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Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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"{{Shaxsiyat |ismi = Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud |asl ismi = {{lang-ar|مقرن بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود}} |portret..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi
 
2 ta manba qutqarildi hamda 0 tasi oʻlik sifatida belgilandi.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5
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Qator 1: Qator 1:
{{Davlat arbobi
{{Shaxsiyat
|ismi = Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud
|ismi = Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud
|asl ismi = {{lang-ar|مقرن بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود}}
|asl ismi = {{lang-ar|مقرن بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود}}
|portret = Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.gif
|tasvir =الأمير مقرن بن عبد العزيز.jpg
|eni = 280
|uzunlik = 200px
|tavsif = [[Saudiya Arabistoni]] taxt vorisi
|lavozimi = [[Saudiya Arabistoni]] taxt vorisi
|boshlanish davri = [[2015-yil]] [[23-yanvar]]dan
⚫
|tavallud sanasi = {{birth date and age|1945|9|15}}
|tugash davri = [[2015-yil]] [[29-aprel]]gacha
|oʻtmishdoshi = [[Salmon ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud]]
|vorisi = [[Noif ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud]]
⚫
|tavallud sanasi = {{tugʻilgan sanasi va yoshi|1945|9|15}}
|tavallud joyi = {{TavalludJoyi|Ar-Riyod}}
|tavallud joyi = {{TavalludJoyi|Ar-Riyod}}
|otasi = [[Abdulaziz ibn Saud]]
|otasi = [[Abdulaziz ibn Abdurahmon as-Saud]]
|onasi = [[:en:Baraka Al Yamaniyah|Baraka]]
|onasi = [[:en:Baraka Al Yamaniyah|Baraka]]
|mukofotlari = {{Italiya Respublikasi oldidagi xizmatlari uchun katta xoch ordeni}}
|turmush ortogi = Abta
}}
}}
'''Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud''' ({{Lang-ar|مقرن بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود|Muqrin ibn ‘Abd al ‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd}}) – Saudiya Arabistoni siyosatchisi, biznesmen va sobiq harbiy uchuvchi<ref name="lacey-vii">Lacey gives his birth year as 1943.
'''Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud''' ({{lang-ar|مقرن بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود}}; 15.9.1945, Ar-Riyod, Saudiya Arabistoni) — Abdulaziz ibn Saudning eng kenja oʻgʻli, Saudiya Arabistoni Tashqi razvedka xizmati direktori, Bosh vazir oʻrinbosari, 2015-yildan [[Saudiya Arabistoni]] taxt vorisi<ref name=aalawsatpro>{{cite news|title=Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz|url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=32774|accessdate=3 February 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=alfaris>{{cite news|title=Proud of trust reposed in me by King: Muqrin|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130202151557|accessdate=2 February 2013|newspaper=Saudi Gazette|date=2 February 2013|author=Abdullah Al Harthi|author2=Khaled Al Faris|location=Jeddah and Riyadh}}</ref><ref name=hen13feb>{{cite news|last=Henderson|first=Simon|title=Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia?|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/who-will-be-the-next-king-of-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2 April 2013|newspaper=The Washington Institute|date=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30945324 BBC News - Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz dies</ref>.

{{Kitob manbasi |last=Robert Lacey |title=Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia |year=2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781446472361 |page=VII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fOGh87Zrr0C |location=New York |authorlink=Robert Lacey}}</ref>. Oʻgay akasi [[Salmon ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud|Qirol Salmon]] hukmronligining dastlabki uch oyi davomida, 2015-yil yanvaridan apreligacha qisqa muddat Saudiya Arabistoni valiahd shahzodasi boʻlgan<ref name="aalawsatpro2">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2 February 2013 |title=Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz |work=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=32774 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130152901/http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3 |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>. U [[Abdulaziz ibn Abdurahmon as-Saud|podshoh Abdulazizning]] 35-oʻgʻli boʻlib, uning [[Yaman|yamanlik]] kanizagi Barakadan tugʻilgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Simon Henderson |date=13 February 2013 |title=Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia? |work=The Washington Institute |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/who-will-be-the-next-king-of-saudi-arabia |access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref>. 1994-yilda Abdulazizning 36-oʻgʻli Hamud vafot etganidan beri Muqrin shohning omon qolgan eng kichik oʻgʻli boʻldi<ref name=hen13feb>{{yangiliklar manbasi|last=Henderson|first=Simon|title=Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia?|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/who-will-be-the-next-king-of-saudi-arabia|accessdate=2-aprel 2013-yil|newspaper=The Washington Institute|date=13-fevral 2013-yil}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30945324 BBC News – Saudi Arabiaʼs King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz dies]</ref><ref>http://m.kun.uz/news/2017/11/06/saudianing-11-sazodasi-kulga-olindi-aslida-gap-nimada</ref>.

Shahzoda Muqrin 2005-yildan 2012-yilgacha Muhobarat bosh direktori lavozimida ishlagan<ref name="aalawsatpro">{{yangiliklar manbasi|title=Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz|url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=32774|accessdate=3-fevral 2013-yil|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=2-fevral 2013-yil|seperator=|archivedate=2013-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130152901/http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3}}</ref>. 2012-yil iyul oyida [[Abdulloh ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud|qirol Abdullohning]] maslahatchisi va vazir darajasidagi [[Diplomatiya daraja va martabalari|maxsus elchi]] etib tayinlangan<ref name="alfaris">{{yangiliklar manbasi|title=Proud of trust reposed in me by King: Muqrin|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130202151557|accessdate=2-fevral 2013-yil|newspaper=Saudi Gazette|date=2-fevral 2013-yil|author=Abdullah Al Harthi|author2=Khaled Al Faris|location=Jeddah and Riyadh|seperator=|archivedate=2013-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102140125/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130202151557|access-date=2015-03-26|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102140125/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130202151557|url-status=dead}}</ref>. 2014-yil 27-martda valiahd shahzodaning oʻrinbosari etib tayinlandi<ref name="reu27314">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=27 March 2014 |title=Saudi Prince Muqrin named second-in-line to succeed king |work=[[Reuters]] |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-saudi-crownprince-idUKBREA2Q1NW20140327 |access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref>. 2015-yil 23-yanvarda qirol Abdulloh vafoti va Salmon taxtga oʻtishi bilan Muqrin valiahd shahzoda va bosh vazirning birinchi oʻrinbosari boʻldi<ref name="bbcjan15">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=23 January 2015 |title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz dies |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>. Oradan uch oy oʻtib, 2015-yil 29-aprelda qirol Salmon Muqrinni ishdan boʻshatib, uning oʻrniga jiyani Muhammad ibn Naifni tayinladi<ref name="reutersapr15">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=29 April 2015 |title=Saudi King Salman appoints Prince Mohammed bin Nayef as new crown prince-state TV |work=[[Reuters]] |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/saudi-politics-idUKL5N0XQ01X20150429 |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>.

== Bolaligi va taʼlim ==
Muqrin bin Abdulaziz 1945-yil 15-sentyabrda Ar-Riyodda tugʻilgan<ref name="lacey-vii2">Lacey gives his birth year as 1943.

{{Kitob manbasi |last=Robert Lacey |title=Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia |year=2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781446472361 |page=VII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fOGh87Zrr0C |location=New York |authorlink=Robert Lacey}}</ref><ref name="newsvine1612">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Iqbal Latif |date=16 June 2012 |title=Two Down and One to Go — Prince Salman will be the last of Sudairi Seven |work=Newsvine |url=http://iqballatif.newsvine.mobi/_news/2012/06/16/12255694-two-down-and-one-to-go-prince-salman-will-be-the-last-of-sudairi-seven |url-status=dead |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219023422/http://iqballatif.newsvine.mobi/_news/2012/06/16/12255694-two-down-and-one-to-go-prince-salman-will-be-the-last-of-sudairi-seven |archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="dbeast">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=3 February 2013 |title=With Prince Muqrin's Appointment, Saudi Succession Crisis Looms |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/03/with-prince-muqrin-s-appointment-saudi-succession-crisis-looms.html |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref>. U podshoh Abdulazizning 35-oʻgʻli. Uning onasi Baraka Al Yamaniya asli afrikalik boʻlib, qirol Abdulazizning kanizagi edi<ref name="dbeast" /><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=6 July 2006 |title=The Al Saud dynasty |work=Islam Daily |url=http://www.islamdaily.org/en/saudi-arabia/4565.the-al-saud-dynasty.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102082949/http://www.islamdaily.org/en/saudi-arabia/4565.the-al-saud-dynasty.htm |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>. 2018-yil 22-avgustda Ar-Riyodda vafot etgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=23 August 2018 |title=Saudi royal dies |work=[[Gulf Business]] |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/saudi-royal-dies-uae-leaders-convey-condolences/ |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>.

Muqrin Ar-Riyod Model institutida tahsil olgan<ref name="aalawsatpro3">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2 February 2013 |title=Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz |work=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=32774 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130152901/http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3 |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>. Keyin u Britaniyaning Krenvelldagi RAF kollejiga bordi va 1968-yilda [[aeronavtika]] boʻyicha leytenanti unvoni bilan diplom oldi<ref name="aalawsatpro3" /><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=1 February 2013 |title=Saudi king appoints his advisor as prime minister's second deputy |work=[[Al Arabiya]] |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/01/263802.html |access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>. 1974-yilda Qoʻshma Shtatlardagi Bosh shtab kursidan magistr darajasiga teng boʻlgan diplom oldi<ref name="aalawsatpro3" />.

== Faoliyati ==
Muqrin bin Abdulaziz havo kuchlari uchuvchisi edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Simon Henderson |sarlavha=After King Fahd |ish=Washington Institute |yil=1994 |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/after-king-fahd-succession-saudi-arabia-2nd-ed |qaralgan sana=2 February 2013 |format=Policy Paper}}</ref>. 1965-yilda Saudiya Qirollik havo kuchlariga (RSAF) xizmatga kirdi<ref name="rem">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Crown Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz |ish=Royal Embassy |qaralgan sana=25 January 2015 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/CrownPrinceMuqrin.aspx |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127073519/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/CrownPrinceMuqrin.aspx |arxivsana=27 January 2015}}</ref>. 1970-yilda RSAF 2-havo eskadroni komandiri etib tayinlangan. 1973-yildan 1977-yilgacha RSAFda bir nechta lavozimlarda ishlagan<ref name="aalawsatpro4">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2 February 2013 |title=Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz |work=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=32774 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130152901/http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3 |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>. Keyinroq RSAFning operatsiyalar va rejalashtirish boʻyicha qoʻmondoni lavozimiga koʻtarildi<ref name="ayoup">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud |ish=Ayoub World News |url=http://www.charlesayoub.com/news/index.php/article/108/Prince%20Muqrin%20bin%20Abdul%20Aziz%20Al%20Saud |sana=28 October 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204162439/http://www.charlesayoub.com/news/index.php/article/108/Prince%20Muqrin%20bin%20Abdul%20Aziz%20Al%20Saud |arxivsana=4 February 2015 |qaralgan sana=24 May 2012}}</ref>. 1980-yilda RSAFni tark etdi<ref name="rem" />.

1980-yil 18-martda [[Xolid ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud|qirol Xolid]] bu lavozimda Nosir Al-Shayx oʻrniga shahzoda Muqrinni [[Hail viloyati|Hail]] gubernatori etib tayinladi va uning vakolati 1999-yilgacha davom etdi<ref name="gip">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=General President |url=http://www.gip.gov.sa/sites/english/AboutPresidency/Pages/AboutPresident.aspx |ish=General Intelligence Presidency |qaralgan sana=24 May 2012 |arxivsana=8 November 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032331/http://www.gip.gov.sa/sites/english/AboutPresidency/Pages/AboutPresident.aspx}}</ref>. Shahzoda Muqrin oʻz davrida Davlat boshqaruvi instituti koʻmagida Hail mahalliy hokimiyatini isloh qildi va mintaqadagi qabilalarning turmush sharoitini yaxshiladi<ref name="ssh84">{{Tezis manbasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>. Viloyat qishloq xoʻjaligi ishlariga ham oʻz hissasini qoʻshgan.

1999-yil 24-noyabrda shahzoda Muqrin Abdul Majid bin Abdulazizning oʻrniga Madina viloyati gubernatori etib tayinlandi<ref name="gip2">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=General President |url=http://www.gip.gov.sa/sites/english/AboutPresidency/Pages/AboutPresident.aspx |ish=General Intelligence Presidency |qaralgan sana=24 May 2012 |arxivsana=8 November 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032331/http://www.gip.gov.sa/sites/english/AboutPresidency/Pages/AboutPresident.aspx}}</ref>. Qirol Fahd unga [[Haj]] paytida hukumatga va qirollikka qarshi namoyishlar toʻlqiniga javoban shaharni modernizatsiya qilishni buyurdi<ref name="ayoup2">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud |ish=Ayoub World News |url=http://www.charlesayoub.com/news/index.php/article/108/Prince%20Muqrin%20bin%20Abdul%20Aziz%20Al%20Saud |sana=28 October 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204162439/http://www.charlesayoub.com/news/index.php/article/108/Prince%20Muqrin%20bin%20Abdul%20Aziz%20Al%20Saud |arxivsana=4 February 2015 |qaralgan sana=24 May 2012}}</ref>. Shahzoda Muqrin chekka hududlarda taqdim etilayotgan taʼlim va sogʻliqni saqlash xizmatlarini rivojlantirdi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Abdulateef Al Mulhim |date=9 February 2013 |title=Prince Muqrin: A pilot, an astronomer and a politician |work=[[Arab News]] |url=http://www.arabnews.com/prince-muqrin-pilot-astronomer-and-politician |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref>. Anʼanaparast sanalgan shahzoda Muqrin gubernator etib tayinlanganida anʼanaviy qadriyatlarni targʻib qilish bilan shugʻullangan<ref name="ayoup2" />. 2005-yilning oktyabrigacha lavozimida qoldi<ref name="ghafour05">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=P.K. Abdul Ghafour |date=23 October 2005 |title=Prince Muqrin New Intelligence Chief |work=Arab News |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/274969 |access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>. Abdulaziz ibn Majid uning oʻrniga Madina viloyati hokimi etib tayinlandi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=22 October 2005 |title=Prince Miqrin Appointed President of General Intelligence |work=SAMIRAD |url=http://www.saudinf.com/display_news.php?id=3518 |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>.

2005-yil 22-oktabrda qirol Abdulloh shahzoda Muqrinni Saudiya Arabistoni razvedka agentligi – al-Muhabarat al-Aʼama bosh direktori etib tayinladi<ref name="gip3">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=General President |url=http://www.gip.gov.sa/sites/english/AboutPresidency/Pages/AboutPresident.aspx |ish=General Intelligence Presidency |qaralgan sana=24 May 2012 |arxivsana=8 November 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032331/http://www.gip.gov.sa/sites/english/AboutPresidency/Pages/AboutPresident.aspx}}</ref><ref name="ghafour052">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=P.K. Abdul Ghafour |date=23 October 2005 |title=Prince Muqrin New Intelligence Chief |work=Arab News |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/274969 |access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="FP">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Patrick Devenny |date=20 July 2009 |title=The List: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/20/the_list_the_middle_easts_most_powerful_spies?page=0,4 |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204009/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/20/the_list_the_middle_easts_most_powerful_spies?page=0,4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="nyt2302">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=23 October 2005 |title=Saudis Appoint a New Chief of Intelligence |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/international/middleeast/23saudi.html |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>. Uning tayinlanishi sobiq bosh direktor shahzoda Navvaf isteʼfoga chiqqanidan toʻqqiz oy oʻtib sodir boʻldi<ref name="nyt2302" /><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=Anthony H. Cordesman |title=Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWg1mvPuhkUC&pg=PA235 |year=2007 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-99399-3 |page=235 |location=Westport, CT; London}}</ref>.

Shahzoda Muqrin 2007-yilda [[al-Qoida]] tomonidan qoʻllanilgan internet jangarilariga qarshi kurash boʻyicha konferensiya uyushtirdi<ref name="factbox">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=22 November 2010 |title=FACTBOX&nbsp;— Key players in the ruling Saudi family |work=Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53078820101122 |access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>. Bundan tashqari, fuqarolarni xavfsizlikka tahdidlar haqida xabardor qilish uchun veb-sayt yaratishini va tashkilot AQAP bilan kurashish uchun qayta tuzilishini eʼlon qildi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |page=127 |last=Anthony H. Cordesman |title=Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region |year=2009 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-0-3133-8076-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OpmRrNzFHgC&pg=PA127}}</ref>. Saudiya Arabistonidan islomiy jangarilarni muvaffaqiyatli chiqarib yubordi<ref name="ihs4feb">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ihs.com/products/global-insight/industry-economic-report.aspx?id=1065975850|title=New appointment clarifies line of succession in Saudi Arabia|journal=IHS Global Insight|date=4 February 2013}}</ref>. 2012-yil 19-iyulda shahzoda Muqrin lavozimidan ozod etildi va uning oʻrniga Bandar bin Sulton tayinlandi<ref name="wsj12">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Ellen Knickmeyer |date=20 July 2012 |title=Saudi Appointment Suggests Bigger Regional Ambitions |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444097904577537311469944198 |access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref>. Ommaviy axborot vositalarida shahzoda Muqrin oʻz davrida baʼzi nozik masalalarga yondashuvi tufayli tanqidga uchragani taʼkidlandi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=KSA: New Director for Spy Agency |url=http://me-confidential.com/5125-ksa-new-director-for-spy-agency.html |ish=Middle East Confidential |qaralgan sana=20 July 2012 |sana=20 July 2012}}</ref>. Boshqa tomondan, shahzoda Muqrin oʻsha kuni vazir darajasida maslahatchi va qirol Abdullohning maxsus vakili etib tayinlandi<ref name="wsj12" /><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=19 July 2012 |title=Saudi king names ex-U.S. envoy as intelligence chief |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/19/world/meast/saudi-arabia-intelligence-chief/index.html |access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref>. Uning mas’uliyati janubi-sharqiy Osiyodagi ishlar edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Talal Kapoor |sarlavha=The Return of Bandar bin Sultan |ish=Datarabia |qaralgan sana=9 August 2012 |format=Commentary |url=http://www.datarabia.com/royals/viewCommentary.do?id=91959 |sana=8 August 2012}}</ref>.

Shahzoda Muqrin Muhabaratdagi faoliyati davomida Pokiston siyosatida faol rol oʻynagan<ref name="FP2">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Patrick Devenny |date=20 July 2009 |title=The List: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/20/the_list_the_middle_easts_most_powerful_spies?page=0,4 |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204009/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/20/the_list_the_middle_easts_most_powerful_spies?page=0,4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. 1999-yilda [[Pervez Musharraf|Parvez Musharrafning]] [[Navoz Sharif|Navoz Sharifga]] qarshi harbiy toʻntarishidan soʻng Saudiya hukumati Parvez Musharraf bilan oʻn yillik shartnoma tuzdi<ref>{{Ensiklopediya manbasi|title=Nawaz Sharif|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/538837/Nawaz-Sharif|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=10 May 2023}}</ref>. [[Benazir Bhutto]] quvgʻindan erta qaytgani va 2008-yilgi saylovlar boʻlgani uchun Sharif shahzoda Muqrin maslahatiga qarshi 2007-yilda Pokistonga qaytishga urindi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=24 November 2007 |title=Musharraf allows rival to return to Pakistan |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/24/pakistan.declanwalsh1 |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=7 June 2007 |title=Former Pakistan Leader Sharif Desires Return |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10801595 |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref>. Biroq Sharif tezda Pokistondan deportatsiya qilindi va uni [[Qirol Abdulaziz xalqaro aeroporti|Jidda aeroportida]] Muqrin kutib oldi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=25 November 2007 |title=Ex-PM Sharif returns to Pakistan |work=[[BBC]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7111679.stm |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref>. Shahzoda Muqrin Pokistondagi siyosiy yarashuv harakatlarida ham qatnashgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=16 August 2008 |title=Saudi spy chief meets Musharraf, Nawaz Sharif |work=Daily Times |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C08%5C16%5Cstory_16-8-2008_pg1_4 |access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=1 December 2010 |title=Saudi Arabia's Ailing Gerontocracy |work=David Ottaway |url=http://www.davidottaway.com/?p=15 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420013801/http://www.davidottaway.com/?p=15 |archive-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>.

Boshqa tomondan, Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz va oʻsha paytdagi tashqi ishlar vaziri shahzoda Saud Al Faysalning qirol Abdulloh taʼkidlaganidek, harbiy harakatlar oʻrniga Eronga qarshi sanksiyalarni ilgari surish tarafdori ekani xabar qilindi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=28 November 2011 |title=Saudis Said to Urge Iran Hit |work=Arab Times |url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/162465/reftab/36/t/Saudis-said-to-urge-Iran-hit/Default.aspx |access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>. Shu bilan birga, shahzoda Muqrin, shuningdek, Eronning Fors koʻrfazining ichki ishlariga aralashuvi, xususan, Eronning [[Yadro quroli|yadroviy qurol]] borasidagi harakati mintaqaga juda salbiy taʼsir koʻrsatishi va shuning uchun Fors koʻrfazi davlatlari oʻrtasida qurollanish poygasini keltirib chiqarishi mumkinligini taʼkidladi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Sylvia Pfeifer |last2=Najmeh Bozorgmehr |last3=Roula Khalaf |date=14 December 2011 |title=Iranians seek to placate Saudi Arabia |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/992a19dc-2688-11e1-9ed3-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1vjWQ7sBA |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231237/https://www.ft.com/content/992a19dc-2688-11e1-9ed3-00144feabdc0#axzz1vjWQ7sBA |archive-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>.

Muqrinning tadbirkorlik faoliyati ham bor. 1981-yilda qirol Faysalning oʻgʻli Muhammad tomonidan tashkil etilgan Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust asoschilaridan biri<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud |page=56 |editor=Emmy Abdul Alim |title=Global Leaders in Islamic Finance: Industry Milestones and Reflections |year=2014 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-46524-0 |chapterurl=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118638804.ch3 |chapter=The Well of Influence |doi=10.1002/9781118638804.ch3 |authorlink=Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud |location=Singapore}}</ref>. Hail provinsiyasi gubernatori lavozimida ishlagan vaqtida 1982-yilda Hail qishloq xoʻjaligini rivojlantirish kompaniyasiga asos solgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |editor=Giselle C. Bricault |title=Major Companies of the Arab World 1993/94 |year=1993 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-1-85333-894-6 |page=537 |chapterurl=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1458-5_13 |chapter=Saudi Arabia |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-1458-5_13}}</ref>. 1980-yillarning oxirida kompaniya mamlakatdagi eng yirik bugʻdoy ishlab chiqaruvchisi edi<ref name="mon89">{{Tezis manbasi}}</ref>.


== Manbalar ==
== Manbalar ==
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[[Turkum:Saudlar]]
[[Turkum:Saudlar]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:as-Saud, Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz}}

{{bio-stub}}

28-may 2024, 00:22 dagi koʻrinishi

Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud
arabcha: مقرن بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود
Saudiya Arabistoni taxt vorisi
Mansab davri
2015-yil 23-yanvardan – 2015-yil 29-aprelgacha
Oʻtmishdoshi Salmon ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud
Vorisi Noif ibn Abdulaziz as-Saud
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlari
Tavalludi 15-sentyabr 1945-yil (1945-09-15) (78 yosh)
Ar-Riyod
Onasi Baraka
Otasi Abdulaziz ibn Abdurahmon as-Saud
Mukofotlari
"Italiya Respublikasi oldidagi xizmatlari uchun katta xoch ordeni" ordeni kavaleri
"Italiya Respublikasi oldidagi xizmatlari uchun katta xoch ordeni" ordeni kavaleri

Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (arabcha: مقرن بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود) – Saudiya Arabistoni siyosatchisi, biznesmen va sobiq harbiy uchuvchi[1]. Oʻgay akasi Qirol Salmon hukmronligining dastlabki uch oyi davomida, 2015-yil yanvaridan apreligacha qisqa muddat Saudiya Arabistoni valiahd shahzodasi boʻlgan[2]. U podshoh Abdulazizning 35-oʻgʻli boʻlib, uning yamanlik kanizagi Barakadan tugʻilgan[3]. 1994-yilda Abdulazizning 36-oʻgʻli Hamud vafot etganidan beri Muqrin shohning omon qolgan eng kichik oʻgʻli boʻldi[4][5][6].

Shahzoda Muqrin 2005-yildan 2012-yilgacha Muhobarat bosh direktori lavozimida ishlagan[7]. 2012-yil iyul oyida qirol Abdullohning maslahatchisi va vazir darajasidagi maxsus elchi etib tayinlangan[8]. 2014-yil 27-martda valiahd shahzodaning oʻrinbosari etib tayinlandi[9]. 2015-yil 23-yanvarda qirol Abdulloh vafoti va Salmon taxtga oʻtishi bilan Muqrin valiahd shahzoda va bosh vazirning birinchi oʻrinbosari boʻldi[10]. Oradan uch oy oʻtib, 2015-yil 29-aprelda qirol Salmon Muqrinni ishdan boʻshatib, uning oʻrniga jiyani Muhammad ibn Naifni tayinladi[11].

Bolaligi va taʼlim

Muqrin bin Abdulaziz 1945-yil 15-sentyabrda Ar-Riyodda tugʻilgan[12][13][14]. U podshoh Abdulazizning 35-oʻgʻli. Uning onasi Baraka Al Yamaniya asli afrikalik boʻlib, qirol Abdulazizning kanizagi edi[14][15]. 2018-yil 22-avgustda Ar-Riyodda vafot etgan[16].

Muqrin Ar-Riyod Model institutida tahsil olgan[17]. Keyin u Britaniyaning Krenvelldagi RAF kollejiga bordi va 1968-yilda aeronavtika boʻyicha leytenanti unvoni bilan diplom oldi[17][18]. 1974-yilda Qoʻshma Shtatlardagi Bosh shtab kursidan magistr darajasiga teng boʻlgan diplom oldi[17].

Faoliyati

Muqrin bin Abdulaziz havo kuchlari uchuvchisi edi[19]. 1965-yilda Saudiya Qirollik havo kuchlariga (RSAF) xizmatga kirdi[20]. 1970-yilda RSAF 2-havo eskadroni komandiri etib tayinlangan. 1973-yildan 1977-yilgacha RSAFda bir nechta lavozimlarda ishlagan[21]. Keyinroq RSAFning operatsiyalar va rejalashtirish boʻyicha qoʻmondoni lavozimiga koʻtarildi[22]. 1980-yilda RSAFni tark etdi[20].

1980-yil 18-martda qirol Xolid bu lavozimda Nosir Al-Shayx oʻrniga shahzoda Muqrinni Hail gubernatori etib tayinladi va uning vakolati 1999-yilgacha davom etdi[23]. Shahzoda Muqrin oʻz davrida Davlat boshqaruvi instituti koʻmagida Hail mahalliy hokimiyatini isloh qildi va mintaqadagi qabilalarning turmush sharoitini yaxshiladi[24]. Viloyat qishloq xoʻjaligi ishlariga ham oʻz hissasini qoʻshgan.

1999-yil 24-noyabrda shahzoda Muqrin Abdul Majid bin Abdulazizning oʻrniga Madina viloyati gubernatori etib tayinlandi[25]. Qirol Fahd unga Haj paytida hukumatga va qirollikka qarshi namoyishlar toʻlqiniga javoban shaharni modernizatsiya qilishni buyurdi[26]. Shahzoda Muqrin chekka hududlarda taqdim etilayotgan taʼlim va sogʻliqni saqlash xizmatlarini rivojlantirdi[27]. Anʼanaparast sanalgan shahzoda Muqrin gubernator etib tayinlanganida anʼanaviy qadriyatlarni targʻib qilish bilan shugʻullangan[26]. 2005-yilning oktyabrigacha lavozimida qoldi[28]. Abdulaziz ibn Majid uning oʻrniga Madina viloyati hokimi etib tayinlandi[29].

2005-yil 22-oktabrda qirol Abdulloh shahzoda Muqrinni Saudiya Arabistoni razvedka agentligi – al-Muhabarat al-Aʼama bosh direktori etib tayinladi[30][31][32][33]. Uning tayinlanishi sobiq bosh direktor shahzoda Navvaf isteʼfoga chiqqanidan toʻqqiz oy oʻtib sodir boʻldi[33][34].

Shahzoda Muqrin 2007-yilda al-Qoida tomonidan qoʻllanilgan internet jangarilariga qarshi kurash boʻyicha konferensiya uyushtirdi[35]. Bundan tashqari, fuqarolarni xavfsizlikka tahdidlar haqida xabardor qilish uchun veb-sayt yaratishini va tashkilot AQAP bilan kurashish uchun qayta tuzilishini eʼlon qildi[36]. Saudiya Arabistonidan islomiy jangarilarni muvaffaqiyatli chiqarib yubordi[37]. 2012-yil 19-iyulda shahzoda Muqrin lavozimidan ozod etildi va uning oʻrniga Bandar bin Sulton tayinlandi[38]. Ommaviy axborot vositalarida shahzoda Muqrin oʻz davrida baʼzi nozik masalalarga yondashuvi tufayli tanqidga uchragani taʼkidlandi[39]. Boshqa tomondan, shahzoda Muqrin oʻsha kuni vazir darajasida maslahatchi va qirol Abdullohning maxsus vakili etib tayinlandi[38][40]. Uning mas’uliyati janubi-sharqiy Osiyodagi ishlar edi[41].

Shahzoda Muqrin Muhabaratdagi faoliyati davomida Pokiston siyosatida faol rol oʻynagan[42]. 1999-yilda Parvez Musharrafning Navoz Sharifga qarshi harbiy toʻntarishidan soʻng Saudiya hukumati Parvez Musharraf bilan oʻn yillik shartnoma tuzdi[43]. Benazir Bhutto quvgʻindan erta qaytgani va 2008-yilgi saylovlar boʻlgani uchun Sharif shahzoda Muqrin maslahatiga qarshi 2007-yilda Pokistonga qaytishga urindi[44][45]. Biroq Sharif tezda Pokistondan deportatsiya qilindi va uni Jidda aeroportida Muqrin kutib oldi[46]. Shahzoda Muqrin Pokistondagi siyosiy yarashuv harakatlarida ham qatnashgan[47][48].

Boshqa tomondan, Muqrin ibn Abdulaziz va oʻsha paytdagi tashqi ishlar vaziri shahzoda Saud Al Faysalning qirol Abdulloh taʼkidlaganidek, harbiy harakatlar oʻrniga Eronga qarshi sanksiyalarni ilgari surish tarafdori ekani xabar qilindi[49]. Shu bilan birga, shahzoda Muqrin, shuningdek, Eronning Fors koʻrfazining ichki ishlariga aralashuvi, xususan, Eronning yadroviy qurol borasidagi harakati mintaqaga juda salbiy taʼsir koʻrsatishi va shuning uchun Fors koʻrfazi davlatlari oʻrtasida qurollanish poygasini keltirib chiqarishi mumkinligini taʼkidladi[50].

Muqrinning tadbirkorlik faoliyati ham bor. 1981-yilda qirol Faysalning oʻgʻli Muhammad tomonidan tashkil etilgan Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust asoschilaridan biri[51]. Hail provinsiyasi gubernatori lavozimida ishlagan vaqtida 1982-yilda Hail qishloq xoʻjaligini rivojlantirish kompaniyasiga asos solgan[52]. 1980-yillarning oxirida kompaniya mamlakatdagi eng yirik bugʻdoy ishlab chiqaruvchisi edi[53].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ Lacey gives his birth year as 1943. Robert Lacey. Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. New York: Random House, 2011 — VII-bet. ISBN 9781446472361. 
  2. ↑ „Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz“. Asharq Al-Awsat (2013-yil 2-fevral). 2013-yil 30-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 3-fevral.
  3. ↑ Simon Henderson. „Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia?“. The Washington Institute (2013-yil 13-fevral). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-aprel.
  4. ↑ Henderson, Simon. „Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia?“ (13-fevral 2013-yil). Qaraldi: 2-aprel 2013-yil.
  5. ↑ BBC News – Saudi Arabiaʼs King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz dies
  6. ↑ http://m.kun.uz/news/2017/11/06/saudianing-11-sazodasi-kulga-olindi-aslida-gap-nimada
  7. ↑ „Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz“ (2-fevral 2013-yil). 2013-yil 30-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 3-fevral 2013-yil.
  8. ↑ Abdullah Al Harthi; Khaled Al Faris. „Proud of trust reposed in me by King: Muqrin“ (2-fevral 2013-yil). 2013-yil 2-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2-fevral 2013-yil.
  9. ↑ „Saudi Prince Muqrin named second-in-line to succeed king“. Reuters (2014-yil 27-mart). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 27-mart.
  10. ↑ „Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz dies“. BBC (2015-yil 23-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 24-mart.
  11. ↑ „Saudi King Salman appoints Prince Mohammed bin Nayef as new crown prince-state TV“. Reuters (2015-yil 29-aprel). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 28-aprel.
  12. ↑ Lacey gives his birth year as 1943. Robert Lacey. Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. New York: Random House, 2011 — VII-bet. ISBN 9781446472361. 
  13. ↑ Iqbal Latif. „Two Down and One to Go — Prince Salman will be the last of Sudairi Seven“. Newsvine (2012-yil 16-iyun). 2013-yil 19-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 25-iyun.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 „With Prince Muqrin's Appointment, Saudi Succession Crisis Looms“. The Daily Beast (2013-yil 3-fevral). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 12-fevral.
  15. ↑ „The Al Saud dynasty“. Islam Daily (2006-yil 6-iyul). 2013-yil 2-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 16-may.
  16. ↑ „Saudi royal dies“. Gulf Business (2018-yil 23-avgust). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 29-noyabr.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 „Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz“. Asharq Al-Awsat (2013-yil 2-fevral). 2013-yil 30-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 3-fevral.
  18. ↑ „Saudi king appoints his advisor as prime minister's second deputy“. Al Arabiya (2013-yil 1-fevral). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 1-fevral.
  19. ↑ Simon Henderson. „After King Fahd“ (Policy Paper). Washington Institute (1994). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-fevral.
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 „Crown Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz“. Royal Embassy. 2015-yil 27-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 25-yanvar.
  21. ↑ „Profile: Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz“. Asharq Al-Awsat (2013-yil 2-fevral). 2013-yil 30-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 3-fevral.
  22. ↑ „Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud“. Ayoub World News (2011-yil 28-oktyabr). 2015-yil 4-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  23. ↑ „General President“. General Intelligence Presidency. 2011-yil 8-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  24. ↑ (Thesis). {{cite thesis}}: Missing or empty |title= (yordam)
  25. ↑ „General President“. General Intelligence Presidency. 2011-yil 8-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 „Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud“. Ayoub World News (2011-yil 28-oktyabr). 2015-yil 4-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  27. ↑ Abdulateef Al Mulhim. „Prince Muqrin: A pilot, an astronomer and a politician“. Arab News (2013-yil 9-fevral). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 6-aprel.
  28. ↑ P.K. Abdul Ghafour. „Prince Muqrin New Intelligence Chief“. Arab News (2005-yil 23-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  29. ↑ „Prince Miqrin Appointed President of General Intelligence“. SAMIRAD (2005-yil 22-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 10-fevral.
  30. ↑ „General President“. General Intelligence Presidency. 2011-yil 8-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  31. ↑ P.K. Abdul Ghafour. „Prince Muqrin New Intelligence Chief“. Arab News (2005-yil 23-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  32. ↑ Patrick Devenny. „The List: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks“. Foreign Policy (2009-yil 20-iyul). 2014-yil 1-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 „Saudis Appoint a New Chief of Intelligence“. The New York Times. Reuters (2005-yil 23-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 5-avgust.
  34. ↑ Anthony H. Cordesman. Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars. Westport, CT; London: Praeger, 2007 — 235-bet. ISBN 978-0-275-99399-3. 
  35. ↑ „FACTBOX — Key players in the ruling Saudi family“. Reuters (2010-yil 22-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  36. ↑ Anthony H. Cordesman. Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2009 — 127-bet. ISBN 978-0-3133-8076-1. 
  37. ↑ "New appointment clarifies line of succession in Saudi Arabia". IHS Global Insight. 4 February 2013. http://www.ihs.com/products/global-insight/industry-economic-report.aspx?id=1065975850. 
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Ellen Knickmeyer. „Saudi Appointment Suggests Bigger Regional Ambitions“. The Wall Street Journal (2012-yil 20-iyul). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 20-iyul.
  39. ↑ „KSA: New Director for Spy Agency“. Middle East Confidential (2012-yil 20-iyul). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 20-iyul.
  40. ↑ „Saudi king names ex-U.S. envoy as intelligence chief“. CNN (2012-yil 19-iyul). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 20-iyul.
  41. ↑ Talal Kapoor. „The Return of Bandar bin Sultan“ (Commentary). Datarabia (2012-yil 8-avgust). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 9-avgust.
  42. ↑ Patrick Devenny. „The List: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks“. Foreign Policy (2009-yil 20-iyul). 2014-yil 1-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  43. ↑ "Nawaz Sharif". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 May 2023. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/538837/Nawaz-Sharif. 
  44. ↑ „Musharraf allows rival to return to Pakistan“. The Guardian (2007-yil 24-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 6-aprel.
  45. ↑ „Former Pakistan Leader Sharif Desires Return“. NPR (2007-yil 7-iyun). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 6-aprel.
  46. ↑ „Ex-PM Sharif returns to Pakistan“. BBC (2007-yil 25-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 6-aprel.
  47. ↑ „Saudi spy chief meets Musharraf, Nawaz Sharif“. Daily Times (2008-yil 16-avgust). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  48. ↑ „Saudi Arabia's Ailing Gerontocracy“. David Ottaway (2010-yil 1-dekabr). 2014-yil 20-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 21-iyul.
  49. ↑ „Saudis Said to Urge Iran Hit“. Arab Times (2011-yil 28-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  50. ↑ Sylvia Pfeifer; Najmeh Bozorgmehr; Roula Khalaf. „Iranians seek to placate Saudi Arabia“. Financial Times (2011-yil 14-dekabr). 2022-yil 11-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-may.
  51. ↑ Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud „The Well of Influence“, . Global Leaders in Islamic Finance: Industry Milestones and Reflections Emmy Abdul Alim: . Singapore: Wiley, 2014 — 56-bet. DOI:10.1002/9781118638804.ch3. ISBN 978-1-118-46524-0. 
  52. ↑ „Saudi Arabia“, Major Companies of the Arab World 1993/94 Giselle C. Bricault: . Dordrecht: Springer, 1993 — 537-bet. DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-1458-5_13. ISBN 978-1-85333-894-6. 
  53. ↑ (Thesis). {{cite thesis}}: Missing or empty |title= (yordam) 
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