科伊科伊语:修订间差异
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'''科伊科伊语'''({{lang|naq|Khoekhoegowab}};{{lang-en|Khoekhoe}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔɪ|k|ɔɪ}}),是[[南部非洲]][[科伊科伊人]]、{{tsl|en|Nama people|纳马人}}、{{le|达马拉人|Damara people}}和{{le|海奥姆人|Haiǁom people}}使用的语言,主要分布在[[纳米比亚]]、[[波札那]]和[[南非]],又称'''纳马语'''(Namagowab)、'''达马拉语'''(ǂNūkhoegowab)<ref>{{Citation|last=Haacke|first=Wilfrid H. G.|title=Khoekhoegowab (Nama/Damara)|date=2018|work=The Social and Political History of Southern Africa's Languages|volume=|pages=133–158|editor-last=Kamusella|editor-first=Tomasz|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-01593-8_9|editor2-last=Ndhlovu|editor2-first=Finex}}</ref><ref name=britannica>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khoekhoe-languages|title=Khoekhoe languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>,旧称'''霍屯督语'''(Hottentot){{efn|得名于[[霍屯督人]],专指开普地区的科伊科伊语方言<ref name=britannica/>。}}。 |
'''科伊科伊语'''({{lang|naq|Khoekhoegowab}};{{lang-en|Khoekhoe}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔɪ|k|ɔɪ}}),是[[南部非洲]][[科伊科伊人]]、{{tsl|en|Nama people|纳马人}}、{{le|达马拉人|Damara people}}和{{le|海奥姆人|Haiǁom people}}使用的语言,主要分布在[[纳米比亚]]、[[波札那]]和[[南非]],又称'''纳马语'''(Namagowab)、'''达马拉语'''(ǂNūkhoegowab)<ref>{{Citation|last=Haacke|first=Wilfrid H. G.|title=Khoekhoegowab (Nama/Damara)|date=2018|work=The Social and Political History of Southern Africa's Languages|volume=|pages=133–158|editor-last=Kamusella|editor-first=Tomasz|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-01593-8_9|editor2-last=Ndhlovu|editor2-first=Finex}}</ref><ref name=britannica>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khoekhoe-languages|title=Khoekhoe languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915192723/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khoekhoe-languages|dead-url=no}}</ref>,旧称'''霍屯督语'''(Hottentot){{efn|得名于[[霍屯督人]],专指开普地区的科伊科伊语方言<ref name=britannica/>。}}。 |
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科伊科伊语是南部非洲分布最为广泛的非[[班图语支|班图]]语言,其显著特征是包含大量的[[搭嘴音]]。也因此,科伊科伊语曾被视为“[[科伊桑语系]]”的一员,但这一语系目前已不被学界广泛认可。 |
科伊科伊语是南部非洲分布最为广泛的非[[班图语支|班图]]语言,其显著特征是包含大量的[[搭嘴音]]。也因此,科伊科伊语曾被视为“[[科伊桑语系]]”的一员,但这一语系目前已不被学界广泛认可。 |
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==== 搭嘴音 ==== |
==== 搭嘴音 ==== |
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科伊科伊语的20个搭嘴音如下<ref> |
科伊科伊语的20个搭嘴音如下<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter13/nama.html |title=存档副本 |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2021-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211155130/http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter13/nama.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>: |
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*ǁ(双竖线)代表边搭嘴音 |
*ǁ(双竖线)代表边搭嘴音 |
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*ǃ([[叹号]])代表齿龈搭嘴音 |
*ǃ([[叹号]])代表齿龈搭嘴音 |
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*ǂ([[剑标|双剑标]])代表硬腭搭嘴音,有时亦以#([[井號]])替代<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/02/26/namibian-towns-plan-to-change-name-to-naminus-sparks-linguistic-debate.html|title=Namibian town’s plan to change name to !Nami#nus sparks linguistic debate|date=February 26, 2015|website=thestar.com}}</ref>。 |
*ǂ([[剑标|双剑标]])代表硬腭搭嘴音,有时亦以#([[井號]])替代<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/02/26/namibian-towns-plan-to-change-name-to-naminus-sparks-linguistic-debate.html|title=Namibian town’s plan to change name to !Nami#nus sparks linguistic debate|date=February 26, 2015|website=thestar.com|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-date=2020-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164943/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/02/26/namibian-towns-plan-to-change-name-to-naminus-sparks-linguistic-debate.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
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== 语法 == |
== 语法 == |
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{{Incubator|naq}} |
{{Incubator|naq}} |
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*[http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ling700/nama.htm Nama grammar and a story at Cornell] (dead link as of January 2009; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080715163548/http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ling700/nama.htm cached] by the Internet Archive) |
*[http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ling700/nama.htm Nama grammar and a story at Cornell] (dead link as of January 2009; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080715163548/http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ling700/nama.htm cached] by the Internet Archive) |
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*[http://www.wideopenspacesamy2.blogspot.com/2007/02/khoekhoegowab-language-lesson-videos.html Nama (KhoeKhoegowab) Phrase Video Lessons] |
*[http://www.wideopenspacesamy2.blogspot.com/2007/02/khoekhoegowab-language-lesson-videos.html Nama (KhoeKhoegowab) Phrase Video Lessons] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wideopenspacesamy2.blogspot.com/2007/02/khoekhoegowab-language-lesson-videos.html |date=20200802205148 }} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091216022926/http://www.ksaag.org/ KhoeSan Active Awareness Group] (dead link as of 17 October 2010) |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091216022926/http://www.ksaag.org/ KhoeSan Active Awareness Group] (dead link as of 17 October 2010) |
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6TZkkD1amE An 8-minute clip of spoken Hottentot (khoekhoegowab)] {{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6TZkkD1amE |date=20160729031349 }} |
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6TZkkD1amE An 8-minute clip of spoken Hottentot (khoekhoegowab)] {{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6TZkkD1amE |date=20160729031349 }} |
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*[http://johannabrugman.com/Khoekhoe/Khoekhoe.html Khoekhoe phonology and a story by Johanna Brugman] (dead as of January 2017; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043220/http://johannabrugman.com/Khoekhoe/Khoekhoe.html Internet Archive cache]) |
*[http://johannabrugman.com/Khoekhoe/Khoekhoe.html Khoekhoe phonology and a story by Johanna Brugman] (dead as of January 2017; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043220/http://johannabrugman.com/Khoekhoe/Khoekhoe.html Internet Archive cache]) |
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*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ckh\kkh&limit=-1 Khoekhoe basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] |
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ckh\kkh&limit=-1 Khoekhoe basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Wayback|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100%5Cckh%5Ckkh&limit=-1 |date=20210110225948 }} |
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* [http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository?query=&root=vital%3A27072&f0=sm_mods_language%3A%22Khoe%22 Khoe music / field recordings (International Library of African Music)] |
* [http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository?query=&root=vital%3A27072&f0=sm_mods_language%3A%22Khoe%22 Khoe music / field recordings (International Library of African Music)] {{Wayback|url=http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository?query=&root=vital%3A27072&f0=sm_mods_language%3A%22Khoe%22 |date=20200802202455 }} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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2022年3月24日 (四) 21:36的最新版本
科伊科伊语 | |
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纳马语、达马拉语 | |
Khoekhoegowab | |
母语国家和地区 | 纳米比亚、波札那、南非 |
区域 | 奥兰治河流域、大纳马兰、达马拉兰 |
族群 | 科伊科伊人、纳马人、达马拉人、海奥姆人 |
母语使用人数 | 200,000 ± 10,000 (2011)[1] |
語系 | |
方言 | 纳马–达马拉
|
官方地位 | |
作为官方语言 | |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-3 | 兩者之一:naq – Khoekhoe, Namahgm – Haiǁom |
Glottolog | nort3245 Subfamily: North Khoekhoe[2]nama1264 Language: Nama[3]haio1238 Language: Haiǁom-Akhoe[4] |
ELP | Khoekhoe |
纳马语在纳米比亚的分布地区 | |
科伊科伊语(Khoekhoegowab;英語:Khoekhoe /ˈkɔɪkɔɪ/),是南部非洲科伊科伊人、纳马人、达马拉人和海奥姆人使用的语言,主要分布在纳米比亚、波札那和南非,又称纳马语(Namagowab)、达马拉语(ǂNūkhoegowab)[5][6],旧称霍屯督语(Hottentot)[a]。
科伊科伊语是南部非洲分布最为广泛的非班图语言,其显著特征是包含大量的搭嘴音。也因此,科伊科伊语曾被视为“科伊桑语系”的一员,但这一语系目前已不被学界广泛认可。
音系
[编辑]元音
[编辑]科伊科伊语的基本元音有/i e a o u/五个,以及三个鼻化元音/ĩ ã ũ/。/a/在/i/或/u/后的发音为[ə]。
声调
[编辑]科伊科伊语的声调依照不同的划分方式可分为3个[7]声调/á, ā, à/或4个[8][9][10]声调/a̋, á, à, ȁ/。
高元音的高调/í ú/的调值相对中低元音的高调调值更高[7]。
不同的声调组合为数个“声调旋律”(tone melodies),并且在特定的句法环境下有连音形式。一些主要的旋律和连音形式如下[8]:
例子 | 连音 | 涵义 | 旋律 |
---|---|---|---|
ǃ̃ˀȍm̀s | ǃ̃ˀòm̏s | 击打 | 低调 |
ǃ̃ˀȍḿs | 乳房 | 低升调 | |
ǃ̃ˀòm̀s | 赶出洞窟 | 中调 | |
ǃ̃ˀòm̋s | ǃ̃ˀòm̀s | 被修剪的树木 | 高升调 |
ǃ̃ˀóm̀s | ǃ̃ˀóm̏s | 凝结,撬出(尖刺) | 低降调 |
ǃ̃ˀőḿs | ǃ̃ˀóm̀s | 拳头 | 高降调 |
重音
[编辑]句子的重音由组成词语的词类决定,一般落在实词而非虚词上。词语的重音通常在首个音节上。
辅音
[编辑]科伊科伊语有31个辅音,其中包括20个搭嘴音和11个非搭嘴音。
非搭嘴音
[编辑]双唇音 | 齿龈音 | 软腭音 | 聲門音 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
鼻音 | m | n | ||
塞音 | p ~ β | t ~ ɾ | k | ʔ |
塞擦音 | t͜sʰ | k͜xʰ | ||
擦音 | s | x | h |
在两个元音之间,/p/的发音为[β],/t/的发音为[ɾ]。
塞擦音的送气化程度非常高,可视同送气塞音。
搭嘴音
[编辑]科伊科伊语的20个搭嘴音如下[11]:
伴随要素 | 塞擦音 | 非塞擦音 | 正字法写法 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
齿音 | 边音 | 齿龈音 | 硬腭音 | ||
不送气 | ǀ | ǁ | ǃ | ǂ | ⟨ǃg⟩ |
送氣 | ǀʰ | ǁʰ | ǃʰ | ǂʰ | ⟨ǃkh⟩ |
鼻音化 | ᵑǀ | ᵑǁ | ᵑǃ | ᵑǂ | ⟨ǃn⟩ |
鼻音化送气清音 | ᵑ̊ǀʰ | ᵑ̊ǁʰ | ᵑ̊ǃʰ | ᵑ̊ǂʰ | ⟨ǃh⟩ |
声门化鼻音 | ᵑ̊ǀˀ | ᵑ̊ǁˀ | ᵑ̊ǃˀ | ᵑ̊ǂˀ | ⟨ǃ⟩ |
送气搭嘴音的送气声较轻,但较其鼻音化形式更“刺耳”。声门化搭嘴音的除阻前有停顿,所以显然是清音。在传统正字法拼写中,声门化搭嘴音仅记为清搭嘴音。词首的鼻音化搭嘴音是听不到的;送气清音的鼻化清音部分也很难听到(除非在两个元音之间)。
Tindal (1858)指出,欧洲学习者总通过将舌头靠在侧齿上发出边搭嘴音,把它们当成普通的搭嘴音而不加分别地发出来,这种发音对于母语者来说“生硬而陌生”。作为母语者的纳马人则是把舌头盖住整个硬腭来发搭嘴音,发出的是“好像在硬腭最后部的声音”[12]。
正字法
[编辑]目前有多种科伊科伊语的正字法方案,现代以《科伊科伊语词典》(A Khoekhoegowab dictionary,Haacke 2000)的正字法方案为准。辅音字母b d g仅用于声调为低声调旋律的词语,p t k则用于高音调词语。W仅用于元音之间,也可以为b / p所代替。通过这种方式,这种正字法不使用音调记号。
拼写 | 发音 | 声调 | 涵义 |
---|---|---|---|
gao | /kȁó/ | 低升调 | 规则 |
kao | /kàő/ | 高升调 | 被吓坏 |
ǀhubu(或ǀhuwu) | /ǀʰȕwú/ | 低升调 | 停止伤害 |
ǀhupu(或ǀhuwu) | /ǀʰùwű/ | 高升调 | 喘不过气来 |
鼻音以扬抑符表示,如hû /hũ̀ṹ/“七”。
长元音以长音符号表示,如ā /ʔàa̋/“哭泣”。
词首的声门塞音不作表记;词中的声门塞音以“-”表示,如gao-aob /kȁòʔòȁp/“酋长”。
搭嘴音以对应的国际音标字符表示:
语法
[编辑]科伊科伊语遵循主賓動語序,名词包含3个性(阴性、阳性、中性)和3个数(单数、双数、复数);使用代词性的附着语素附加于名词组,以表示人称、性别和数字。
范例文字
[编辑]科伊科伊语范例语句[14]:
- Nē ǀkharib ǃnâ da ge ǁGûn tsî ǀGaen tsî doan tsîn; tsî ǀNopodi tsî ǀKhenadi tsî ǀhuigu tsî ǀAmin tsîn; tsî ǀkharagagu ǀaon tsîna ra hō.
- 在这个地区,我们可以找到跳羚、劍羚和麂羚;鹧鸪、珠雞、鸨和鸵鸟;还有各种各样的蛇。
注释
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). North Khoekhoe. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Nama (Namibia). Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Hai//om-Akhoe. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Haacke, Wilfrid H. G., Kamusella, Tomasz; Ndhlovu, Finex , 编, Khoekhoegowab (Nama/Damara), The Social and Political History of Southern Africa's Languages (Palgrave Macmillan UK), 2018: 133–158, doi:10.1057/978-1-137-01593-8_9 (英语)
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Khoekhoe languages. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-15) (英语).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Hagman (1977)
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Haacke & Eiseb (2002)
- ^ Haacke 1999
- ^ Brugman 2009
- ^ 存档副本. [2020-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-11).
- ^ Tindal (1858) A grammar and vocabulary of the Namaqua-Hottentot language
- ^ Namibian town’s plan to change name to !Nami#nus sparks linguistic debate. thestar.com. February 26, 2015 [2020-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-06).
- ^ Khoekhoegowab: 3ǁî xoaigaub. Gamsberg Macmillan, 2003
书目
[编辑]- Khoekhoegowab/English for Children, Éditions du Cygne, 2013, ISBN 978-2-84924-309-1
- Beach, Douglas M. 1938. The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language. Cambridge: Heffer.
- Brugman, Johanna. 2009. Segments, Tones and Distribution in Khoekhoe Prosody (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). PhD Thesis, Cornell University.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1976. A Nama Grammar: The Noun-phrase. MA thesis. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
- Haacke, Wilfrid H. G. 1977. "The So-called "Personal Pronoun" in Nama." In Traill, Anthony, ed., Khoisan Linguistic Studies 3, 43–62. Communications 6. Johannesburg: African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1978. Subject Deposition in Nama. MA thesis. Colchester, UK: University of Essex.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1992. "Compound Noun Phrases in Nama". In Gowlett, Derek F., ed., African Linguistic Contributions (Festschrift Ernst Westphal), 189–194. Pretoria: Via Afrika.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1992. "Dislocated Noun Phrases in Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara): Further Evidence for the Sentential Hypothesis". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 29, 149–162.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1995. "Instances of Incorporation and Compounding in Khoekhoegowab (Nama/Damara)". In Anthony Traill, Rainer Vossen and Marguerite Anne Megan Biesele, eds., The Complete Linguist: Papers in Memory of Patrick J. Dickens", 339–361. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Haacke, Wilfrid; Eiseb, Eliphas and Namaseb, Levi. 1997. "Internal and External Relations of Khoekhoe Dialects: A Preliminary Survey". In Wilfrid Haacke & Edward D. Elderkin, eds., Namibian Languages: Reports and Papers, 125–209. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag for the University of Namibia.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1999. The Tonology of Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara). Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung/Research in Khoisan Studies, Bd 16. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Haacke, Wilfrid H.G. & Eiseb, Eliphas. 2002. A Khoekhoegowab Dictionary with an English-Khoekhoegowab Index. Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan. ISBN 99916-0-401-4
- Hagman, Roy S. 1977. Nama Hottentot Grammar. Language Science Monographs, v 15. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- Krönlein, Johann Georg. 1889. Wortschatz der Khoi-Khoin (Namaqua-Hottentotten). Berlin : Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft.
- Olpp, Johannes. 1977. Nama-grammatika. Windhoek : Inboorlingtaalburo van die Departement van Bantoe-onderwys.
- Rust, Friedrich. 1965. Praktische Namagrammatik. Cape Town : Balkema.
- Vossen, Rainer. 2013. The Khoesan Languages. Oxon: Routledge.
外部链接
[编辑]- Nama grammar and a story at Cornell (dead link as of January 2009; cached by the Internet Archive)
- Nama (KhoeKhoegowab) Phrase Video Lessons (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- KhoeSan Active Awareness Group (dead link as of 17 October 2010)
- An 8-minute clip of spoken Hottentot (khoekhoegowab) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Khoekhoe phonology and a story by Johanna Brugman (dead as of January 2017; Internet Archive cache)
- Khoekhoe basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Khoe music / field recordings (International Library of African Music) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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