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點過程

出自維基百科,自由嘅百科全書
(由點場跳轉過嚟)

統計學概率論當中,點過程或者點場英文point process, point field)係啲數學點嘅集合,啲隨機噉落喺一柵數學空間(譬如實線或者歐氏空間)度嘅。點過程可作爲數學模型畀啲現象或者對象,衹要佢哋表示得為某類空間入邊嘅一啲點。

對於點過程有嘸同嘅數學解釋,譬如係隨機計數度量(random counting measure)或者隨機集(random set)。[1][2]一啲作者將點過程同隨機過程睇作係兩個嘸同嘅對象,所以點過程係由隨機過程產生或者關聯埋隨機過程嘅隨機對象,[3][4]儘管有人指出點過程之間嘅差異同隨機過程嘸清楚。其他人將點過程睇作係一種隨機過程,其中有個潛在空間(underlying space)[a],譬如實線或者維歐幾里得空間,空間啲集作爲過程索引(index)。[7][8]其他隨機過程喺點過程理論當中都得研究埋,譬如啲更新同計數過程。[9]有時啲人嘸傾向優先使個術語「點過程」,因為歷史上「過程」表示某種系統演變係喺時間上嘅,係噉點過程都喊做隨機點場。[10]

點過程係概率論有深入研究到嘅對象,亦都係整統計學嘅有力工具嘅主題畀空間數據建模同分析嗰陣[11][12],後者喺好多啲學科都好受關注,似喺林業、植物生態學、流行病學、地理學、地震學、材料科學、天文學、電信、計算神經科學[13]、經濟學[14]等。

點過程喺實線上嘅例構成咗啲重要特例係特別適合研究嘅,因為啲點係以自然嘅方式排序,並且成個點過程可以完全由啲點之間嘅(隨機)間隔描述得到。呢啲點過程經常得用作時間隨機事件嘅模型,譬如啲客入隊(排隊論)、一粒神經元入便嘅脈衝(計算神經科學)、啲粒子入到蓋革計數器電信網絡啲無線電台嘅位置[15]或者喺萬維網上嘅搜索行爲。

[編輯]
  1. Sung Nok Chiu; Dietrich Stoyan; Wilfrid S. Kendall; Joseph Mecke (27 June 2013). Stochastic Geometry and Its Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-118-65825-3.
  2. Martin Haenggi (2013). Stochastic Geometry for Wireless Networks. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-107-01469-5.
  3. D.J. Daley; D. Vere-Jones (10 April 2006). An Introduction to the Theory of Point Processes: Volume I: Elementary Theory and Methods. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-387-21564-8.
  4. Cox, D. R.; Isham, Valerie (1980). Point Processes. CRC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-412-21910-8.
  5. J. F. C. Kingman (17 December 1992). Poisson Processes. Clarendon Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-159124-2.
  6. Jesper Moller; Rasmus Plenge Waagepetersen (25 September 2003). Statistical Inference and Simulation for Spatial Point Processes. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-203-49693-0.
  7. Samuel Karlin; Howard E. Taylor (2 December 2012). A First Course in Stochastic Processes. Academic Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-08-057041-9.
  8. Volker Schmidt (24 October 2014). Stochastic Geometry, Spatial Statistics and Random Fields: Models and Algorithms. Springer. p. 99. ISBN 978-3-319-10064-7.
  9. D.J. Daley; D. Vere-Jones (10 April 2006). An Introduction to the Theory of Point Processes: Volume I: Elementary Theory and Methods. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-21564-8.
  10. Sung Nok Chiu; Dietrich Stoyan; Wilfrid S. Kendall; Joseph Mecke (27 June 2013). Stochastic Geometry and Its Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-118-65825-3.
  11. Diggle, P. (2003). Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns, 2nd edition. Arnold, London. ISBN 0-340-74070-1.
  12. Baddeley, A. (2006). Spatial point processes and their applications. In A. Baddeley, I. Bárány, R. Schneider, and W. Weil, editors, Stochastic Geometry: Lectures given at the C.I.M.E. Summer School held in Martina Franca, Italy, September 13–18, 2004, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1892, Springer. ISBN 3-540-38174-0, pp. 1–75
  13. Brown E. N., Kass R. E., Mitra P. P. (2004). "Multiple neural spike train data analysis: state-of-the-art and future challenges". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (5): 456–461. doi:10.1038/nn1228. PMID 15114358.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單 (link)
  14. Engle Robert F., Lunde Asger (2003). "Trades and Quotes: A Bivariate Point Process" (PDF). Journal of Financial Econometrics. 1 (2): 159–188. doi:10.1093/jjfinec/nbg011.
  15. Gilbert E.N. (1961). "Random plane networks". Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 9 (4): 533–543. doi:10.1137/0109045.

[編輯]
  1. 喺點過程背景下,術語「狀態空間」可以指埋定義個點過程嘅空間(譬如實線)[5][6],相當於隨機過程術語中嘅index集。