁美洲尤为常见，<ref name=Garcia03>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH |title=''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9383 |pages=547–56 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12932389 |pmc=3103219 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)14117-7}}</ref> 据信感染率在某些区域高达25%，<ref name=Garcia03/> 但在发达国家很罕见。<ref name=Bob2014/> 猪肉绦虫在全世界引起的死亡病例从1990年的700例升高到2010年的约1200例。<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, ''et al.'' |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> 囊虫病在猪及牛群中也有发病但因为猪牛群的寿命不长，极少引起症状。<ref name=WHO2013/>人类囊虫病历史悠久，<ref name=Bob2014>{{cite journal |author=Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A, ''et al.'' |title=Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on ''Taenia solium'' |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=23 |pages=150–60 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24560729 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.be/retrieve/pii/S1567-1348(14)00053-7}}</ref> 是[[被忽略的热带疾病]]之一。<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref>

The pork tapeworm is particularly common in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America.<ref name=Garcia03>{{cite journal |vauthors=García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH |title=''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9383 |pages=547–56 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12932389 |pmc=3103219 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)14117-7}}</ref> In some areas it is believed that up to 25% of people are affected.<ref name=Garcia03/> In the developed world it is very uncommon.<ref name=Bob2014/> Worldwide as of 2010 it caused about 1,200 deaths, up from 700 in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Cysticercosis also affects pigs and cows but rarely causes symptoms as most do not live long enough.<ref name=WHO2013/> The disease has occurred in humans throughout history.<ref name=Bob2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A, et al. |title=Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on ''Taenia solium'' |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=23 |pages=150–60 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24560729 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567-1348(14)00053-7}}</ref> It is one of the [[被忽视热带病]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}


==参考文献==
==参考文献==
{{reflist}}
<references />


[[Category:蠕虫病]]
[[Category:蠕虫病]]

2017年3月3日 (五) 21:53的版本

囊虫病
Magnetic resonance image in a person with neurocysticercosis（英语：neurocysticercosis） showing many cysts within the brain.
类型絛蟲病、眼部疾病[*]、心脏病、皮膚病、小腸病變[*]、被忽视热带病、肌病[*]、中樞神經系統疾病、疾病
病因感染
分类和外部资源
醫學專科傳染病學
ICD-111F70
ICD-10B69
ICD-9-CM123.1
DiseasesDB3341
MedlinePlus000627
eMedicineemerg/119 med/494 ped/537
MeSHD003551
Orphanet1560
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

Cysticercosis is a tissue 感染 caused by the 幼体 of the 猪肉绦虫.[1][2] People may have few or no symptoms for years.[3][4] In some cases, particularly in Asia, solid lumps of between one and two centimetres may develop under the skin.[2] After months or years these lumps can become painful and swollen and then resolve.[3][4] A specific form called neurocysticercosis（英语：neurocysticercosis）, which affects the 人腦, can cause 神經內科 symptoms. In 发展中国家 this is one of the most common causes of seizure（英语：seizure）s.[4]

囊虫病（Cysticercosis）是由 猪肉绦虫（Taenia solium）的幼体（囊尾幼虫）引起的组织感染。[5][2] 病者可能会长时间无症状或症状很少，有些会在皮肤和肌肉形成1到2厘米的无痛硬结，如果脑部受到感染则会出现神经症状。[4][3] 在数年或数月后这些结节可能会出现先疼痛及肿胀而随后消退的症状。 在发展中国家里，囊虫病是最常见的抽搐发作病因之一。[4]

Cysticercosis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water that has tapeworm eggs in it. Among foods, uncooked vegetables are the major source.[2] The tapeworm eggs are present in the 糞便 of a person infected with the adult worms, a condition known as taeniasis（英语：taeniasis）.[4][6] Taeniasis, in the strict sense, is a different disease and is due to eating cyst（英语：microbial cyst）s in poorly cooked pork.[2] People who live with someone with the tapeworm have a greater risk of getting cysticercosis.[6] The diagnosis can be made by aspiration（英语：fine needle aspiration） of a cyst.[4] Taking pictures of the brain with X射线计算机断层成像 (CT) or 核磁共振成像 (MRI) are most useful for the diagnosis of disease in the brain. An increased number of a type of 白血球, called 嗜酸性粒細胞, in the 腦脊液 and blood is also an indicator.[4] 囊虫病通常由进食含有绦虫虫卵的食物或水引起， 最常见为未煮食过的菜蔬。[2] 绦虫卵来自感染了成虫的病人，即绦虫病患者的粪便。[4][6] 绦虫病区别于囊虫病，病因为进食了煮食不当的猪肉中的囊包。[2] 与绦虫病患者共同生活者感染上囊虫病的几率会增高。[6] 囊虫病可由 吸取包囊组织确诊。[4] 通过计算机断层扫描 (CT) 或 核磁共振影像 (MRI) 为大脑造影是诊断脑部疾病的最有用的方式。 脑脊髓液 及血液中一种叫嗜酸性粒细胞的白细胞 计数增高也是指征之一。[4]

Infection can be effectively prevented by personal hygiene and sanitation（英语：sanitation）: this includes cooking pork well, proper 馬桶s and sanitary practices, and improved access to clean water. Treating those with taeniasis is important to prevent spread.[2] Treating the disease when it does not involve the nervous system may not be required.[4] Treatment of those with neurocysticercosis may be with the medications 吡喹酮 or 阿苯达唑. These may be required for long periods of time. 甾體s, for anti-inflammation during treatment, and anti-seizure medications（英语：anti-seizure medications） may also be required. Surgery is sometimes done to remove the cysts.[2] 改善个人卫生及环境卫生可以有效地预防囊虫病。 这些措施包括将猪肉煮透、配备恰当的厕所，及干净的水源。 治疗绦虫病患者对预防囊虫病播散非常重要。[2] 对没有神经系统症状者不一定要展开治疗，[4] 脑囊虫病患者可以用吡硅酮 或 阿苯达挫等药物治疗， 疗程可能会较长。 疗程中可能会用到类固醇以抗炎,也有可能会用到 抗癫痫药物， 有时也会手术切除包囊。[2]


猪肉绦虫在亚洲、撒哈拉以南非洲及拉丁美洲尤为常见，[4] 据信感染率在某些区域高达25%，[4] 但在发达国家很罕见。[7] 猪肉绦虫在全世界引起的死亡病例从1990年的700例升高到2010年的约1200例。[8] 囊虫病在猪及牛群中也有发病但因为猪牛群的寿命不长，极少引起症状。[2]人类囊虫病历史悠久，[7] 是被忽略的热带疾病之一。[9]

The pork tapeworm is particularly common in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America.[4] In some areas it is believed that up to 25% of people are affected.[4] In the developed world it is very uncommon.[7] Worldwide as of 2010 it caused about 1,200 deaths, up from 700 in 1990.[8] Cysticercosis also affects pigs and cows but rarely causes symptoms as most do not live long enough.[2] The disease has occurred in humans throughout history.[7] It is one of the 被忽视热带病.[10]

参考文献

  1. ^ Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy Jr., John. Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology 8th. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2009: 348–351. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9. 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376. World Health Organization. February 2013 [18 March 2014].  引用错误：带有name属性“WHO2013”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. October 2002, 15 (4): 747–56. PMC 126865 可免费查阅. PMID 12364377. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002.  引用错误：带有name属性“Gar2002”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH. Taenia solium cysticercosis. Lancet. August 2003, 362 (9383): 547–56. PMC 3103219 可免费查阅. PMID 12932389. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7.  引用错误：带有name属性“Garcia03”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  5. ^ Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Jr., John. Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology 8. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2009: 348–351. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 CDC - Cysticercosis. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A; et al. Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on Taenia solium. Infect. Genet. Evol. April 2014, 23: 150–60. PMID 24560729. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005.  引用错误：带有name属性“Bob2014”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K; et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. December 2012, 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.  引用错误：带有name属性“Loz2012”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  9. ^ Neglected Tropical Diseases. cdc.gov. June 6, 2011 [28 November 2014]. 
  10. ^ Neglected Tropical Diseases. cdc.gov. June 6, 2011 [28 November 2014]. 
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