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'''大马士革'''（[[阿拉伯语]]官方名称为：'''دمشق''' ；非正式的名称'''沙姆大马士革'''，有时被直称为'''沙姆 الشام'''；在中文[[和合本]]《[[聖經]]》中則翻為'''大馬色'''）是[[叙利亚]]的首都，面积105km²，人口164万。这座城市已经存在了4000多年，是[[亚洲]]也是世界上最古老的有人持续居住城市。
{{noteTA
|1=zh:彼得·塞曼;zh-hant:彼得·澤曼;zh-hans:彼得·塞曼;zh-cn:彼得·塞曼;zh-tw:彼得·澤曼;
}}
-{H|zh:塞曼;zh-hans:塞曼;zh-hant:澤曼;}-
{{诺贝尔奖}}
[[:en:List_of_Nobel_Laureates_in_Physics]]


== 名字的来源 ==
[[诺贝尔物理学奖]]（{{lang-sv|Nobelpriset i fysik}}），是[[诺贝尔奖]]的五个奖项之一，由[[瑞典皇家科学院]]每年颁发给在[[物理]]科学领域做出杰出贡献的科学家。<ref>{{cite web | title = Alfred Nobel &ndash; The Man Behind the Nobel Prize | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref> 根据[[诺贝尔]]的遗愿，该奖由[[诺贝尔基金会]]管理，由[[瑞典皇家科学院]]选出5名成员组成一个委员会来评选出获奖者。<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Awarders | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref> 第一次诺贝尔物理学奖于[[1901年]]被颁发给来自[[德国]]的[[威廉·康拉德·伦琴]]. 每个获奖者会得到一块奖牌，一份获奖证书，以及一笔不菲的奖金，奖金的数额每年会有变化。<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize| publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref>在1901年，伦琴得到150,782[[瑞典克朗]], 相当于[[2007年]]12月的7,731,004瑞典克朗。在[[2008年]], 三位获奖者（[[小林诚]]、[[益川敏英]]和[[南部阳一郎]]）分享了总额为1千万瑞典克朗的奖金（略多于100万[[欧元]]，或140万[[美元]]）。<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Amounts | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/amounts.html|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref>该奖每年于[[12月10日]]，即[[阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔]]逝世周年纪念日，以隆重的仪式在[[斯德哥尔摩]]的音乐厅-{zh-hans:里; zh-hant:裡;}-颁发。<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref>
“大马士革”一词是[[希腊人|希臘人]]用[[希腊语|希臘文]]记录下来的阿拉伯语，意为“手工作坊”。在[[阿拉伯语]]中，这座城市称作دمشق الشام（Dimashq ash-Shām），源于阿拉伯语“[[北方]]”的意思。[[希腊语|希臘語]]的名字“大马士革”源于这个城市的[[阿拉米语]]名字— דרמשק，意思是“一个水源充足地方”。研究发现在[[埃伯拉]]出土的前阿拉米文献中，把埃伯拉南边的地方称为“大马士基”，因此大马士革这个名字很可能早于阿拉米时代。


== 地理环境 ==
[[约翰·巴丁]]是唯一两次获得该奖的得主，他得奖于1956年和1972年. [[威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格]]是至今最年轻的诺贝尔奖得主，他在1915年获奖时仅有25岁。<ref>{{cite web | title = Nobel Laureates Facts | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref> 共有两位女性获得过该奖，分别是[[玛丽亚·居里]]（1903年）和[[玛丽亚·格佩特-梅耶]]（1963年）。在五个诺贝尔奖项中，这是女性获奖人次最少的奖项。<ref>{{cite web | title = Women Nobel Laureates | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref> 截止于2008年10月,共有183位人士获得过该奖。诺贝尔物理学奖有6年因故停发（1916, 1931, 1934, 1940至1942）。


大马士革位于距离[[地中海]]80公里的内地，四周环绕着 [[Anti-Lebanon|前黎巴嫩]] 山脉，位于海拔680米的高原上。大马士革位于北纬 33°30' ，东经 36°18' (33.5, 36.3). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html]
==获奖者==
__NOTOC__
<center>
[[#1901年—1910年|1901年—1910年]] •
[[#1911年—1920年|1911年—1920年]] •
[[#1921年—1930年|1921年—1930年]] •
[[#1931年—1940年|1931年—1940年]] •
[[#1941年—1950年|1941年—1950年]] <br />
[[#1951年—1960年|1951年—1960年]] •
[[#1961年—1970年|1961年—1970年]] •
[[#1971年—1980年|1971年—1980年]] •
[[#1981年—1990年|1981年—1990年]] •
[[#1991年—2000年|1991年—2000年]] <br />
[[#2001年—2008年|2001年—2008年]]
</center>
----
===1901年—1910年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|[[1901年]]
|[[Image:WilhelmRöntgen.JPG|75px]]
|[[威廉·康拉德·伦琴]]
|{{GER-1871}}
|“发现不寻常的射线，之后以他的名字命名”（即[[X射线]]，又称伦琴射线，并[[伦琴 (单位)|伦琴]]做为[[放射性|辐射]]量的单位）<br />
"[for] the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1902年]]
|[[Image:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg|75px]]
|[[亨得里克·洛仑兹]]
|{{HOL}}
|rowspan=2|“关于[[磁场]]对辐射现象影响的研究”（即[[塞曼效应]]）<br />"[for] their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Pieter Zeeman.jpg|75px]]
|[[彼得·塞曼]]
|{{HOL}}
|-
| rowspan=3|[[1903年]]
|[[Image:Becquerel Henri photograph.jpg|75px]]
|[[亨利·贝克勒尔|安东尼·亨利·贝克勒尔]]
|{{FRA}}
|“发现天然[[放射性]]”<br />"[for] his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"<ref name=N1903>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Pierrecurie2.jpg|75px]]
|[[皮埃尔·居里]]
|{{FRA}}
|rowspan=2|“他们对[[亨利·贝克勒尔]]教授所发现的[[放射性]]现象的共同研究”<br />"[for] their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"<ref name=N1903/>
|-
|[[Image:Mariecurie.jpg|75px]]
|[[玛丽亚·居里]]
|{{FRA}}
|-
|[[1904年]]
|[[Image:John William Strutt.jpg|75px]]
|[[瑞利|约翰·威廉·斯特拉斯]]
|{{UK}}
|“对那些非常重要的[[气体]]的[[密度]]的测定，以及由这些研究而发现[[氩]]”（对[[氢气]]、[[氧气]]、[[氮气]]等气体密度的测量，并因测量氮气而发现[[氩]]）<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|publisher =nobelpreis.org|title =约翰·威廉·瑞利爵士 | url=http://www.nobelpreis.org/chinese/physik/rayleigh.htm |accessdate =2008-12-19}}</ref><br />"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1904/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1905年]]
|[[Image:Phillipp Lenard in 1900.jpg|75px]]
|[[菲利普·莱纳德|菲利普·爱德华·安东·冯·莱纳德]]
|{{GER-1871}}
|“关于[[阴极射线]]的研究”<br />"for his work on cathode rays"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1906年]]
|[[File:Jj-thomson3.jpg|75px]]
|[[约瑟夫·汤姆生|约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆孙]]
|{{UK}}
|"对气体导电的理论和实验研究"<br />"[for] his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1907年]]
|[[File:Albert Abraham Michelson2.jpg|75px]]
|[[阿尔伯特·亚伯拉罕·迈克尔逊]]
|{{USA-1896}}
|“他的[[迈克尔逊干涉仪|精密光学仪器]]，以及借助它们所做的[[光谱学]]和[[计量学]]研究”<br />"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1907/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1908年]]
|[[File:G lippmann.jpg|75px]]
|[[加布里埃尔·李普曼]]
|{{FRA}}
|“他的利用[[波的干涉|干涉现象]]来重现色彩于照片上的方法”<br />"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1909年]]
|[[Image:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|75px]]
|[[古列尔莫·马可尼]]
|{{KIT}}
|rowspan=2|“他们对[[电报|无线电报]]的发展的贡献”<br />"[for] their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ferdinand Braun.jpg|75px]]
|[[卡尔·费迪南德·布劳恩]]
|{{GER-1871}}
|-
|[[1910年]]
|[[Image:Johannes Diderik van der Waals.jpg|75px]]
|[[约翰尼斯·迪德里克·范·德·瓦耳斯]]
|{{HOL}}
|“关于[[范德瓦耳斯方程|气体和液体的状态方程]]的研究”<br />"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|}


大马士革的大部分城区，包括最负盛名的老城区，都位于[[巴拉达河]]北岸。新城区一直拓展到北岸。大马士革被一个[[绿洲]]环绕，Ghuta (الغوطة)，水源自巴拉达河。 Ghuta绿洲面积由于城市住房和工业的迅速发展而一直在缩小，还因为城市交通，工业和污水而受到污染。
===1911年—1920年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|[[1911年]]
|[[File:Wilhelm Wien (Nobel).png|75px]]
|[[威廉·维恩]]
|{{GER-1871}}
|“发现那些[[维恩位移定律|影响热辐射的定律]]”<br />"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1912年]]
|[[Image:Nils Gustaf Dalén.jpg|75px]]
|[[尼尔斯·古斯塔夫·达伦]]
|{{SWE}}
|“他发明的用于控制[[灯塔]]和[[浮标]]中的气体蓄积器的自动调节阀”<br />"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1912/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1913年]]
|[[Image:Kamerlingh portret.jpg|75px]]
|[[海克·卡末林·昂尼斯]]
|{{HOL}}
|“他的，导致包括制成液态[[氦]]在内的一些成果的，关于[[超导现象|低温下物体性质的研究]]”<br />"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1914年]]
|[[File:Max von Laue.jpg|75px]]
|[[马克斯·冯·劳厄]]
|{{GER-1871}}
|“发现[[晶体]]中的[[X射线晶体学|X射线衍射现象]]”<br />"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1915年]]
|[[File:William Henry Bragg.jpg|75px]]
|[[威廉·亨利·布拉格]]
|{{UK}}
|rowspan=2|“用[[X射线]]对[[晶体结构]]的研究”<br />"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:William Lawrence Bragg on TIME Magazine, October 3, 1938.jpg|75px]]
|[[威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格]]
|{{UK}}
|-
|[[1916年]]
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|未颁奖
|-
|[[1917年]]
|[[Image:Charles Glover Barkla.jpg|75px]]
|[[查尔斯·格洛弗·巴克拉]]
|{{UK}}
|“发现元素的[[荧光|特征伦琴辐射]]”<br />"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1918年]]
|[[File:Max planck.jpg|75px]]
|[[马克斯·普朗克]]
|{{GER-1871}}
|“因他的对[[量子]]的发现而推动[[物理学]]的发展”<br />"[for] the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1919年]]
|[[Image:Johannes Stark.png|75px]]
|[[约翰尼斯·斯塔克]]
|{{GER-1919}}
|“发现[[极隧射线]]的[[多普勒效应]]以及[[电场]]作用下[[谱线]]的分裂现象”<br />"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1919/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1920年]]
|[[File:Charles Édouard Guillaume.jpg|75px]]
|[[夏尔·爱德华·纪尧姆]]
|{{SWI}}
|“他的，推动物理学的精密测量的，有关[[不变钢|镍钢合金的反常现象的发现]]”<br />"[for] the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1920/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|}


== 历史 ==
===1921年—1930年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|[[1921年]]
|[[Image:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 4.jpg|75px]]
|[[阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦]]
|{{GER-1919}}<br />{{SWI}}
|他对[[数学物理学]]的成就，特别是[[光电效应]]定律的发现<br />"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the [[photoelectric effect]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1922年]]
|[[Image:Niels Bohr.jpg|75px]]
|[[尼尔斯·玻尔]]
|{{DEN}}
|关于[[原子]]结构以及[[原子辐射]]的研究<br />"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1923年]]
|[[File:Robert-millikan2.jpg|75px]]
|[[罗伯特·安德鲁·密立根|罗伯特·密立根]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|关于基本[[电荷]]的研究以及验证光电效应<br />"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the [[photoelectric effect]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923| publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1924年]]
|
|[[曼内·西格巴恩]]
|{{SWE}}
|发现X射线中的光谱线
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1925年]]
|[[File:James Franck.jpg|75px]]
|[[詹姆斯·夫兰克]]
|{{GER-1919}}
| rowspan="2"|发现原子和[[电子]]的碰撞规律<br />"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an [[electron]] upon an atom"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[古斯塔夫·赫兹]]
|{{GER-1919}}
|-
|[[1926年]]
|[[Image:Jean Baptiste Perrin.jpg|75px]]
|[[让·巴蒂斯特·皮兰]]
|{{FRA}}
|研究物质不连续结构和发现[[沉积平衡]]<br />"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of [[sedimentation equilibrium]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1927年]]
|[[Image:Arthur Holly Compton.gif|75px]]
|[[阿瑟·康普顿]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|发现[[康普顿效应]]<br />"for his discovery of the [[Compton effect|effect named after him]]"<ref name=N1927>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson at 1927 Solvay conference.jpg|75px]]
|[[查尔斯·威尔逊]]
|{{UK}}
|发明了[[云室]]，能显示出电子穿过空气的径迹<br />"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"<ref name=N1927/>
|-
|[[1928年]]
|[[Image:Niels BohrUpOwenWillansRichardsonDownSolvay1927.JPG|75px]]
|[[欧文·威兰斯·里查孙|欧文·理查森]]
|{{UK}}
|研究热离子现象，并提出[[理查森定律]]<br />"for his work on the [[Thermionic emission|thermionic phenomenon]] and especially for the discovery of [[Thermionic emission#Richardson's Law|the law named after him]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1928/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1929年]]
|[[Image:Broglie Big.jpg|75px]]
|[[路易-维克多·德·布罗伊]]
|{{FRA}}
|发现电子的波动性<br />"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1930年]]
|
|[[钱德拉塞卡拉·文卡塔·喇曼|钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼]]
|{{IND-1858}}
|研究光散射并发现[[拉曼效应]]<br />"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the [[Raman scattering|effect named after him]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|}


===1931年—1940年===
=== 古代 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|[[1931年]]
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|未颁奖
|-
|[[1932年]]
|[[Image:Werner Heisenberg at 1927 Solvay Conference.JPG|75px]]
|[[维尔纳·海森贝格|维尔纳·海森堡]]
|{{GER-1919}}
|提出“海森堡不确定原理”[[量子力学]]的奠基人之一<br />"for the creation of [[quantum mechanics]], the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1933年]]
|[[Image:Erwin Schrödinger.jpg|75px]]
|[[薛定谔]]
|{{AUT}}
| rowspan="2"|创立[[薛定谔方程]]，[[波动力学]]理论<br />"for the discovery of new productive forms of [[atomic theory]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref><br />提出[[狄拉克方程]]和[[空穴]]理论
|-
|[[Image:Dirac.gif|75px]]
|[[保罗·狄拉克]]
|{{UK}}
|-
|[[1934年]]
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|未颁奖
|-
|[[1935年]]
|[[File:Chadwick.jpg|75px]]
|[[詹姆斯·查德威克]]
|{{UK}}
|发现[[中子]]<br />"for the discovery of the [[neutron]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935| publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1936年]]
|[[Image:Hess.jpg|75px]]
|[[维克托·弗朗西斯·赫斯|维克托·赫斯]]
|{{AUT}}
|发现[[宇宙射线]]<br />"for his discovery of [[cosmic ray|cosmic radiation]]"<ref name="N1936">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Carl anderson.1937.jpg|75px]]
|[[卡尔·戴维·安德森|卡尔·安德森]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|发现[[正电子]]<br />"for his discovery of the [[positron]]"<ref name="N1936"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1937年]]
|[[File:Davisson and Germer.jpg|75px]]
|[[克林顿·戴维孙]]
|{{USA-1912}}
| rowspan="2"|发现晶体对电子的衍射现象<br />"for their experimental discovery of the [[electron diffraction|diffraction of electrons]] by crystals"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[乔治·佩杰特·汤姆生|乔治·汤姆生]]
|{{UK}}
|-
|[[1938年]]
|[[Image:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|75px]]
|[[恩里科·费米]]
|{{KIT}}
|发现由中子照射产生的新[[放射性元素]]并用[[慢中子]]实现核反应<br />"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1939年]]
|[[Image:Ernest Orlando Lawrence.jpg|75px]]
|[[欧内斯特·劳伦斯]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|发明[[回旋加速器]]，并获得人工放射性元素<br />"for the invention and development of the [[cyclotron]] and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1940年]]
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|未颁奖
|}


对 市郊的Tell Ramad的发掘证实，早在公元前10000年到公元前8000年的时代，大马士革已经有人居住。因此大马士革被称为世界上最古老的持续有人居住的城市。 然而大马士革并不是一个重要的城市直到阿拉米人的到来。阿拉米人是圣经主流汉译本中的“亚兰人”，来自[[阿拉伯半岛]]的游牧部落，属于[[闪米特语族]]。
===1941年—1950年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|[[1941年]]
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|未颁奖
|-
|[[1942年]]
|-
|[[1943年]]
|
|[[奥托·施特恩]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|开发[[分子束]]方法和测量质子磁矩<br />"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the [[magnetic moment]] of the [[proton]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1943/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1944年]]
|
|[[伊西多·艾萨克·拉比|伊西多·拉比]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|发明[[核磁共振]]<br />"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1944/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1945年]]
|
|[[沃尔夫冈·泡利]]
|{{AUT}}
|发现[[泡利不相容原理]]<br />"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the [[Pauli principle]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1946年]]
|
|[[珀西·威廉斯·布里奇曼|珀西·布里奇曼]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|发明获得强高压的装置，并在[[高压物理学]]领域作出发现<br />"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of [[high pressure physics]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1946/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1947年]]
|[[Image:EVAppleton.jpg|75px]]
|[[爱德华·维克托·阿普尔顿|爱德华·阿普尔顿]]
|{{UK}}
|高层大气物理性质的研究，发现阿普顿层（[[电离层]]）<br />"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called [[Appleton layer]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1947/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1948年]]
|
|[[帕特里克·布莱克特]]
|{{UK}}
|改进[[云室|威尔逊云雾室]]方法和由此在核物理和宇宙射线领域的发现<br />"for his development of the Wilson [[cloud chamber]] method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1948/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1949年]]
|[[Image:Yukawa hideki statue2.jpg|75px]]
|[[汤川秀树]]
|{{JPN}}
|提出[[核子]]的介子理论并预言[[介子]]的存在<br />"for his prediction of the existence of [[meson]]s on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1950年]]
|
|[[塞西尔·弗兰克·鲍威尔|塞西尔·鲍威尔]]
|{{UK}}
|发展研究核过程的照相方法，并发现[[π介子]]<br />"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|}


众所周知是阿拉米人建立了大马士革的供水系统，方法是开凿运河地下水道以最大程度地利用巴拉达河的水资源。这套供水网络系统后来被罗马人和阿拉伯倭马亚王朝改造，至今仍然是大马士革老城区的基本供水系统。在公元[[前12世纪]]，大马士革成为强大的阿拉米人国家“阿拉米大马士革”的首都。
===1951年—1960年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1951年]]
|
|[[约翰·考克饶夫|考克罗夫特]]
|{{UK}}
|rowspan="2"|用人工加速粒子轰击原子产生原子核嬗变<br />"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[欧内斯特·瓦耳顿|沃尔顿]]
|{{IRE}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1952年]]
|
|[[费利克斯·布洛赫|布洛赫]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|rowspan="2"|从事物质核磁共振现象的研究并创立原子核磁力测量法<br />"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[爱德华·米尔斯·珀塞耳|珀塞尔]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|-
|[[1953年]]
|
|[[弗里茨·塞尔尼克]]
|{{HOL}}
|发明[[相衬显微镜]]<br />"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the [[phase contrast microscope]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1953/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1954年]]
|
|[[马克斯·玻恩]]
|{{UK}}
|在量子力学和[[波函数]]的统计解释及研究方面作出获奖原因<br />"for his fundamental research in [[quantum mechanics]], especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"<ref name="N54">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[瓦尔特·博特]]
|{{GER}}
|发明了符合计数法，用以研究原子核反应和[[γ射线]]。<br />"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"<ref name="N54"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1955年]]
|
|[[威利斯·兰姆]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|发明了[[微波]]技术，进而研究[[氢]]原子的精细结构<br />"for his discoveries concerning the [[fine structure]] of the hydrogen spectrum"<ref name="N55">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1955/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[波利卡普·库施]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|用[[射频束]]技术精确地测定出电子[[磁矩]]，创新了核理论。<br />"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"<ref name="N55"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1956年]]
|
|[[威廉·肖克利|肖克利]]
|{{USA-1912}}
| rowspan="3"|发明[[晶体管]]及对[[晶体管效应]]的研究<br />"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the [[transistor]] effect"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[巴丁]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|-
|
|[[沃尔特·豪泽·布喇顿]]
|{{USA-1912}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957年]]
|[[Image:CNYang.jpg|75px]]
|[[杨振宁]]
|{{ROC}}
| rowspan="2"|发现[[弱相互作用]]下[[宇称不守恆]]，从而导致有关基本粒子的重大发现。<br />"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called [[parity violation|parity laws]] which has led to important discoveries regarding the [[elementary particles]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:TD Lee-med.jpg|75px]]
|[[李政道]]
|{{ROC}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1958年]]
|
|[[切伦科夫]]
|{{USSR}}
|rowspan="3"|发现并解释[[切伦科夫辐射]]<br />"for the discovery and the interpretation of the [[Cherenkov-Vavilov effect|Cherenkov effect]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[伊利亚·弗兰克]]
|{{USSR}}
|-
|
|[[伊戈尔·塔姆]]
|{{USSR}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1959年]]
|[[Image:Emilio Segre ID badge.png|75px]]
|[[埃米利奥·G·塞格雷]]
|{{USA-1959}}
|rowspan="2"|发现[[反质子]]<br />"for their discovery of the [[antiproton]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Owen Chamberlain ID badge.png|75px]]
|[[欧文·张伯伦]]
|{{USA-1959}}
|-
|[[1960年]]
|[[Image:Donald Glaser.jpg|75px]]
|[[唐纳德·阿瑟·格拉泽]]
|{{USA}}
|发现[[气泡室]]，取代了威尔逊的云雾室<br />"for the invention of the [[bubble chamber]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1960/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|}


阿拉米大马士革的诸王参与了很多反对[[亚述]]人和[[北国以色列]]人的战争。其中的一位[[本-哈达德二世]]与亚述王[[萨尔玛那萨尔三世]]在卡卡（Karkar）战役中激战。公元[[前732年]]，亚述王[[提格拉特帕拉沙尔三世]]攻克并摧毁了这座城市，之后的几百年大马士革丧失了独立地位。在公元[[前572年]]归[[新巴比伦王国]]的[[尼布甲尼撒二世]]统治。公元[[前538年]][[居鲁士大帝]]的波斯军队攻占大马士革，将她作为波斯帝国叙利亚行省的首府。
===1961年—1970年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1961年]]
|
|[[罗伯特·霍夫施塔特]]
|{{USA}}
|关于电子对原子核散射的先驱性研究,并由此发现[[原子核]]的结构<br />"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"<ref name=N61>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[鲁道夫·穆斯堡尔]]
|{{GER}}
|从事[[γ射线]]的共振吸收现象研究并发现了[[穆斯堡尔效应]]<br />"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of [[gamma radiation]] and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"<ref name=N61/>
|-
|[[1962年]]
|
|[[列夫·朗道]]
|{{USSR}}
|关于[[凝聚态物质]]，特别是液氦的开创性理论<br />"for his pioneering theories for [[condensed matter]], especially [[liquid helium]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1962/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1963年]]
|
|[[E·P·维格纳]]
|{{USA}}
|发现基本粒子的对称性及支配质子与中子相互作用的原理<br />"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"<ref name=N63>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[玛丽亚·格佩特-梅耶]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="2"|发现原子核的壳层结构<br />"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"<ref name=N63/>
|-
|[[Image:Memorial Plaque, Heidelberg Insitute for Theoretical Physics, Philosophenweg 16.jpg|75px]]
|[[J·汉斯·D·延森]]
|{{GER}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1964年]]
|[[Image:Nlchtownes.jpeg|75px]]
|[[查尔斯·哈德·汤斯]]
|{{USA}}
|在[[量子电子学]]领域的基础研究成果，为[[微波激射器]]<br />[[激光器]]的发明奠定理论基础<br />"for fundamental work in the field of [[quantum electronics]], which has led to the construction of [[oscillator]]s and [[amplifier]]s based on the [[maser]]-[[laser]] principle"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[尼古拉·巴索夫]]
|{{USSR}}
|rowspan="2"|发明微波激射器
|-
|
|[[亚历山大·米哈伊洛维奇·普罗霍罗夫|普罗霍罗夫]]
|{{USSR}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[1965年]]
|
|[[朝永振一郎]]
|{{JPN}}
|rowspan="3"|在[[量子电动力学]]方面取得对[[粒子物理学]]产生深远影响的研究成果<br />"for their fundamental work in [[quantum electrodynamics]], with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[施温格]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|
|[[费曼]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|[[1966年]]
|
|[[阿尔弗雷德·卡斯特勒]]
|{{FRA}}
|发明并发展用于研究原子内光<br />磁共振的双共振方法<br />"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1966/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967年]]
|[[Image:Hans Bethe.jpg|75px]]
|[[漢斯·貝特]]
|{{USA}}
|[[核反应]]理论方面的获奖原因，特别是关于[[恒星]]能源的发现<br />"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in [[star]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1968年]]
|[[Image:Luis Alvarez ID badge.png|75px]]
|[[阿尔瓦雷斯]]
|{{USA}}
|发展氢气泡室技术和数据分析，发现大量[[共振态]]<br />"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen [[bubble chamber]] and data analysis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969年]]
|[[Image:Murray Gell-Mann.jpg|75px]]
|[[盖尔曼]]
|{{USA}}
|对基本粒子的分类及其相互作用的发现<br />"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1970年]]
|
|[[汉尼斯·阿尔文]]
|{{SWE}}
|[[磁流体动力学]]的基础研究和发现，及其在等离子物理富有成果的应用<br />"for fundamental work and discoveries in [[magneto-hydrodynamics]] with fruitful applications in different parts of [[plasma physics]]"<ref name=N70>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1970/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[路易·欧仁·费利克斯·奈耳]]
|{{FRA}}
|关于反磁铁性和铁磁性的基础研究和发现<br />"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in [[solid state physics]]"<ref name=N70/>
|}


===1971年—1980年===
=== 希臘化時代 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|[[1971年]]
|
|[[丹尼斯·伽柏]]
|{{UK}}
|发明并发展[[全息照相法]]<br />"for his invention and development of the [[holography|holographic method]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1971/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1972年]]
|
|[[约翰·巴丁]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="3"|创立BCS超导微观理论<br />"for their jointly developed theory of [[superconductivity]], usually called the [[BCS-theory]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[利昂·库珀]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|
|[[约翰·罗伯特·施里弗]]
|{{USA}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1973年]]
|
|[[江崎玲於奈]]
|{{JPN}}
|rowspan="2"|发现[[半导体]]和[[超导体]]的[[隧道效应]]<br />"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in [[semiconductor]]s and [[superconductor]]s, respectively"<ref name=N73>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[伊瓦尔·贾埃弗]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|
|[[布赖恩·戴维·约瑟夫森]]
|{{UK}}
|提出并发现通过隧道势垒的超电流的性质，即[[約瑟夫遜結|约瑟夫森效应]]<br />"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the [[Josephson effect]]"<ref name=N73/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1974年]]
|
|[[马丁·赖尔]]
|{{UK}}
|发明应用[[合成孔径射电天文望远镜]]进行[[無線電天文學|射电天体物理学]]的开创性研究<br />"for their pioneering research in [[Radio astronomy|radio astrophysics]]: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the [[aperture synthesis]] technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of [[pulsar]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1974/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[安东尼·休伊什]]
|{{UK}}
|发现[[脉冲星]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1975年]]
|
|[[艾吉·尼尔斯·玻尔]]
|{{DEN}}
|rowspan="3"|发现原子核中集体运动和粒子运动之间的联系，并且根据这种联系提出核结构理论<br />"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1975/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[本·罗伊·莫特森]]
|{{DEN}}
|-
|
|[[詹姆斯·雷恩沃特]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1976年]]
|[[Image:Burton Richter - charm quark.jpg|75px]]
|[[伯顿·里克特]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="2"|各自独立发现新的J/ψ基本粒子<br />"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Samuel C.C. Ting.jpg|75px]]
|[[丁肇中]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[1977年]]
|[[Image:Andersonphoto.jpg|75px]]
|[[菲利普·沃伦·安德森]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="3"|对磁性和无序体系电子结构的基础性研究<br />"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[内维尔·弗朗西斯·莫脱]]
|{{UK}}
|-
|
|[[约翰·哈斯布鲁克·范扶累克]]
|{{USA}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1978年]]
|
|[[彼得·卡皮查]]
|{{USSR}}
|低温物理领域的基本发明和发现<br />"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"<ref name=N78>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[阿诺·彭齐亚斯]]
|{{USA}}
| rowspan="2"|发现[[宇宙微波背景辐射]]<br />"for their discovery of [[cosmic microwave background radiation]]"<ref name=N78/>
|-
|
|[[罗伯特·威尔逊]]
|{{USA}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1979年]]
|[[Image:Sheldon Glashow at Harvard.jpg|75px]]
|[[谢尔登·李·格拉肖]]
|{{USA}}
| rowspan="3"|关于基本粒子间弱相互作用和电磁作用的统一理论的获奖原因，并预言[[弱中性流]]的存在<br />"for their contributions to the theory of the [[electroweak force|unified weak and electromagnetic interaction]] between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the [[weak neutral current]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆]]
|{{PAK}}
|-
|[[Image:Steven-weinberg.jpg|75px]]
|[[史蒂文·温伯格]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1980年]]
|[[Image:James Watson Cronin 2006.jpg|75px]]
|[[詹姆斯·克罗宁]]
|{{USA}}
| rowspan="2"|发现中性K介子衰变时存在宇称不对称性<br />"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of [[neutral K-meson]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[瓦尔·洛格斯登·菲奇]]
|{{USA}}
|}


[[亚历山大大帝]]横扫亚洲的远征使大马士革首次接受西方人的统治。在公元[[前323年]]亚历山大去世后，大马士革沦为[[塞琉西王朝]]和[[托勒密王朝]]的战场。此城的控制权频繁地在两大帝国间转移。亚历山大的部将之一，[[塞琉西王朝]]的创始者[[塞琉古一世]]，以[[安条克]]为其辽阔帝国的首都。这导致了大马士革的重要性下降，与塞琉西王朝新建的城市诸如位于北方的[[拉塔基亞]]对比，更为明显。
===1981年—1990年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1981年]]
|
|[[凯·西格巴恩]]
|{{SWE}}
|开发高分辨率[[电子光谱仪]]<br />"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"<ref name=N81/>
|-
|
|[[尼古拉斯·布隆伯根]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="2"|开发[[激光光谱仪]]<br />"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"<ref name=N81>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[阿瑟·莱昂纳多·肖洛]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|[[1982年]]
|
|[[肯尼斯·威尔逊]]
|{{USA}}
|对相转变临界现象理论的贡献<br />"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1982/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1983年]]
|
|[[苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡]]
|{{USA}}
|对恒星结构及其演化理论作出的重大贡献<br />"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"<ref name=N83>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[威廉·艾尔弗雷德·福勒]]
|{{USA}}
|对宇宙中形成化学元素的核反应的理论和实验研究<br />"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"<ref name=N83/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1984年]]
|[[Image:Carlo Rubbia W and Z bosons.jpg|75px]]
|[[卡洛·鲁比亚]]
|{{ITA}}
|rowspan="2"|对导致发现[[弱相互作用]]传递者场粒子W和Z的大型工程的决定性贡献<br />"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1984/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[西蒙·范德梅尔]]
|{{HOL}}
|-
|[[1985年]]
|[[Image:Klausvonklitzing.jpg|75px]]
|[[克劳斯·冯·克利青]]
|{{GER}}
|发现固体物理中的[[量子霍尔效应]]<br />"for the discovery of the [[Quantum Hall effect|quantized Hall effect]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1985/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1986年]]
|
|[[恩斯特·鲁斯卡]]
|{{GER}}
|电子光学的基础工作和研制出第一台[[电子显微镜]]<br />"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first [[electron microscope]]"<ref name=N86>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Gerd Binnig sw.jpg|75px]]
|[[格尔德·宾宁]]
|{{GER}}
|rowspan="2"|研制[[扫描隧道显微镜]]<br />"for their design of the [[scanning tunneling microscope]]"<ref name=N86/>
|-
|
|[[海因里希·罗雷尔]]
|{{SWI}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1987年]]
|
|[[约翰内斯·格奥尔格·贝德诺尔茨]]
|{{GER}}
|rowspan="2"|发现[[氧化物]]高温超导材料<br />"for their important break-through in the discovery of [[superconductivity]] in [[ceramic]] materials"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Karl Alexander Mueller.jpg|75px]]
|[[卡尔·亚历山大·米勒]]
|{{SWI}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[1988年]]
|[[Image:Leon M. Lederman.jpg|75px]]
|[[利昂·M·莱德曼]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="3"|产生第一个实验室创造的[[中微子束]]，并发现[[中微子]]，从而证明了[[轻子]]的对偶结构<br />"for the [[neutrino]] beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the [[lepton]]s through the discovery of the muon neutrino"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[梅尔文·施瓦茨]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|
|[[杰克·施泰因贝格尔]]
|{{USA}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1989年]]
|
|[[诺曼·福斯特·拉姆齐]]
|{{USA}}
|发明分离振荡场方法及其在[[原子钟]]中的应用<br />"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"<ref name=N89>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[汉斯·格奥尔格·德默尔特]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="2"|发展[[原子精确光谱学]]和开发[[离子陷阱]]技术<br />"for the development of the [[ion trap]] technique"<ref name=N89/>
|-
|
|[[沃尔夫冈·保罗]]
|{{GER}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[1990年]]
|
|[[杰尔姆·艾萨克·弗里德曼]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="3"|通过实验首次证明[[夸克]]的存在<br />"for their pioneering investigations concerning [[deep inelastic scattering]] of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the [[quark model]] in particle physics"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[亨利·韦·肯德尔]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|
|[[理查德·E·泰勒]]
|{{CAN}}
|}


===1991年—2000年===
=== 罗马帝国时代 ===
公元[[前64年]]，罗马统帅[[庞培]]将叙利亚西部设为罗马的行省。罗马人占据大马士革将她并入[[德卡波利斯]]十個城市的其中一個。因为罗马人认为大马士革是一个重要的希腊罗马文化中心。
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
|[[1991年]]
|[[Image:Pierre-Gilles Rice University.jpg|75px]]
|[[皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳]]
|{{FRA}}
|把研究简单系统中有序现象的方法推广到比较复杂的物质形式，特别是推广到[[液晶]]和[[聚合物]]的研究中<br />"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to [[liquid crystal]]s and [[polymer]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1991/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[1992年]]
|
|[[夏帕克]]
|{{FRA}}
|发明并发展用于[[高能物理学]]的[[多丝正比计数管]]<br />"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the [[multiwire proportional chamber]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1993年]]
|
|[[拉塞尔·艾伦·赫尔斯]]
|{{美国}}
|rowspan="2"|发现[[脉冲双星]]，由此间接证实了爱因斯坦所预言的引力波的存在<br />"for the discovery of a [[PSR B1913+16|new type]] of [[pulsar]], a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of [[Gravitational wave|gravitation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[约瑟夫·胡顿·泰勒]]
|{{美国}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1994年]]
|
|[[伯特伦·布罗克豪斯]]
|{{CAN}}
|在凝聚态物质研究中发展了中子衍射技术<br />"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of [[neutron scattering]] techniques for studies of [[condensed matter]]"<ref name=N94>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1994/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[克利福德·沙尔]]
|{{美国}}
|"for the development of the [[neutron diffraction]] technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of [[neutron scattering]] techniques for studies of [[condensed matter]]"<ref name=N94/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1995年]]
|[[Image:Martin Perl - tau.jpg|75px]]
|[[马丁·刘易斯·佩尔]]
|{{美国}}
|发现[[τ轻子]]<br />"for the discovery of the [[tau lepton]]" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to [[lepton]] physics"<ref name=N95>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Frederick Reines.jpg|75px]]
|[[弗雷德里克·莱因斯]]
|{{美国}}
|发现[[中微子]]<br />"for the detection of the [[neutrino]]" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to [[lepton]] physics"<ref name=N95/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[1996年]]
|
|[[戴维·李]]
|{{美国}}
|rowspan="3"|发现了可以在低温度状态下无摩擦流动的[[氦]][[同位素]]<br />"for their discovery of [[superfluid]]ity in [[helium-3]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1996/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Douglas Osheroff.jpg|75px]]
|[[道格拉斯·D·奥谢罗夫]]
|{{美国}}
|-
|
|[[罗伯特·科尔曼·理查森]]
|{{美国}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[1997年]]
|[[Image:StevenChu.jpg|75px]]
|[[朱棣文]]
|{{美国}}
|rowspan="3"|发明用激光冷却和捕获原子的方法<br />"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji.JPG|75px]]
|[[克洛德·科昂-唐努德日]]
|{{FRA}}
|-
|[[Image:William Phillips-physicist photo.jpg|75px]]
|[[威廉·丹尼尔·菲利普斯]]
|{{美国}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[1998年]]
|
|[[罗伯特·B·劳克林]]
|{{美国}}
|rowspan="3"|发现并研究电子的分数量子霍尔效应<br />"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1998/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Horst Störmer.jpg|75px]]
|[[霍斯特·路德维希·施特默]]
|{{GER}}
|-
|
|[[崔琦]]
|{{美国}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1999年]]
|[[Image:GerardtHooft.jpg|75px]]
|[[杰拉德·特·胡夫特]]
|{{HOL}}
|rowspan="2"|阐明弱电相互作用的量子结构<br />"for elucidating the quantum structure of [[electroweak interaction]]s in physics"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999| publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[马丁纽斯·韦尔特曼]]
|{{HOL}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[2000年]]
|
|[[若雷斯·阿尔费罗夫]]
|{{RUS}}
|rowspan="2"|为信息和通信技术所做的基础性贡献，以及开发[[半导体异质结构]]，用于[[快速晶体管]]和[[激光二极管]]<br />"for developing [[semiconductor]] heterostructures used in high-speed- and [[optoelectronics]]"<ref name=N00>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[赫伯特·克勒默]]
|{{GER}}
|-
|
|[[傑克·基爾比]]
|{{美国}}
|为信息和通信技术所做的基础性贡献，以及在发明[[集成电路]]中所做的贡献<br />"for his part in the invention of the [[integrated circuit]]"<ref name=N00/>
|}


===2001年—2008年===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 年代
! colspan=2|获奖者{{ref|1|[A]}}
! 国籍{{ref|2|[B]}}
! 获奖原因{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[2001年]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Image:WiemanandCornell.jpg|75px|Eric Cornell (right) and Carl Wieman (left)]]
|[[埃里克·阿林·康奈尔]]
|{{USA}}
| rowspan="3"|在碱性原子稀薄气体的[[玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态]]以及[[凝聚态]]物质性质早期基础性研究方面取得的成就<br />"for the achievement of [[Bose-Einstein condensate|Bose-Einstein condensation]] in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[卡尔·威曼]]
|{{USA}}
|-
|[[Image:Ketterle.jpg|75px]]
|[[沃尔夫冈·克特勒]]
|{{DEU}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[2002年]]
|
|[[雷蒙德·戴维斯]]
|{{USA}}
|rowspan="2"|在[[天体物理学]]领域做出的先驱性贡献，尤其是探测宇宙[[中微子]]<br />"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic [[neutrino]]s"<ref name=N02>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[小柴昌俊]]
|{{JPN}}
|-
|[[Image:RiccardoGiacconi.jpg|75px]]
|[[里卡尔多·贾科尼]]
|{{USA}}
|在[[天体物理学]]领域做出的先驱性贡献，并发现宇宙[[X射线]]源<br />"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"<ref name=N02/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[2003年]]
|[[Image:Abrikosov in a lecture.jpg|75px]]
|[[阿列克谢·阿布里科索夫]]
|{{美国}} {{RUS}}
|rowspan="3"|对[[超导体]]和[[超流体]]理论做出的先驱性贡献<br />"for pioneering contributions to the theory of [[superconductivity|superconductors]] and superfluids"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[维塔利·金兹堡]]
|{{RUS}}
|-
|
|[[安东尼·莱格特]]
|{{UK}} {{美国}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2004年]]
|[[Image:David Gross cropped.JPG|75px]]
|[[戴维·格娄斯]]
|{{美国}}
|rowspan="3"|发现[[强相互作用]]理论（[[夸克]]粒子理论）中的[[渐近自由]]现象<br />"for the discovery of [[asymptotic freedom]] in the theory of the [[strong interaction]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[H·戴维·波利策|戴维·波利策]]
|{{美国}}
|-
|[[Image:FrankStockholm2004.jpg|75px]]
|[[弗朗克·韦尔切克]]
|{{美国}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[2005年]]
|[[Image:Roy Glauber Dec 10 2005.jpg|75px]]
|[[罗伊·格劳伯]]
|{{美国}}
|对[[光学相干]]的量子理论的贡献<br />"for his contribution to the quantum theory of [[Coherence (physics)|optical coherence]]"<ref name=N05>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2005/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[约翰·霍尔]]
|{{美国}}
|rowspan="2"|对基于[[激光]]的精密[[光谱学]]发展做出的贡献，包括[[光频梳]]技术<br />"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision [[spectroscopy]], including the [[optical frequency comb]] technique"<ref name=N05/>
|-
|[[Image:Theodor W Haensch.jpg|75px]]
|[[特奥多尔·亨施]]
|{{GER}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2006年]]
|[[Image:John-C-Mather.jpg|75px]]
|[[约翰·马瑟]]
|{{美国}}
|rowspan="2"|发现[[宇宙微波背景辐射]]的[[黑体]]形式和[[各向异性]]<br />"for their discovery of the [[blackbody|blackbody form]] and [[anisotropy]] of the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:George Smoot.jpg|75px]]
|[[乔治·斯穆特]]
|{{美国}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2007年]]
|[[Image:Albert Fert at EP2DS 2007 in Genua PICT5745.jpg|75px]]
|[[艾尔伯·费尔]]
|{{FRA}}
|rowspan="2"|发现[[巨磁阻效应]]<br />"for the discovery of [[giant magnetoresistance]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Peter Gruenberg 01.jpg|75px]]
|[[彼得·格林贝格尔]]
|{{GER}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[2008年]]
|[[File:Makoto Kobayashi-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-2b.jpg|75px]]
|[[小林诚 (物理学家)|小林诚]]
|{{JPN}}
| rowspan="2"|发现[[电荷宇称对称性破缺]]的来源<br />"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"<ref name=N08>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Toshihide Masukawa-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-4.jpg|75px]]
|[[益川敏英]]
|{{JPN}}
|-
|[[Image:YoichiroNambu.jpg|75px]]
|[[南部阳一郎]]
|{{USA}}
|发现[[亚原子粒子|亚原子]]物理学的[[自发对称性破缺]]机制<br />"for the discovery of [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry]] in subatomic physics"<ref name=N08/>
|}


公元2世纪初，大马士革成为了罗马帝国最重要的城市之一，公元[[222年]]皇 帝塞普提米乌斯·塞维鲁斯将她升格为“罗马殖民地”。随着罗马和平时代的到来，大马士革以及叙利亚行省大体上走向繁荣。大马士革的重要地位在商业交通方面 更为显著。她是始于南方阿拉伯半岛、帕尔米拉、佩特拉以及始于中国的丝绸之路的商路的汇集点。此城满足了罗马人对东方奢侈品的需求。
== 参见 ==
[[各国诺贝尔奖得主]]


罗 马时代的建筑保留至今的很少。不过罗马人对老城区的市政规划的确产生了持久的效果。罗马建筑师将希腊人和阿拉米人的地基集中起来，规划为1500米长 750米宽的区域，在外面围上城墙。城墙有七座城门，但是仅有东门（Bab Sharqi）在罗马时代后保留下来。罗马时代的大马士革城市依存就在当代城市的地下5米处。
==参考文献==

;一般
=== 伊斯兰教时代 ===
{{refbegin}}

*{{cite web | language=en|title = 所有诺贝尔物理学奖得主| publisher = [[诺贝尔基金会]] | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/|accessdate=2008-10-08}}
公元[[636年]]，[[伊斯兰教]]的第二任[[哈里发]][[奥马尔一世]]征服大马士革。此后不久，大马士革成为从[[西班牙]]延伸至[[印度]]边境的[[阿拉伯帝国]][[倭马亚王朝]]（[[661年]]至[[750年]]）的首都，城市的权力与名望均到达顶峰。公元[[8世纪]]，[[阿拔斯王朝]]在[[巴格达]]兴起。
*{{cite web | language=en|title = 诺贝尔物理学奖得主| publisher = [[大英百科全书]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/table?tocId=9343009|accessdate=2008-12-18}}

{{refend}}
在阿拔斯王朝建立之后，大马士革接受其首都巴格达的统治。后来，她接受在[[开罗]]的[[法蒂玛王朝]][[哈里发]]的统治。随着塞尔柱突厥人在[[11世纪]]晚期进入阿拉伯世界，大马士革再此成为独立国家的首都。她接受了一个塞尔柱王朝在[[1079年]]到[[1104年]]时期的统治，然后是另一个突厥人王朝的统治：Burid埃米尔。期间在[[1148年]]大马士革经历了第二次十字军东征时期的一次围攻。
;特殊

{{reflist|2}}
在[[1154年]]十字军主要的敌人，[[阿勒颇]]的Zengid Atabeg Nur ad-Din征服大马士革。他将其作为首都。他死后，埃及的统治者[[萨拉丁]]获得了大马士革并将其作为首都。萨拉丁死后，[[大马士革阿尤布王朝]]和[[开罗阿尤布王朝]]之间进行长期的战争。大马士革钢在十字军中获得了传奇般的声誉。表面带水纹的刀剑钢仍然被称作“大马士革钢”。人们可以通过大马士革进行拜占庭或中国的带图案的丝绸的贸易。因为大马士革是[[丝绸之路]]在西端的一个终点。英语的缎子（damask）一词来源于此。
;注释

{{refbegin}}
蒙古人于[[1260年]]对叙利亚的入侵终结了[[阿尤布王朝]]的统治。在蒙古人撤退后，大马士革成为了[[马木路克]]的一个行省的首府。在[[1400年]]，来自中亚的[[帖木儿]]严重破坏了大马士革，他将城市中的手工艺人迁移到其首都[[撒马尔罕]]。重建之后的大马士革在[[1516年]]前继续做一个行省的首府。在1517年，奥斯曼土耳其帝国的统治开始。他的统治长达400年。期间仅被来自埃及的[[易卜拉欣帕夏 (埃及)|易卜拉欣帕夏]]在1832年到1840年的短暂统治所打断。
{{note|1}}A. 这里的中文姓名是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的英文名字翻译，对于得奖者的其他名字，可从该得奖者的条目中了解。

=== 现代 ===
在[[第一次世界大战]]接近尾声的[[1918年]]，奥斯曼帝国在亚洲的防线全面崩溃，大马士革也被协约国军队（英军及其阿拉伯盟友）攻占。提出过一个在叙利亚建立由[[埃米尔]][[费萨尔一世|费萨尔]]（后来的[[伊拉克]]国王'''费萨尔一世'''）领导的阿拉伯国家的计划，但是这个计划在被法国破坏後。法国人在[[1920年]]4月入侵叙利亚，赶走了刚刚当了1个月国王的费萨尔。叙利亚成为了法国统治的[[国际联盟]]委任统治地区。法国人将大马士革作为委任统治地区的首都。在叙利亚最终于[[1946年]]宣布独立时，大马士革被正式定为这个新生国家的首都。
== 氣候 ==


== 市内的主要历史景点 ==

* [[倭马亚清真寺]]
* [[萨拉丁]]陵墓
* [[大马士革城堡]]
* [[凯桑门]]
* [[直街]]（罗马大道）
* [[努尔丁医院]]
* [[亚拿尼亚]]的住宅

== 出生于大马士革的著名人士 ==

* [[大馬士革的聖約翰]] 基督教神学家
* [[索弗隆尼乌斯]] 耶路撒冷牧首
* [[大马士革乌斯]] 拜占庭哲学家
* [[艾哈迈德·库夫塔罗]] 伊斯兰教法学家

== 参见 ==
* [[叙利亚历史]]
* [[大馬士革鋼]]
* [[大馬士革路上]]


== 参考资料 ==
{{note|2}}B. 这里的国家信息是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的信息列出，并不一定为得奖者的国籍或出生地。
{{reflist}}


== 外部链接 ==
{{note|3}}C. 这里所引用的获奖理由是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的英文原文翻译列出，英文原文被列于中文翻译之后以供查对。括号中内容为编者所加，并非原文所有。


{{refend}}


==外部连接==
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ 諾貝爾物理學獎官方網站]




2011年11月21日 (一) 01:36的最新版本

大马士革（阿拉伯语官方名称为：دمشق ；非正式的名称沙姆大马士革，有时被直称为沙姆 الشام；在中文和合本《聖經》中則翻為大馬色）是叙利亚的首都，面积105km²，人口164万。这座城市已经存在了4000多年，是亚洲也是世界上最古老的有人持续居住城市。

名字的来源

[编辑]

“大马士革”一词是希臘人用希臘文记录下来的阿拉伯语，意为“手工作坊”。在阿拉伯语中，这座城市称作دمشق الشام（Dimashq ash-Shām），源于阿拉伯语“北方”的意思。希臘語的名字“大马士革”源于这个城市的阿拉米语名字— דרמשק，意思是“一个水源充足地方”。研究发现在埃伯拉出土的前阿拉米文献中，把埃伯拉南边的地方称为“大马士基”，因此大马士革这个名字很可能早于阿拉米时代。

地理环境

[编辑]

大马士革位于距离地中海80公里的内地，四周环绕着 前黎巴嫩 山脉，位于海拔680米的高原上。大马士革位于北纬 33°30' ，东经 36°18' (33.5, 36.3). [1]

大马士革的大部分城区，包括最负盛名的老城区，都位于巴拉达河北岸。新城区一直拓展到北岸。大马士革被一个绿洲环绕，Ghuta (الغوطة)，水源自巴拉达河。 Ghuta绿洲面积由于城市住房和工业的迅速发展而一直在缩小，还因为城市交通，工业和污水而受到污染。

历史

[编辑]

古代

[编辑]

对 市郊的Tell Ramad的发掘证实，早在公元前10000年到公元前8000年的时代，大马士革已经有人居住。因此大马士革被称为世界上最古老的持续有人居住的城市。 然而大马士革并不是一个重要的城市直到阿拉米人的到来。阿拉米人是圣经主流汉译本中的“亚兰人”，来自阿拉伯半岛的游牧部落，属于闪米特语族。

众所周知是阿拉米人建立了大马士革的供水系统，方法是开凿运河地下水道以最大程度地利用巴拉达河的水资源。这套供水网络系统后来被罗马人和阿拉伯倭马亚王朝改造，至今仍然是大马士革老城区的基本供水系统。在公元前12世纪，大马士革成为强大的阿拉米人国家“阿拉米大马士革”的首都。

阿拉米大马士革的诸王参与了很多反对亚述人和北国以色列人的战争。其中的一位本-哈达德二世与亚述王萨尔玛那萨尔三世在卡卡（Karkar）战役中激战。公元前732年，亚述王提格拉特帕拉沙尔三世攻克并摧毁了这座城市，之后的几百年大马士革丧失了独立地位。在公元前572年归新巴比伦王国的尼布甲尼撒二世统治。公元前538年居鲁士大帝的波斯军队攻占大马士革，将她作为波斯帝国叙利亚行省的首府。

希臘化時代

[编辑]

亚历山大大帝横扫亚洲的远征使大马士革首次接受西方人的统治。在公元前323年亚历山大去世后，大马士革沦为塞琉西王朝和托勒密王朝的战场。此城的控制权频繁地在两大帝国间转移。亚历山大的部将之一，塞琉西王朝的创始者塞琉古一世，以安条克为其辽阔帝国的首都。这导致了大马士革的重要性下降，与塞琉西王朝新建的城市诸如位于北方的拉塔基亞对比，更为明显。

罗马帝国时代

[编辑]

公元前64年，罗马统帅庞培将叙利亚西部设为罗马的行省。罗马人占据大马士革将她并入德卡波利斯十個城市的其中一個。因为罗马人认为大马士革是一个重要的希腊罗马文化中心。


公元2世纪初，大马士革成为了罗马帝国最重要的城市之一，公元222年皇 帝塞普提米乌斯·塞维鲁斯将她升格为“罗马殖民地”。随着罗马和平时代的到来，大马士革以及叙利亚行省大体上走向繁荣。大马士革的重要地位在商业交通方面 更为显著。她是始于南方阿拉伯半岛、帕尔米拉、佩特拉以及始于中国的丝绸之路的商路的汇集点。此城满足了罗马人对东方奢侈品的需求。

罗 马时代的建筑保留至今的很少。不过罗马人对老城区的市政规划的确产生了持久的效果。罗马建筑师将希腊人和阿拉米人的地基集中起来，规划为1500米长 750米宽的区域，在外面围上城墙。城墙有七座城门，但是仅有东门（Bab Sharqi）在罗马时代后保留下来。罗马时代的大马士革城市依存就在当代城市的地下5米处。

伊斯兰教时代

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公元636年，伊斯兰教的第二任哈里发奥马尔一世征服大马士革。此后不久，大马士革成为从西班牙延伸至印度边境的阿拉伯帝国倭马亚王朝（661年至750年）的首都，城市的权力与名望均到达顶峰。公元8世纪，阿拔斯王朝在巴格达兴起。

在阿拔斯王朝建立之后，大马士革接受其首都巴格达的统治。后来，她接受在开罗的法蒂玛王朝哈里发的统治。随着塞尔柱突厥人在11世纪晚期进入阿拉伯世界，大马士革再此成为独立国家的首都。她接受了一个塞尔柱王朝在1079年到1104年时期的统治，然后是另一个突厥人王朝的统治：Burid埃米尔。期间在1148年大马士革经历了第二次十字军东征时期的一次围攻。

在1154年十字军主要的敌人，阿勒颇的Zengid Atabeg Nur ad-Din征服大马士革。他将其作为首都。他死后，埃及的统治者萨拉丁获得了大马士革并将其作为首都。萨拉丁死后，大马士革阿尤布王朝和开罗阿尤布王朝之间进行长期的战争。大马士革钢在十字军中获得了传奇般的声誉。表面带水纹的刀剑钢仍然被称作“大马士革钢”。人们可以通过大马士革进行拜占庭或中国的带图案的丝绸的贸易。因为大马士革是丝绸之路在西端的一个终点。英语的缎子（damask）一词来源于此。

蒙古人于1260年对叙利亚的入侵终结了阿尤布王朝的统治。在蒙古人撤退后，大马士革成为了马木路克的一个行省的首府。在1400年，来自中亚的帖木儿严重破坏了大马士革，他将城市中的手工艺人迁移到其首都撒马尔罕。重建之后的大马士革在1516年前继续做一个行省的首府。在1517年，奥斯曼土耳其帝国的统治开始。他的统治长达400年。期间仅被来自埃及的易卜拉欣帕夏在1832年到1840年的短暂统治所打断。

现代

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在第一次世界大战接近尾声的1918年，奥斯曼帝国在亚洲的防线全面崩溃，大马士革也被协约国军队（英军及其阿拉伯盟友）攻占。提出过一个在叙利亚建立由埃米尔费萨尔（后来的伊拉克国王费萨尔一世）领导的阿拉伯国家的计划，但是这个计划在被法国破坏後。法国人在1920年4月入侵叙利亚，赶走了刚刚当了1个月国王的费萨尔。叙利亚成为了法国统治的国际联盟委任统治地区。法国人将大马士革作为委任统治地区的首都。在叙利亚最终于1946年宣布独立时，大马士革被正式定为这个新生国家的首都。

氣候

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市内的主要历史景点

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出生于大马士革的著名人士

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参见

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参考资料

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外部链接

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Towerman/试验台&oldid=18391848”